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The importance of commercial products increased in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly as leaders grappled with school closures. Pre-COVID principals viewed their schools as mainly procuring commercial services for administrative support and teacher professional development. After school closures, principals came to emphasise commercialisation as technological infrastructure, online learning platforms, video conferencing software and/or digital tools for community engagement. This shift was borne out of necessity as principals found themselves having to make 'snap decisions' as to the products that could best support their school communities. This is a specific form of 'triaging' as the pandemic required leaders with pedagogical and curricular expertise to make technical decisions. In systems where increasing autonomy has been offset by decreasing central support, the concern is that issues of access and utility of commercial products can be pernicious in rewarding the privileged and effectively punishing the least advantaged within public systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/rationale: Chinese football governance has dramatically changed during the last decade. Consequently, the organisation of the top-tiered Chinese Super League (CSL) developed from a rigid communist, state-governed model to a commercialised market, though still under governmental influence. Football fans became a key stakeholder group following this organisational change. Therefore, this study examines supporters' attitudes towards the governance of their domestic league. Design/methodology/approach: Active fans of the CSL (N = 453) were surveyed via clustered intercept sampling outside the stadium gates at five matches with ten different teams involved to ensure the reliability, validity and variance of responses. The data were analysed by (ordered) logit regressions with respect to attitudes towards the commercialisation of the CSL with nearly fifty explanatory variables. Findings: A key finding is that supporters tend to appreciate commercialisation as evidence of progress of the Chinese professional football. This attitude can be attributed largely to past governance failures of the CSL and the positive connotation of increased market orientation as a counterbalance to governmental control. Regression analyses, however, reveal the emerging characteristics of the Chinese fan culture and provide evidence of contradictions in the attitude patterns as well as a likely increase in fans' resentment of more commercialisation. Research contribution: The empirical insights into Chinese fan culture extend the understanding of the governance and commercialisation of professional football beyond the more researched European markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study explores the interactive effect of self-help efforts, specifically through household decisions to engage in commercialisation, and external supports provided via government antipoverty policies, on poverty reduction among poor households in northern Vietnam. With observational data from 1383 surveyed households, we use an estimation strategy combining inverse probability weighting, regression adjustment, and two-stage least squares to address selection bias and omitted variable bias in two variables of interest. We find that while these two interventions are individually effective in alleviating poverty, their combination is not necessarily as effective. Our results show that commercialisation only reduces poverty among non-supported households, while government supports are more effective among non-commercial households. This substitution of effects comes from the nature of support targeting and commercialisation. Households receiving supports often have lower capacity, making commercialisation ineffective or even impossible. Furthermore, current support policies are insufficient to enhance the impact of commercialisation. These results suggest that there could be more effective ways to combine external interventions and self-help efforts to better alleviate poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, tourists have incorporated visiting international football clubs as part of their travel itineraries, including taking behind-the-scenes stadium tours, visiting team museums, and attending matches. This conceptual paper considers the factors leading to football clubs becoming global tourist attractions. In considering the development of these 'Global Touristic Football Clubs' (GTFC), this study offers compelling evidence of how tourism plays a significant role in the global aspirations of football clubs while shedding light on how a club's global tourism status may impact the management of match-day experiences, the design of marketing strategies and hospitality programs, the sustainability of football cultures and traditions, and players' transfer market decisions. Additionally, the study draws attention to the recent influence of geopolitical and economic factors in making clubs with less relevant sporting achievements become tourism magnets and opens up possibilities for replication and adaptation of the concept in other sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION. The pursuit of technological sovereignty in the current geopolitical situation has led to a growing emphasis on studying relations in the field of government support for healthcare innovation, in particular, the institute of public–private partnership (PPP). In the face of the challenges presented by sanctions, the economic crisis, and a potential deficit in sustainably competitive national innovative medical products, the Russian government is confronted with the necessity of financing the development and production of innovative medical products, including through involving private partners (investors). The use of PPP mechanisms is essential for the achievement of technological sovereignty. In addition to attracting private capital and competences, PPP mechanisms can significantly accelerate the development, realisation, and introduction of innovative medical products, improve the quality of medical care, and increase the production of medicines and medical devices.AIM. This study aimed to analyse existing PPP mechanisms for the development of the Russian healthcare, science, and technology sectors within the framework of state–business relations and to identify optimal models for the development, realisation, introduction, and production of innovative medical products.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study analysed Russian federal legislation using an information-based analytical approach to identify the most promising mechanisms for innovative development in healthcare, with a focus on PPP models.RESULTS. The article considers frequently encountered forms of possible government involvement in and support of innovative healthcare development with the aim of increasing efficiency and scaling up the realisation and introduction of innovative medical products. Additional aspects covered include the funding of technological sovereignty projects, the expansion of preferential regimes, and the concept of using PPP models. The article presents various PPP realisation mechanisms, including special investment contracts, concession agreements, and PPP agreements, which allow placing infrastructure facilities under the management of private partners. The transferred facilities may include production facilities, research centres, and other facilities necessary for innovative development. The article pays particular attention to the terms and features of concession agreements in the healthcare sector, considers the distribution of duties and responsibilities between the parties involved, and investigates the use of the risk-based approach. Additionally, the article analyses established business practices to identify conditions that are necessary for the parties to a concession agreement.CONCLUSIONS. The realisation of PPP projects in the innovative development of the healthcare sector requires taking into account and overcoming constraining factors, including technological and administrative barriers that may hinder effective development. The authors believe that the most preferable PPP form is the concession agreement model.

