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Background. One of the common causes is attitude, a complex problem experienced by students at the Aliyah level causing less serious learning. Behavior will have a special impact on the social aspects of life. So it takes more effort for a teacher to prevent and anticipate unwanted things from happening. Purpose. The purpose of this study, to how the application of overcoming the attitude of Madrasah Aliyah students in interacting both with each other and with other educators, through the Efficiency of Learning Methods. Method. This research uses quantitative methods by using surveys and in-depth interviews with educators. The results of this study are educators looking for a middle point on how to build the character of Aliyah students through the Efficiency of Learning Methods. Results The conclusion of this research is that educators can take advantage of providing material that is already in the syllabus for learning to make student character can be formed. Conclusion. Therefore, the limitation of this study is that researchers cannot present valid behavioral data for each Aliyah student. It is hoped that future researchers can present an in-depth look at the behavioral problems that exist in Aliyah students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the case of Baltimore's 21st Century School Buildings Program (21CSBP) to investigate the potential of leveraging a school facilities investment for community development. We find that school facilities investments have the potential to catalyze community development along four domains: social, institutional, economic, and physical. However, existing market conditions and community trust and social cohesion can facilitate or constrain whether and how schools catalyze community development. Leveraging school building investments for community development hinges on a clear vision and staff capacity for implementation. Finally, definitional, geographic, and jurisdictional divides between school districts and city agencies can complicate the potential for cross-sector connections at the neighborhood level. Our findings underscore the possibilities of school facilities investments and community schools for supporting community development and affirm the deep-seeded challenges that stakeholders face to work as collective stewards of a shared social agenda for school and neighborhood change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As income and wealth inequality hit historic highs, community development leaders are searching for ways to create good jobs and revitalize struggling urban communities. The search has led an increasing number to focus on approaches that involve broad-based ownership models as key tools for creating community wealth. There are many models of enterprises that have a fundamental purpose of benefiting workers and communities. These include employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)-owned companies, cooperatives, community development corporations, community development financial institutions (CDFIs), municipally owned enterprises, social enterprises, B corporations, and others. This paper provides an overview of these different community-based forms of business ownership, how to use them effectively, and what benefits the different forms can provide. Additionally, the paper highlights novel ways to combine these forms into comprehensive community-building strategies as with Market Creek Plaza in San Diego and the Cleveland model of networked worker cooperatives in Ohio. Last, the paper reviews recent efforts to promote cooperatives and community wealth building in major U.S. cities, including New York City; Madison, Wisconsin; Richmond, Virginia; Denver, Colorado; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jacksonville, Florida; and Rochester, New York. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, cities have experienced dwindling state resources and growing socioeconomic inequalities—many scholars have identified this change as neoliberalism. Although these changes have generated much debate, not a lot of scholarship has tried to present alternatives. This article uses the Westside Leadership Institute (WLI) in Salt Lake City, Utah, as a case study to understand what can be done at low cost to address historically disadvantaged communities and improve their conditions. Through leadership development, participants develop cognitive, interpersonal, and strategic skills. They also form a symbiotic relationship with anchor institutions, a Community Development Corporation and the University of Utah. Using data from interviews, focus groups, and surveys, this article examines how residents have applied what they learned in the WLI to create social change at the local level. Although small-scale community development, the WLI has proven to be effective at building and sustaining indigenous leaders, who in turn push a progressive agenda forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hurricane Katrina submerged thousands of single-story, slab-on-grade homes in low-lying New Orleans, disproportionately displacing African Americans they sheltered and sustained. Critical disaster studies cast charitable individuals and organizations as sponsors of Black survival, yet nongovernmental aid programs remain marginal to scholarship on environmental justice and Black geographies. This paper sheds light on the funding programs, public-private partnerships, and design-build projects by which philanthropies and charities aid Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC) in retreat from flood hazards. This nested case study of HUD's Neighborhood Stabilization program and the Salvation Army's EnviRenew program shows Black developers, planners, and architects of retreat from New Orleans's Pontchartrain Park Historic District gained public, private, and philanthropic sponsors at steep costs: the loss of land, life, and leadership