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The Meyer–Neldel compensation law, observed in a wide variety of chemical reactions and other thermally activated processes, provides a proportionality between the entropic and the enthalpic components of an energy barrier. By analyzing 31 different polymer systems, we show that such an intriguing behavior is encountered also in the slow Arrhenius process, a recently discovered microscopic relaxation mode, responsible for several equilibration mechanisms both in the liquid and the glassy state. We interpret this behavior in terms of the multiexcitation entropy model, indicating that overcoming large energy barriers can require a high number of low-energy local excitations, providing a multiphonon relaxation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Damages Directive victims of infringements of competition law are entitled to full compensation. To achieve this goal overcharges, passing-on, and volume effects should play a role in the calculation of damages (for any purchaser who is not yet the final consumer). Whereas the Damages Directive promotes the passing-on defence for the defendants, it does not regulate volume effects in depth. The computation of these effects requires information on counterfactual prices and quantities. Since this information cannot be observed, the size of the volume effect tends to be uncertain. This paper discusses policy-options that aspire to bring compensation closer to full compensation, given uncertainty about the size of the volume effect. Based on the maximin-principle, a principle for decision-making under uncertainty, not allowing a passing-on defence appears to be an attractive option since this may lead to the minimization of the maximum gap between actual and full compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Fifth amendment ruling in Baker v. City of McKinney, where the court invoked a "necessity exception" to deny compensation under the Takings Clause after police destroyed Vicki Baker's home during an emergency involving a fugitive kidnapper. It found that the court's application failed to properly align with historical precedents. It suggests the future courts to apply the necessity exception more carefully.

A crisis that occurs in a company has the potential to damage the company's reputation. However, if the crisis can be handled properly, then the crisis will not harm the company. The purpose of this research is to find out the crisis communication steps and efforts made by the Public Relations of Daop 2 Bandung in dealing with the crisis situation caused by the train accident. Researchers use a descriptive analysis approach because it is considered capable of describing something clearly and each part can be studied one by one, so that the facts of a case can be revealed transparently. Data collection techniques in the form of interviews, in this study the data source consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from interviews with Mr. Ayep Hanapi as Public Relations Manager of PT KAI Daop 2 Bandung. The results showed that PT KAI Public Relations has made several efforts to maintain the company's image, namely: First, pre-crisis PT KAI applies the zero accident principle by increasing employee competence and discipline as well as maintaining facilities and infrastructure. Second, PT KAI's crisis team collaborates with stakeholders, provides solutions, is responsive in serving the media by preparing accurate data and fact information. Third, post-crisis to improve the image by providing compensation to employees and accident victims and conducting evaluations to improve train safety and security in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an experimental procedure to enhance the dimensional accuracy of fabrication via stereolithography (SLA) of features at the sub-mm scale. Deviations in sub-mm hemispherical cavity diameters were detected and measured on customized samples by confocal microscopy. The characterization and experimental observations of samples allowed the identification of inaccuracy sources, mainly due to the laser beam scanning strategy and the incomplete removal of uncured liquid resin in post-processing (i.e., IPA washing). As a technology baseline, the measured dimensional errors on cavity diameters were up to −46%. A compensation method was defined and implemented, resulting in relevant improvements in dimensional accuracy. However, measurements on sub-mm cavities having different sizes revealed that a constant compensation parameter (i.e., C = 85, 96, 120 μm) is not fully effective at the sub-mm scale, where average errors remain at −24%, −18.8%, and −16% for compensations equal to 85, 96 and 120 μm, respectively. A further experimental campaign allowed the identification of an effective nonlinear compensation law where the compensation parameter depends on the sub-mm feature size C = f(D). Results show a sharp improvement in dimensional accuracy on sub-mm cavity fabrication, with errors consistently below +8.2%. The proposed method can be extended for the fabrication of any sub-mm features without restrictions on the specific technology implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2022, the International Court of Justice handed down its decision in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) which determined claims against Uganda for its unlawful military activities in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The decision is significant for the law of reparations, with the Court adopting a controversial 'global sum' methodology in fixing compensation which was guided by equitable considerations. Also at issue (which the Court did not decide) was whether claims for high‐level 'macroeconomic' loss are recoverable in principle under international law. This note argues that the Court's global sum methodology is a permissible (and welcome) use of equity to determine compensation where there are evidential difficulties. It also takes the view that macroeconomic loss should be recoverable in principle: a position which is consistent with the teleological design of compensation, and with the more flexible approach to economic loss which some international tribunals have taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the current study is on civil liability. It is devoted to a comprehensive examination of the problems associated with the use of a proven method of civil rights protection – compensation for harm, namely, the