INTRODUCTION. The commercial success of innovations in medicine and pharmaceutics depends on the strategic planning of patent protection, with the main elements for consideration being the type of patent protection, the scope of the invention, and the order of obtaining protection documents.AIM. This study aimed to analyse specific aspects of the strategic planning of patent protection for pharmaceutical inventions.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study applied analysis and comparison methods to patent information. Statistical data were prepared using patent databases, including the Rospatent search platform and Questel.RESULTS. In the Russian Federation, invention patents for methods of treatment and diagnosis are more abundant than pharmaceutical product patents. The most reasonable method for protecting intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry is the stepwise obtaining of different types of protection documents for different objects of patent protection, including inventions, utility models, and industrial designs, as part of one project. The strategy of patent protection for a pharmaceutical invention should consider the type of patent (protection combining the use of patents for inventions, utility models, and industrial designs), the correct determination of the object of patent protection (obtaining a product (substance) patent), and stepwise obtaining and strategic accumulation of different protection documents.CONCLUSION. The described strategy helps to cover the fullest possible range of rights protection options, prevent patent infringement, and extend the patent protection period for an invention.

Cultural heritage is one of the most important drawcards for tourism globally. The African continent is rich in cultural heritage, but few studies have given attention to the authenticity of the African cultural tourism industry and cultural festivals, in particular. This investigation contributes to understanding the authenticity of cultural festivals from the host community’s perspective. Our study employs a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured interviews with 30 residents who live in and around the Komjekejeke cultural village in the Gauteng Province of South Africa, where the annual Komjekejeke Cultural Festival is held. The findings reveal that most respondents viewed the festival and the cultural products as an authentic representation of the Ndebele culture. The findings also underscore the importance of considering host communities’ cultural contexts when evaluating the authenticity of cultural events. The findings can be valuable for festival organisers, policymakers, and researchers interested in cultural authenticity and its impact on the perception and success of cultural festivals.

Employée dans la pharmacopée, les rites religieux ou cultuels, la céramique, art du feu, fait partie des découvertes majeures de l’humanité. Depuis sa découverte jusqu’ à présent elle joue un rôle important dans plusieurs régions Ivoirienne, dont celle de Brobo, en pays Baoulé. C’est dans cette optique, que notre attention s’est portée sur la commercialisation de la céramique à Brobo. Cette étude constitue un moyen de montrer comment la céramique contribue au développement socio-économique de la communauté. A partir d’une analyse des sources écrites, des données ont étés collectées auprès des potières de ladite zone.

Dans un contexte local de rareté des opportunités économiques, la coopérative Tchérégnimin de Korhogo (Région du Poro) s’est investie dans l’exploitation du karité. À cet effet, elle a développé une solidarité organique structurant ses activités. Cet article analyse la construction de l’autonomisation de ses membres à travers la mobilisation de la ressource collective. L’approche mixte, s’est traduite par l’entretien, l’observation et le questionnaire, auprès de 71 membres, et a questionné le système d’entraide subsumant la chaîne des valeurs du karité. Les résultats montrent, avec la théorie du capital social, que Tchérégnimin favorise une économie sociale solidaire, qui soustrait ses membres à l’invisibilité socio-économique.