in sustainable development. Drawing on administrative data, legal documents, and stakeholder interviews, the mixed-methods analysis finds new housing built above projected base flood elevations inside flood hazard zones not by choice or by chance, but in compliance with aid programs requiring Black participation in land buyout programs (Road Home) and Black facilitation of green home building and buying (Build Back Better). The Pontchartrain Park case of "management failure," which included rescinded grants and land takings, not only illuminates the macroeconomics and microaggressions that restrict where and how Black resettlement takes place. Ultimately, this article reveals climate mitigation patrons relocate BIPOC households and heritage from endangered places in theory, yet, in practice, their relief formulas may house marginalized minorities in precarious places above measured risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community development corporations (CDC) are worldwide entities that create environments facilitating physical activity. At the same time, researchers face challenges conducting cost-effective, longitudinal studies on how environmental changes affect physical activity. Objective: To provide evidence suggesting that CDC initiatives could potentially be integrated into a research framework for examining the influence of environmental improvements on physical activity. Methods: Quality of Life Plans (QLP) developed by a CDC and stakeholders from 6 lower-income neighborhoods were systematically reviewed to obtain data about environmental features targeted for change and the strategies used to bring about those changes. Strategies were deemed pro-physical activity if previous studies suggested they have the potential to affect physical activity. Results: A total of 348 strategies were proposed of which 164 were pro-physical activity. Six environmental features were targeted including crime (57 strategies), aesthetics (39), facilities (30), walkability (17), destinations (14), and programs (5). Strategies involved implementing (90 strategies), planning (33), assessing (26), and securing funding (13). Progress reports indicated that 37.4% of the pro-physical activity strategies were implemented 1 year following the development of the QLPs. Conclusions: These results suggest that activities of CDCs could potentially be systematically integrated into the scientific study of environmental influences on physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the destruction caused by hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, and the earthquakes of January 2020, community-based organizations (CBOs) in Puerto Rico (PR) intensified their activity in accessing economic and capacity-building resources allocated by the federal government. This investigation of twelve case studies of Puerto Rican community development corporations (PRCDCs) addresses several critical questions relevant to the reconstruction of the island. First, why should policy makers explicitly involve PRCDCs in the short-term and long-term reconstruction of communities in the island? Second, what are PRCDCs currently doing in Puerto Rican communities, and what can we learn from them? Third, what are the challenges faced by PRCDCs in participating effectively in the future recovery and reconstruction at local, municipal, and regional levels? Our findings indicate that the prevailing narrative of centralized post-disaster planning and government recovery policy underestimates the PRCDCs' experience and capabilities. While PRCDCs might have limited experience with specific federal funding and programs, they have accumulated legitimate experience in implementing projects with state and federal agencies. PRCDCs have the entrepreneurial drive, and the professional, community-based talent, to participate directly in the reconstruction of communities and municipalities. PRCDCs' collective experience represents a strong foundation from which it is possible to "scale-up from the bottom-up" the processes of reconstruction and resilience-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sector partnerships, and collective impact, in particular, have gained increased attention as community-level strategies for tackling wicked, complex, social challenges such as child maltreatment. To date, there has been limited independent research on collective impact, especially in non-metropolitan areas with limited capacity. This case study examines the conditions that supported the development of a collective impact effort in a non-metropolitan community to address child wellbeing. It finds that small communities offer strengths that support collective impact as a social innovation as well as challenges that create vulnerabilities to outside influence that may stymie the development of locally developed social innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Placemaking is a form of public engagement that impacts community development by building social capital, motivating public policy, and shaping real estate development. Popular across public-focused industries, placemaking permeates strategies for community development. This project seeks to elucidate the extent to which community development-centered institutions engage in placemaking and for what reasons. The institutions of focus in this study are community development corporations (CDCs). Employing a survey of CDC associates, the data reveal that placemaking is, in fact, a well-known and oft-practiced strategy among CDCs for myriad reasons – among them an alignment and reliance on local assets – all with the ultimate end of developing communities across the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Sherry Arnstein intended her ladder of participation as a conceptual tool to help planners redistribute power to citizens, but a key institution to include residents in decision making, the community development corporation (CDC), has proven limited. Based