determination of its scope and other characteristics together with their influence on the compensation decision within the judicial process. This research aims to analyse the types of harm, the methodology for its determination, the functioning of the principle of full compensation when the amount of harm and its constituent elements change and the peculiarities of the compensation assessment by the judge. The study addresses the feasibility of best practices in the legislation of Egypt and the UAE, allowing a judge to choose a method of compensation that they consider appropriate for reimbursing the harmed party in the trial within the framework of their competence established by the law. The obtained analytical materials and normative arguments will help many foreign entities to better navigate the realities of civil law in Middle Eastern countries when planning their activities in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a poignant saga of American history, Henrietta Lacks stands as an emblem of both scientific triumph and ethical controversy. In 1951, Mrs. Lacks, a tobacco farmer and mother of five, visited Johns Hopkins Hospital for treatment of what was later discovered to be advanced stage cervical cancer. Her doctors treated her with radium, which was standard practice at the time. However, Mrs. Lacks's cancer rapidly metastasized and she ultimately passed away just months later on October 4, 1951, at the age of 31. During the course of her treatment, Mrs. Lacks's cells were non-consensually removed for purposes of scientific research. The cell line, coined "HeLa cells," have in many ways immortalized Mrs. Lacks, playing an instrumental role in numerous medical breakthroughs, including the development of Covid vaccines. Despite the immense contributions her cell line made to scientific research, Mrs. Lacks and her family never received acknowledgement or compensation for the non-consensual taking and continued usage of HeLa cells. Decades later, her family filed a lawsuit against Thermo Fisher Scientific, seeking damages in profits gained from the commercialization of her cell line. This article explores the legal precedent governing the ownership of human biological materials and compares them to cases involving entrusted goods and stolen art. It scrutinizes the hurdles encountered by the Lacks family in their quest for accountability and compensation. Ultimately, the Lacks family settled with the biotech giant, sparking discussions about the ethical implications of using human biological materials in research and the need for greater protections of patient rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the Efficiency of Combining Compensation Claims in Criminal Cases, focusing on Decision Number 196/Pid.Sus/2021/PN. Jkt.Utr. Crime victims' rights are addressed by Law Number 8 of 1981, specifically in Articles 98 to 101 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP), while compensation in Civil Law is governed by Article 1365 of the Civil Code. However, seeking compensation through civil law procedures can be time-consuming. A normative juridical approach was employed, utilizing statutory analysis and a case study method. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials provided secondary data. The analysis, framed by justice theory and legal certainty theory, reveals that merging compensation lawsuits with criminal cases under Article 98 of the Criminal Procedure Code can expedite resolution. Prerequisites for consolidation include alignment of defendant actions with charges, resulting losses, and a request from the aggrieved party to the Judge. This study underscores the potential of combining cases to streamline compensation claims, offering implications for enhancing victims' access to justice within the legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-motor synchronous drive system is increasingly widely used in industry and manufacturing, where its control structure and control strategy affect the quality and efficiency of production. In order to solve the contradiction between fastness and overshoot, and the difficulty in determining the compensation law in the conventional PID, cross-coupling control, and master-slave control strategies used in multi-motor control, this paper proposes a self-coupling PID control strategy based on ring adjacent compensation to reduce the complexity of the control structure. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the self-coupling PID parameter tuning rules and establishes the control structure of the ring coupling strategy, and proves its validity mathematically. The simulation results verify that the proposed strategy provides a fast response speed, high control precision, good disturbance rejection, and synchronization performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the legal policy of nuclear damage compensation laws. As a specialised sector of nuclear law, the legal regimes on nuclear civil liability aim to provide timely and effective compensation to third parties, while also addressing the special policy concern of ensuring the sustainable development of the global or national nuclear industry. The paper examines the international methods of establishing major principles of liability with the corresponding rules and regimes to balance the interests of the parties involved. Comparatively, there is great uncertainty surrounding Chinese rules and principles of nuclear liability. Therefore, this paper suggests accelerating the enactment of a Chinese law specifically addressing nuclear damage compensation, aligning it with the national strategy and prospects of civil nuclear energy in China. Additionally, issues closely related to nuclear damage compensation, such as nuclear insurance policies, operation and supervision of national public funds and the use of alternative dispute resolution to settle nuclear disputes, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work accidents occurred upstream and downstream company project activities. PT. Pertamina would be one of the causes of disruption or cessation of project work activities. The risk of failure always existed in every work activity, and when a work accident occured, no matter how small, it could result in detrimental effects, therefore as much as possible and as early as possible, potential work accidents must be prevented or at least reduced in their impact. The lack of knowledge about occupational safety and health was largely due to the belief that