Abstract The former Italian concession in Tianjin (1901–1945) has assumed symbolic significance for the modern urban redevelopment of this municipality through experimentation with distinctive practices of conservation management. In 1986, when the Historic Buildings Protection Area was defined, the former Italian concession was identified as a pilot urban conservation project. In 2002, the public company Haihe Construction and Development Investment Ltd. was put in charge of the design and implementation plan for the site, which progressively assumed the semblance of an ‘Italian-Style Town’. The distinctive transformation raised significant questions regarding the architectural restyling as well as its specific historical and cultural value. In August 2020, the management of the Italian-Style town was handed over to the Hebei District Government. This coincided with the emergence of a proposal for the creation of a ‘Larger Italian-Style Town’, that extended beyond the borders of the original Italian concession to include the former Austrian concession and the western section of the ex-Russian concession. The redevelopment strategy for this larger area aimed to create a service-oriented commercial area, presented as an ‘urban living room’, while showcasing Tianjin as an international metropolis. This article analyses the evolution of the conservation strategy as well as the relevant legislation, management, and practices during the redevelopment of the former Italian concession. The aim of this study is to address the conflict between heritage protection and commercialisation. Thus, this article offers a critique of the trend towards functional replacement and structural adaptation to cater to the tourism industry rather than to the value of the community’s livelihood as a living heritage.

Introducing beneficial productivity and nutritional traits into food, feed and forage crops utilising the tools of biotechnology can lead to improvements via genetic modification that cannot be achieved by traditional plant breeding. The timelines and costs are significant, and the regulatory hurdles can lead to some promising traits failing to be commercialised. These challenges mean that large commodity crops are the primary beneficiaries of biotechnology. New Zealand being primarily a grazing pastoral agricultural market and small in international terms, faces greater challenges. The species used in pastoral agriculture have relatively small seed markets and therefore limited investment for genetic improvement. The nutritional quality of feed and forages both in composition and in energy density per ha has a major influence on animal productivity and the environmental impacts of agriculture. Through government and private industry support, AgResearch has developed novel approaches to improve plant photosynthesis, energy density, and nutritional quality that has applications in crops globally. This review discusses the different challenges and solutions to improving plant nutrient density and outlines the benefits of these novel biotechnology traits in animal forage and feed crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wild fruit plant species provide medicinal and nutritional benefits. • A total of 83 plant species from 63 genera and 31 families have been documented in the Ehlanzeni district of Mpumalanga. • The nutraceutical benefits of some wild fruit plants are yet to be explored. • The development of large-scale cultivation methods for wild fruit plants is necessary. Globally, plants serve as an important primary source of livelihood, mainly in rural communities. Food and health security are increasingly a concern in developed and developing countries, with a growing number of antimicrobial drug-resistant microbes and unwanted side effects of drugs challenging primary healthcare systems. Alternative sources of nutrition and medicine are thus necessary to curb food insecurity and resolve long-standing and emerging health issues. This review is a critical appraisal of the existing knowledge of wild fruit species in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Information on the ethnobotanical use of wild fruits in Mpumalanga province was acquired from various scientific databases and ethnobotanical literature. A sum of 83 plant species of 63 genera and 31 families have been documented in the Ehlanzeni district of Mpumalanga. Carissa spinarum L., Strychnos madagascariensis Poir., and Strychnos spinosa L. were some of the most commonly used plant species in Mpumalanga Province. Seventy six percent of the wild fruit species have medicinal uses, whereas 51 % have nutritional uses. The study revealed that ethnobotanical studies on wild fruit species were conducted in Ehlanzeni district municipality, which showed that there is still a dearth of information in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. The study reveals that the medicinal and nutritional uses of wild fruit species in Mpumalanga Province are not fully explored across different ethnic groups, and their economic significance is also insufficiently determined. Therefore, more ethnobotanical studies are needed to document the nutritional, medicinal, and economic value of these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Richard Demarco has long been a prominent figure in the Scottish cultural sphere. He has been a significant cultural progenitor, raising the profile of the visual arts within Scotland. In his long cultural life he has often come into conflict with Scotland's cultural 'officialdom' and is a strident critic of the present-day Edinburgh Festival and Fringe. This article examines Demarco the public intellectual, often overshadowed by Demarco the provocative, hyperbolic showman. It identifies and contextualises Demarco's abiding themes, locating them in a belief that art has a unique ability to heal personal and societal wounds. It goes on to examine whether his 'declinist' dismissal of much contemporary culture stems from an elitist disdain and whether his cultural vision is nostalgic and narrow. The article also examines Demarco's critiques of both commercialism and state-supported cultural institutions. It argues that underneath the public persona there lies a unique and challenging cultural vision; one which will survive after his rich cultural life ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peerages and baronetages were successful commercial directories sold by a number of prominent London booksellers from the beginning of the 18th century. They provided an account of most titled families (peers as well as baronets). As serial