on a case study of participation and insurgency in Detroit's (MI) urban planning, we argue that CDCs structurally align with the planning establishment, serving as relays for governments and developers and controlling information. These limitations inspired insurgent planners to arise from the resident Charlevoix Village Association (CVA) in Detroit and to intervene in the planning process. CVA's insurgent activities and knowledge production have galvanized residents to engage beyond the participatory planning paradigm. CVA has demonstrated that insurgency can enable engaged residents to build the power to push for equitable development in ways that Arnstein's ladder of participation failed to account for. Takeaway for practice: We suggest that although CDCs have not been an effective means for redistributing power to marginalized residents, planning insurgencies can be important vehicles for achieving community control and promoting equitable development. We argue that planners should not promote CDCs at the expense of insurgent planners. Instead, planners can engage in dialogue and partnerships with insurgent planners, provide key resources and information to bolster their capabilities, and design participatory frameworks that enhance their influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explains how the Joint Ownership Entity of New York City (JOE NYC) program is helping and empowering some of New York City's leading organizations to leverage their local expertise and group capacity to compete in the market to create more affordable housing. Topics discussed include the evolution of Community Development Corporations, the CDC 4G Initiative and how JOE NYC works.

Right-sizing planning operates on a notion that investing in the built environment throughout the entirety of a depopulating city is detrimental to the city’s redevelopment and long-term stability. This notion is antithetical to the activities of many community development corporations (CDCs) that build and manage physical development projects in distressed and depopulating neighborhoods. As such, in cities dominated by right-sizing efforts, the role of CDCs is being reconsidered and reinvented. This article considers the case of Detroit’s community development system, identifying the constraints and opportunities for CDCs under the new political economic context of right-sizing. The findings demonstrate that the effort to redefine the role of Detroit’s CDCs has disrupted decades of narrow focus on physical development and created new opportunities for CDCs to play active roles in community organizing and municipal politics. However, funders continue to place constraints on CDCs which limit their political potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shanghai, like other large Chinese cities, has multiple business districts. This paper examines the construction of one of its largest, at Hongqiao in the west of the city. Its specific focus lies in the central role played by one state-owned company, Shenhong, in the financing and construction first of the Hongqiao transport hub and then of the business district that jointly make up this new development pole. The paper examines in detail Shenhong as an organization as well as the tasks it has undertaken and the funding difficulties it has confronted. It argues that Shenhong is representative of the seldom discussed state-owned urban investment and development companies that have led the urbanization of China. Finally, it anchors these companies into theoretical debates, arguing that their ubiquitous involvement in China's property-led process of urban transformation combined with their ambivalence as state companies operating along similar lines to private enterprises means that they can be seen as central players in a form of state corporatist urbanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The costs incurred in the design and implementation of planning policy instruments are not always considered sufficiently. In order to increase the efficacy of planning policy instruments, these transaction costs need to be taken into account. While such transaction costs are expected to vary according to their institutional design and arrangements, up to now there has been no systematic research concerned with how planners should consider transaction costs, and other institutional aspects, as evaluation criteria in planning policy analysis. This paper investigates how, and in which stages, these costs can be included in planning policy design and analysis. Using the literature of transaction costs and new institutional economics, this paper proposes a framework for integrating these costs into evaluating planning policy instruments. This framework consists of different factors that influence transaction costs in designing and implementing a planning policy instrument. Although some researchers have discussed the influence of factors concerning the characteristics of transactions and transactors, there has been limited consideration of the importance of factors related to the characteristics of a policy. This paper argues that policy characteristics, such as, simplicity, age of the policy, precision of the policy, policy approach, public involvement and participation, and policy credibility and consistency, can affect transaction costs in any policy. Therefore, the paper concludes that, in addition to transaction and transactor characteristics, a ‘policy characteristics’ category should be included to emphasise the importance of policy selection and design in transaction costs of a planning policy instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on combatting the issues of gentrification through community-based lawyering in the U.S. Topics discussed include crises of affordable housing and community development in the country; evolution of community development corporations for fighting against gentrification; and case studies on prevention of gentrification.