publications, they were intended for a larger public in need of identification tools in a context of expanding urban sociability and of major recomposition within the elites. In these pocket books, there were no longer the elaborate tree diagrams that had ornamented most of the visitation books of the College of Arms, and which still could be found among ancient family papers. This transition was required for technical, commercial, and also ideological reasons. The selling point for publishers was to provide an up-to-date account of the 'modern' families, which could be better achieved through alphabetical listings, biographical discourses, or tabular charts. However, this formal reconfiguration led to many criticisms. These family directories were accused of compromising the dignity of titled families. The idea of a lost Golden Age when ancient lineages had been exhibited on stone, wooden panels, or vellum regained some appeal among social commentators. After 1760, with the renewal of radicalism and the onset of the age of revolutions, tree thinking came to be rehabilitated, but was also reinvented to better defend and naturalise social hierarchies. In this context, trees were increasingly used as powerful national emblems and less as dynastic emblems. The changing fortunes of family trees in 18th-century British prints enable us to reflect on the ideological aspects of the visualisation of kinship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern innovative organisations incorporate management tools such as strategic flexibility (in the form of mass customisation, subcontracting or outsourcing of non-critical activities and the use of contingent or temporary workers), informal communication by leveraging information technology and business-to-business collaborations along their value chains. Efforts to foster Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) is relatively low in Trinidad and Tobago. The Innovation Pillar of the Competitiveness Index from the World Economic Forum shows that only a small number of patents are filed in Trinidad and Tobago. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is ranked relatively low regarding Innovation. Varied approaches are employed to foster innovation. Intellectual property developed domestically is managed and protected in a variety of ways including patenting, licensing, trademarks and at times via various forms of confidentiality arrangements. The protection of Intellectual Property (IP) is only one cog in the wheel of a sustainable Innovation Management System. Some financing is also available along with expertise in science and technology. This paper examines the best practices regarding Innovation Management Systems (IMS) and reviews one such system as it applies to a local company and its development of new asphalt products from the natural asphalt from Pitch Lake. It discusses the impact of strategic management, management tools and organisational culture on product commercialisation. Based on the discussion, LATT’s IMS would be improved from both behavioural and environmental perspectives, that the Company has patented 33 products in 33 years, and 8 have been commercialised. This paper proposes a structured approach to Innovation Management Systems that fosters success in new product development with appropriate protection for intellectual property rights. It also recommends possible strategies for allowing LATT to commercialise its existing IP through licensing agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiatives that collect and share genomic data to advance health research are widespread and accelerating. Commercial interests in these efforts, while vital, may erode public trust and willingness to provide personal genomic data, upon which these initiatives depend. Understanding public attitudes towards providing genomic data for health research in the context of commercial involvement is critical. A PRISMA-guided search of six online academic databases identified 113 quantitative and qualitative studies using primary data pertaining to public attitudes towards commercial actors in the management, collection, access, and use of biobank and genomic data. The presence of commercial interests yields interrelated public concerns around consent, privacy and data security, trust in science and scientists, benefit sharing, and the ownership and control of health data. Carefully considered regulatory and data governance and access policies are therefore required to maintain public trust and support for genomic health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The former Italian concession in Tianjin (1901–1945) has assumed symbolic significance for the modern urban redevelopment of this municipality through experimentation with distinctive practices of conservation management. In 1986, when the Historic Buildings Protection Area was defined, the former Italian concession was identified as a pilot urban conservation project. In 2002, the public company Haihe Construction and Development Investment Ltd. was put in charge of the design and implementation plan for the site, which progressively assumed the semblance of an 'Italian-Style Town'. The distinctive transformation raised significant questions regarding the architectural restyling as well as its specific historical and cultural value. In August 2020, the management of the Italian-Style town was handed over to the Hebei District Government. This coincided with the emergence of a proposal for the creation of a 'Larger Italian-Style Town', that extended beyond the borders of the original Italian concession to include the former Austrian concession and the western section of the ex-Russian concession. The redevelopment strategy for this larger area aimed to create a service-oriented commercial area, presented as an 'urban living room', while showcasing Tianjin as an international metropolis. This article analyses the evolution of the conservation strategy as well as the relevant legislation, management, and practices during the redevelopment of the former Italian concession. The aim of this study is to address the conflict between heritage protection and commercialisation. Thus, this article offers a critique of the trend towards functional replacement and structural adaptation to cater to the tourism industry rather than to the value of the community's livelihood as a living heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business of pedagogy, edu-business, has grown into a colossal global industry. As the phenomenon of marketisation is also intertwined with academic communities and actively