The article reports on the 25th anniversary of American Bar Association Forum on Affordable Housing & Community Development Law, and presents the views of the author on same. Topics discussed include ways in which the forum members are assisting with early stage planning for community development projects in lower-income communities; evolution of community development corporations; and crises of homeliness in the U.S.

Community development corporations (CDC) are a cornerstone of neighborhood improvement in legacy cities. Yet they face challenges that threaten their financial sustainability, challenges that grew exponentially with the Great Recession. This article examines the impact of the Great Recession on the revenue and survival of CDC in Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; and Detroit, Michigan. An analysis of financial data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics from 2004 to 2011 highlights issues of industry contraction, revenue concentration and loss, and CDC survival. Interviews and examination of multiple secondary sources of information on CDC activity and support networks in each city further our understanding of the financial results. We find that the CDC industry in all three cities was severely impacted by the Great Recession and that the CDC support networks in each city had a significant intervening effect on the ability of CDC to adapt to the fiscal and service pressures created by the recession. We discuss the implications of the shared trends and the city-specific dynamics for the role of CDC in neighborhood improvement in legacy cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This viewpoint explores the possibility of successful civil society formations using a crisis of opportunity for transformation. Such crises reflect the need and creative energy for transformation emerging out of internal development processes. These are important moments for innovative change, not top-down or bottom-up, but from the inside out. The paper uses the experience of a South African organisation (Community Development Resource Association) that has been serving the organisational development needs of civil society organisations for 28 years. It draws specifically from work with one of South Africa’s most successful CSOs (Treatment Action Campaign) over the past two years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how state-sponsored 'arts and cultural districts' and 'creative placemaking' revitalization strategies affect urban neighborhoods, using the Station North Arts & Entertainment (A&E) District in Baltimore, Maryland (USA) as a case study. Through ethnographic participatory methods and 39 qualitative interviews, we studied the activities and attitudes of various stakeholders within Station North. Since its designation as an arts and entertainment district in 2002, a number of public-private partnerships have helped increase home values in Station North, suggesting that the 'branding' of Station North has been successful. While the institutions involved in the district, including community development corporations and local universities, are careful to insist that they do not want to displace low-income residents, many interviewees expressed concerns that these institutions exert influence outweighing that of longtime residents. While a certain level of gentrification has occurred with the arrival of new residents, we argue that the people who are most likely to be displaced from the arts and entertainment district in the future are, paradoxically, artists, especially those who wish to buy homes and settle in the district. After discussing the case of Station North, we consider broader implications of the use of arts for urban revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of projects in isolation and such treatment by urban development authorities can lead to socioeconomic success or failure in projects. This dilemma has its roots in poor initial planning both at the level of individual project, and that of community and neighborhoods. Although the facts like project success or failure are readily determinable in case of socioeconomic sustainability, it is difficult to determine how various variables interact in determining project success. This research is aimed at using system dynamics for investigating the phenomenon of unpopularity of building projects within the urban fabric. An attempt is made to discuss the case study of a parking plaza in its context and for detailed investigation of this building, systems thinking methodology is employed. The research has highlighted various variables that have a role to play in making the case study project an example of success or failure in terms of sustainability. The practice of using systems thinking in case of deeply rooted sustainability analysis has brought some new insight which seems to have a promising role to play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleveland, Ohio provides a useful case for examining and contrasting property transfer practices among certain key actors before, during, and after the foreclosure crisis. Transfers among key actors—Cleveland’s two land banks, the State of Ohio, Fannie Mae, investors, and community development corporations (CDCs)—differed considerably. This