contributes to the formulation of institutional culture, it is essential to examine the perceptions and understandings of future teachers and education experts regarding the intricate interplay between commerce and the educational sphere. Our research scrutinised the discursive practices employed by students pursuing degrees in education and teacher education. By using membership categorisation analysis, this study explores the articulations offered by students when describing the commercialisation of education and the strategies they employ to navigate the commodified social landscape within the field of education. This study shows how the categorisations reveal the impact of marketisation on teacher education and education in general within the broader academic context. In the results, the opportunities available to students for challenging the perception of neoliberalism as something natural, normal, and desirable within the academic community, are also pondered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’agriculture biologique (AB) est un mode de production, certifié par un tiers et associé à une segmentation des marchés des produits d’élevage sous signe officiel de qualité. Avec une montée en puissance dans la fin du XXe siècle, cette démarche, structurée avant tout par l’interdiction des intrants de synthèse, est vue comme un outil majeur de la transition agroécologique des élevages. Cet article vise à interroger cette position. Il présente tout d’abord en quoi le cahier des charges de l’AB contribue, par certains côtés, à la transition agroécologique. À travers le cas de la viande bovine, il montre aussi comment le marché pèse sur les systèmes de production et freine cette transition en n’évitant pas l’agrandissement des élevages et l’adoption de pratiques visant à améliorer la productivité des animaux. Il s’appuie ensuite sur deux situations que sont i) la production de lait de brebis dans les Causses du Sud, en partie destinée à l’AOP Roquefort, et ii) les viandes bovines et ovines de l’Est pyrénéen pour interroger la nécessité d’avoir des outils de gouvernance territoriale opérants, qui peuvent s’appuyer, le cas échéant sur ceux de démarches existantes, de type indication géographique. Il invite ainsi à la réflexion sur la reterritorialisation de tout ou partie des filières en AB.

Drawing on a qualitative case study of a New Zealand primary school, this paper provides an audit of commercialisation and outsourcing across the curriculum. Interviews were also conducted with teachers of specific Key Learning Areas (KLAs) to better understand their decision-making process in bringing externally provided products and services into their classrooms. Findings demonstrate that the procurement of external products and services is common across the curriculum. Teacher decision-making to commercialise and outsource curriculum is based on a multiplicity of personal, distributed and situational factors. We suggest that teachers are aware of and seeking to balance autonomy and responsibility in their decision-making, but there is room to improve how teachers understand and engage with ethical considerations of commercial procurement, supplier quality and systemic issues of equity and access to these services by all schools and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this mixed-methods study were to gather survey and interview data about the barriers and facilitators from grantees funded by the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) and to extract themes that could inform program changes that would increase technology translation (TT) success in assistive technology (AT). We developed a TT Barriers and Facilitators survey consisting of Likert scale and multiple-choice questions about barriers and facilitators to TT. With survey respondents who were willing, we conducting a semi-structured interview and asked pointed questions to expand upon survey response rankings and perceived barriers and facilitators. The questions were framed to explore the grantee's personal experience with ATTT and what helped and hindered their individualised processes. Across survey and interview respondents, the three most common themes when exploring the barriers and facilitators of TT were funding, incentives, and collaboration. Results indicate that there is a need for increased collaboration and access to additional resources such as funding for pilot grants, support to assess technology marketability, help to navigate regulatory and legal aspects, and assistance in establishing goals to help grantees successfully transfer assistive technologies to consumers. A large amount of research and development into assistive technology does not lead to tech transfer which means that these technologies are not getting to the people that need them. Educating tech transfer offices at universities about how to transfer AT would improve outcomes greatly. Creating a community of practice where grantees can find academic or industry partners would also increase the likelihood of tech transfer. Some tools to catalyse these improvements are: mentoring, access to consultants, podcasts, and online training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown a significant increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) under laboratory circumstances from 2006 to the present, rising from 3.8% to an astonishing 25%. This scientific breakthrough corresponds to the changing energy situation and rising industrial potential. The flexible perovskite solar cell (FPSC), which capitalizes on the benefits of perovskite thin-film deposition and operates at low temperatures, is key to this transition. The FPSC is strategically important for large-scale deployment and mass manufacturing, especially when combined with the benefits of perovskite thin-film deposition under moderate thermodynamic conditions. Its versatility is demonstrated by the ease with which it may be folded, rolled, or coiled over flexible substrates, allowing for efficient transportation. Notably, FPSCs outperform traditional solar panels in terms of adaptability. FPSCs have several advantages over rigid substrates, including mobility, lightweight properties that help transportation, scalability via roll-to-roll (R2R) deposition, and incorporation into textiles and architecture. This in-depth examination dives into their fundamental design and various fabrication techniques, which include conducting substrates, absorber layers, coordinated charge movement, and conductive electrodes. This review evaluates critical FPSC fabrication techniques such as thermal evaporation, R2R approaches, slot die and spray deposition, blade coating, and spin coating. The present challenges in constructing FPSCs with high performance and long-term stability are also highlighted. Finally, the solar industry's potential uses for both indoor and outdoor FPSCs have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1927, the city of Frankfurt am Main in Germany organized an exhibition about music. Among the visitors was the sociologist Theodor Adorno who takes a critical look at what he considers to be an "encyclopedia for the eye" intended for an audience that does nothing but passively contemplate. Adorno highlights evidence that art is no longer defined in terms of its auratic aspect, which mobilizes a historical and social context, but of its unique immediate presence. Adorno's observations are thus a prelude to the critical construction of the sociological theory of exhibition value, which postulates the goal of commercializing visibility. This work will determine to what extent the exhibition is the result of advertising promotion which contributes to the commodification for a public and to the intensification of the lived experience in a logic of entertainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tropical forests in the Pacific region contain many tree species that bear edible nuts (kernels). Canarium indicum (canarium) is an overstorey tree indigenous to Melanesia that produces commercially valuable kernels due to their pleasant taste and high oil content. This study characterises natural variation in fruit, nut-in-shell (NIS) and kernels of C. indicum across eight islands in Vanuatu. Significant tree-to-tree variation in fruit, NIS and kernel characteristics as well as kernel recovery (kernel:NIS) was found. This variation was largely due to tree-to-tree differences and little of this variation could be attributed to location. There were significant linear correlations among fruit, NIS and kernel traits, including kernel mass with fruit mass (R2 0.57) and kernel mass with NIS mass (R2 0.56). Therefore, trees suitable for cultivation may be screened based on fruit and nut characters before making final selections based on kernel mass. Trees sampled over two fruiting seasons showed that kernel mass and kernel number varied significantly between years for 63.6% and 25.9% of the trees respectively. However, by rank order, those trees that produced larger kernels in the first year of sampling, tended to also produce relatively larger kernels in the subsequent year. The implications of these results for the further domestication of the species for planting in commercial agroforestry systems is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1927, the city of Frankfurt am Main in Germany organized an exhibition about music. Among the visitors was the sociologist Theodor Adorno, who takes a critical look at what he considers to be an “encyclopedia for the eye” intended for an audience that does nothing but passively contemplate. Adorno highlights evidence that art is no longer defined in terms of its auratic aspect, which mobilizes a historical and social context, but of its unique immediate presence. Adorno’s observations are thus a prelude to the critical construction of the sociological theory of exhibition value, which postulates the goal of commercializing visibility. This work will determine to what extent the exhibition is the result of advertising promotion which contributes to the commodification for a public and to the intensification of the lived experience in a logic of entertainment.

The transformation of subsistence agriculture into market-oriented production has been in the policy spotlight in many countries in the global South, including the Kingdom of Eswatini. Although agricultural commercialisation continues to gain popularity as a development strategy in the rural spaces of Eswatini, there is still lack of scientific evidence on its effectiveness in rural poverty alleviation and contribution to rural livelihoods and welfare. This study aims to contribute to the ‘agricultural commercialisation and poverty’ debate by exploring the socio-economic impacts of agricultural commercialisation in rural Eswatini. Among the key findings of the study was that the commercialisation project (in Siphofaneni) improved income levels, income sources, and employment opportunities of rural people in Siphofaneni. Access to food and food consumption patterns (meal frequency & diets) were also improved. The study concluded that agricultural commercialisation improved the welfare outcomes of rural households in Siphofaneni and reduced poverty levels for some households. The study has made a timely contribution by providing some illumination on the role and contribution of the country's agricultural commercialisation project with regards to the improvement of the living conditions of people in Eswatini. The study recommended that the government of Eswatini expands the project into other food-deficit and deprived rural areas of the country rather than confining it to the drought-prone areas of Siphofaneni.

In developing countries, there is an increased emphasis on encouraging the commercialisation of research at universities. This triggers universities to adopt a culture of innovation and technological learning at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The focus of this review article is to highlight the benefits and challenges faced by researchers in the field of synthetic biology products, biotechnology, agribusiness, Biofuels and phytomedicine in commercialisation. The methodological approach was informed by a selection of electronic databases with a high chance of the selected field in relation to the commercialisation of the research outputs. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Higher Education and Science Technology South Africa Reports for entrepreneurial universities were searched, focusing on 2007 to 2023. The years proved to have played a role in furthering discussions and policy in research on commercialisation in South Africa, the benefits of research commercialisation, challenges of research commercialisation, its determinants, and its impact on academics, universities, and other stakeholders. The review findings suggest that the commercialisation of research is a challenging and complex task to execute, as there are very few cases in South Africa to have a successful academic intellectual property creation, licensing, academic entrepreneurship, and start-up of research. This is placed into context by the fact that the market for high-end products and processes is highly uncertain.