article empirically shows that inappropriate property transfer practices by financial institutions and speculator-type investors negatively impacted neighborhoods, compounding the damage brought on by the foreclosure crisis. By contrast, a case study of one of the hardest hit neighborhoods in Cleveland finds that the land banks and CDC are producing positive outcomes. A proactive land bank as a conduit and robust CDCs as a project promoter are an effective combination to cope with vacant and abandoned properties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As public service professionals become more engaged with Black Church and Black College community development corporations (CDCs), they must familiarize themselves with the literature that illuminates this sector of community development. Small in number, the efforts of some black churches and black colleges to establish CDCs can be viewed as pivotal to community revitalization and continuing a legacy of social mission for racial equality and social justice. Subsequently, this article provides a review of the literature about the Black Church and the Black College CDC. Also, it offers recommendations to public sector professionals and academics seeking to support the Black Church and the Black College and their respective CDCs quests for advancing racial equality and social justice., Introduction The rebuilding of poor and African American neighborhoods through community development is a well-worn discussion among public service professionals committed to racial equality and social justice. The equality index, [...]

For decades regeneration programmes in England targeted areas where spatial concentrations of poverty exist. These 'area-based initiatives' (ABIs) came under sustained attack, however, from the previous coalition government for being expensive and ineffective. This paper assesses this claim by re-evaluating past evidence on the impact of regeneration on poverty. It finds regeneration did relatively little to transform households' material circumstances but significantly ameliorated negative experiences of living in poverty in relation to housing, community safety and the physical environment. This partially undermines the rationale for the policy shift away from neighbourhood renewal interventions toward the current focus on 'local growth' as the sole remedy for spatial inequalities. It also suggests a need for more nuance in wider critical accounts of regeneration as a deepening form of neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to assess the current potential of community entrepreneurship in neighbourhood revitalisation in the US and the UK. The global economic crisis has had a major impact on government spending for urban regeneration. In the context of these austerity regimes, in many European countries, community entrepreneurship and active citizenship are increasingly considered as a means to continue small-scale urban revitalisation. This paper investigates recent literature on both British community enterprises (CEs) and American community development corporations (CDCs). Design/methodology/approach – Starting from a seminal article, this paper reviews literature focusing on the role of CEs and CDCs in neighbourhood revitalisation. Differences and similarities are analysed, taking into account national context differences. Findings – While CDCs have a relatively successful record in affordable housing production in distressed areas, CDCs are fundamentally limited in terms of reversing processes of community decline. CEs in the UK have focused on non-housing issues. Research limitations/implications – This paper asks the question what CEs can learn from CDCs in terms of scope, aims, strategies, accountability, assets and partnerships with public and private actors. However, a systematic literature review has not been conducted. Originality/value – This comparison reveals not only similarities but also differences with regard to aims, organisational characteristics, cooperation on multiple scales and community participation. Apart from lessons that can be learned, this paper provides recommendations for further research that should cover the lack of empirical evidence in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homeownership represents a considerable source of investment, upward mobility, and intergenerational transfer of resources and has, therefore, been labeled as the American Dream. The purpose of this research, therefore, was to discuss Community Development Corporations (CDCs), Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), and Faith-based CDCs and examine the perception of homeowners on the aforementioned programs. Two hundred out of 400 homeowners elected to participate in this quantitative study. The results revealed several statistically significant findings regarding the perceptions of homeowners on homeownership programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on teaching community development. Topics discussed include criticism of contemporary community development, the association between community development and the Community Development Corp., a community-controlled nonprofit development organization, and definition of community development according to the asset model of community development.