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown a significant increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) under laboratory circumstances from 2006 to the present, rising from 3.8% to an astonishing 25%. This scientific breakthrough corresponds to the changing energy situation and rising industrial potential. The flexible perovskite solar cell (FPSC), which capitalizes on the benefits of perovskite thin-film deposition and operates at low temperatures, is key to this transition. The FPSC is strategically important for large-scale deployment and mass manufacturing, especially when combined with the benefits of perovskite thin-film deposition under moderate thermodynamic conditions. Its versatility is demonstrated by the ease with which it may be folded, rolled, or coiled over flexible substrates, allowing for efficient transportation. Notably, FPSCs outperform traditional solar panels in terms of adaptability. FPSCs have several advantages over rigid substrates, including mobility, lightweight properties that help transportation, scalability via roll-to-roll (R2R) deposition, and incorporation into textiles and architecture. This in-depth examination dives into their fundamental design and various fabrication techniques, which include conducting substrates, absorber layers, coordinated charge movement, and conductive electrodes. This review evaluates critical FPSC fabrication techniques such as thermal evaporation, R2R approaches, slot die and spray deposition, blade coating, and spin coating. The present challenges in constructing FPSCs with high performance and long-term stability are also highlighted. Finally, the solar industry's potential uses for both indoor and outdoor FPSCs have been discussed.

This paper aims to critically assess the impact of public university commercialisation on research engagement and practice relevance. Recent decades have seen dramatic changes in university environments, identities and missions, as well as in government and private sector funding and involvement. As increasingly commercialised and corporatised organisations, universities have increasingly mimicked private sector hierarchical organisation structures, professionally managed and subject to performance management via proliferating management control systems. From accumulated prior research, this paper finds university research now primarily conducted for the private rather than public good, researchers being subject to and tailoring their endeavors to conform with proliferating metrics focused university management control systems. External engagement appears as a university impression management strategy, while internally, researchers are still compelled to pursue a contradictory focus on high‐status self‐referential journal publication venues. This contradictory environment is found to have produced an increasing distance between university research and professional practice and between research and professional communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As national and global policies emphasise the significance of social inclusion, a sense of belonging has increasingly become economically rationalised. Social exclusion is posed as an economic risk, and so neoliberal systems have commercialised and commodified social inclusion, promoting a transactional and privatised approach to 'belonging'. This issue is particularly significant in culturally diversifying urban contexts, as a desire to develop a transnational sense of belonging can be a central motivation for participants in recreational arts learning. In this article, we focus on how this economic mandate presents tensions in the non-formal arts education sector. While arts education businesses seek to gain the financial benefits of promoting a sense of belonging, they can wrestle with pedagogical philosophies that actively promote competition and hierarchies amongst learners. Our study, therefore, critically examines the experiences of migrant dance learners attending casual hip-hop classes in New Zealand. Engaging a qualitative, phenomenological research paradigm, our study gathers the personal narratives of these dance learners to reveal how the nexus of neoliberalism and inclusion is creating unresolved tensions in the hip-hop studio. While arts learning providers actively promote a sense of belonging as a dimension of their service, our study shows that learner expectations of and investment in social inclusion are confronted by prevailing studio pedagogies. This challenges common perceptions of non-formal arts education as inherently inclusive and establishes a framework for further critical research into the commodification of inclusion in the arts education sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that one reason doctors provide certain interventions in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is because of patient demand. This is particularly the case when it comes to unproven interventions such as 'add‐ons' to in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles, or providing IVF cycles that are highly unlikely to succeed. Doctors tend to accede to demands for such interventions because patients are willing to do and pay 'whatever it takes' to have a baby. However, there is uncertainty as to what moral weight should be placed on patient‐led demands in ART, including whether it is acceptable for such demands to be invoked as a justification for intervention. We address this issue in this paper. We start by elucidating what we mean by 'patient‐led demand' and synthesise some of the evidence for this phenomenon. We then argue that a doctor's professional role morality (PRM) yields special responsibilities, particularly in commercialised healthcare settings such as ART, because of the nature of professions as social institutions that are distinct from markets. We argue on this basis that, while there may be reasons (consistent with PRM) for doctors to accede to patient demand, this is not always the case. There is often a gap in justification between acceding to patient‐led demands and providing contested interventions, particularly in commercial settings. As a result, acceding to demand in such settings needs a strong justification to be consistent with PRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low agricultural commercialisation due to low productivity and a lack of access to and use of improved seeds are common features of smallholders in the Ethiopian highlands. Seed-producer cooperatives (SPCs) were established and strengthened in these highlands to facilitate smallholders' access to improved seed. Using survey data collected from 425 randomly selected smallholders, a full-information maximum likelihood endogenous switching regression (ESR) model and a propensity score-matching (PSM) technique were employed to estimate the impact of membership of seed-producer cooperatives on the output and input commercialisation of members and non-members. The results show that farm size, availability of extension services, household size, farm income, participation in other farmers' organisations, access to training, and education of the household head are key factors associated with cooperative membership. The results from the ESR and PSM models are consistent and show that being a member had a positive and statistically significant impact on tef and wheat farmers' output and input commercialisation. Non-members' status in output and input commercialisation would have been improved if they had been members of seed-producer cooperatives. The results indicate that joining seed-producer cooperatives has proven to be a beneficial approach for farmers, as it minimises transaction costs and facilitates farmers' access to input and output markets for tef and wheat crops. The results show that, if farmers were not part of SPCs, the commercialisation of their tef and wheat output would have decreased by 43 and 31 percentage points, respectively. Furthermore, if non-members had joined the seed cooperatives, their tef and wheat output commercialisation levels would have increased by 19.5 and 13.3 percentage points, respectively. The findings imply that governments and development partners should deliver training for SPC members on quality seed production and management in their farm operations and assist SPCs in setting up seed storage facilities and acquiring winnowing machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the investigation of team roles has been a focus of scientific research over an extended period, one of the less recognised issues in this area is the functioning of research teams, especially in commercialising their scientific results. Drawing from a comprehensive examination of the literature and the concept of 'The A-to-F Model' by de Bes and Kotler, this paper aims to broaden the knowledge about the research team's roles and their influence on commercialising their results. To do this, in the empirical part, we use the data from a study of 496 scientists from one of the leading research universities in Poland. The results of the estimated probit regression models showed the inconsistency with 'The A-to-F Model'. Only two of the six roles, i.e., creator and executor, are essential. The activator, browser, developer, and facilitator were statistically insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between useable pasts and tourism to show how towns reinvented themselves using their local and unique histories throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. To achieve this, the article focuses its attention on the growing influence and importance that tourism had on Colchester's development. It shows how important visible landmarks and mythical stories are in ensuring a past's usability. Alongside this it highlights the importance of local stakeholders and businesses in owning the past and marketing the town as a historic location. In doing so it demonstrates the ways in which Colchester reinvented itself from an old Market town to become an Historic town. Focusing on the controversial history of the Siege of 1648, it will show how towns dealt with tragic narratives as they began using the past to sell themselves to the nation.

Pentecostal liturgy in Africa is quite distinct from other forms of liturgies (such as mainline churches) within the Christian tradition. As opposed to the reserved liturgy in Western missional churches, a Pentecostal liturgy is participatory and lively. One of the aspects of the Pentecostal liturgy is the public testimonies that are offered during a Pentecostal service. Literature review on public testimony shows that the same has been previously used for advertising, marketisation, and commercialisation of religion in the Pentecostal movement. However, an evaluation of public testimony as a transformative experience remains under-researched. This article uses the literary analysis to bridge this research gap by analysing the value of public testimony in the Pentecostal transformation experience. This will be achieved by introducing the Pentecostal liturgy in the context of the Pentecostal movement. The concept of public testimony in Pentecostal liturgy will be outlined to understand its significance. The aim here is to demonstrate the fact that public testimony does not only serve the purpose of marketing, advertising, or selling religion but is also a transformative experience. Contribution: This article proposes a transformative Pentecostal experience to the practice of public testimony within the Pentecostal liturgy. Public testimony is not only used for marketing and advertising but also serves as a transformative tool in the Pentecostal movement in Africa.

Park pathway characteristics can influence the movement of visitors and the functional usage of space. This article aims to assess the design of different types of public parks in Cairo, Egypt, through the lens of space syntax, which identifies spatial layout as a primary factor that determines pedestrian movement. We integrate space syntax metrics with field observations to examine the underlying spatial logic of small, medium and large public parks, and compare their three structures based on form and function. The results indicated that the degree of spatial accessibility and degree of control over accessing adjacent walkways were positively associated with movement flows on each walkway segment. However, many park facilities, such as wedding halls and theatres, tended to be randomly distributed due to the heavy commercialisation of the parks, which places facilities based on land availability. Our findings provide insights into the design and management of park environments. Overall, leisure facilities should be provided based on community needs. Noisy activities should be placed in isolated zones to attenuate noise. In addition, activities that serve various people groups should be located along highly accessible pathways to encourage their use.