occupational safety and health programs would be an additional burden on company costs, even though if we took into account the amount of compensation and compensation funds for work accident victims were smaller than the profits. This research aimed to identify and analyze the occurrence of work accidents at PT. Pertamina in terms of counterproductive work behavior. The approach used in this research was a qualitative approach with a case study research design. The results of the research concluded that the adoption of counterproductive work behavior was starting to be widely implemented in the field of occupational safety and health in order to minimize the number of work accidents and prevention of work accidents could be carried out using methods of elimination, substitution, technical engineering, administrative control and the used of personal protective equipment for workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tort remedies for domestic violence, while not new, are not widely used. Many states do not explicitly provide for them, and those that do may find their goals stymied by procedural obstacles that legislatures did not consider. This paper highlights a recent case that the California legislature, leading the country with its specific Domestic Violence tort, likely intended its statutes to cover, thereby providing compensation to the plaintiff. But the case nearly foundered on an objection to personal jurisdiction and required an appellate opinion to reverse the trial court and get the case out of the starting gate. This delay--and the risk to the plaintiff's recovery-- was unnecessary and easily avoidable. Legislators and judges following California's lead in actualizing domestic violence tort remedies should clarify their statutes' jurisdictional reach and the choice-of-law effects in the text of their bills. States have always had a great amount of leeway and vary greatly in their treatment of Domestic Violence torts. In 2024, as some states seek to provide specifically for this remedy for domestic violence survivors, they can preempt procedural challenges--that are especially foreseeable given everything known about tactics employed in Domestic Violence litigation--to truly make DV torts less illusory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of workmen's compensation law, the modern category of disability began to be represented in even more highly negative ways than in the late nineteenth century, linking inability to work and blame for one's impairment, thanks to the efforts of industrial surgeons, safety engineers, and other applied scientists. While safety work had begun before workmen's compensation laws passed, safety engineering (and safety inspection work in general) kicked into high gear once compensation was legally required for workplace injuries: safety engineering burgeoned as a parallel force helping to define disability. In effect, applicants deemed to have disabilities, especially visible ones, were pushed out of the mainstream, industrial labor market and some small businesses and farms. Those injured on the job were increasingly held responsible. But workers were well aware of the hazards and outcomes of dangerous working conditions both prior to and after lawmakers started passing workmen's compensation laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reach high-quality attitude control and large-amplitude slosh suppression when a typical liquid-filled spacecraft executes three-axial large-angle maneuvers, by applying a wave-based attitude controller (WBAC). First, the sloshing dynamics is modeled by using a spherical pendulum, whose motion is expressed by splitting its coordinates. Thus, the large-amplitude lateral sloshing and the rotary sloshing as well as the over-all rigid motion of a liquid with respect to the tank in spacecraft can be approximately described. Second, the dynamics equations of system in terms of hybrid coordinate for the liquid-filled spacecraft are derived via the Lagrangian formulation. Third, an improved WBAC for three-axial large-angle maneuvers of in-orbit liquid-filled spacecraft is designed by adding a derivative control law and a gravity-gradient-torque compensation law to a wave-based control law. Simulations of three-axial large-angle maneuver demonstrate good performance of the WBAC in shortening completion time of attitude maneuvering, suppressing the jitter in the angular velocity of spacecraft, and accelerating the large-amplitude slosh suppression, simultaneously. The results indicate the potential applications of the proposed WBAC in the large-angle attitude maneuvering of liquid-filled spacecraft when there exists large-amplitude liquid slosh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the medical injury law and compensation systems in Taiwan. Topics discussed include civil and criminal medical malpractice law, procedures and trends in medical malpractice litigation, aspects of medical compensation systems, economics of Taiwan's medical injury compensation system, criminal law and physician's pursuit of criminal medical liability reform, amendment of Article 82 of the Medical Care Act and its intended and actual impact.

This paper proposes a novel neural-network-based (NN-based) adaptive composite terminal sliding mode (TSM) control scheme for a class of spacecraft systems with mismatched disturbances and input uncertainties. The key point of the proposed scheme is that the multiple uncertainties are considered and well-handled by the combined second-order disturbance observer (SODO) method and an NN. First, for the purpose of handling the mismatched disturbances, a SODO is applied to obtain the exact estimation of the mismatched disturbances. Second, for satisfying the output constraints and avoiding the computational complexity, the constrained output signals are transformed into unconstrained ones by error transformation. Moreover, to ensure the fast convergence characteristic of the considered system, a SODO-based composite nonsingular terminal sliding mode (SODO-NTSM) manifold is designed. Furthermore, the external disturbances, the input uncertainties, and the unknown nonlinearities are considered by several adaptive laws. As a result, by combining the SODO-NTSM manifold, the external disturbances adaptive compensation laws, the adaptive compensation laws of the input uncertainties, and the NN weights adaptive update laws, the novel new NN-based adaptive composite TSM control scheme is established for the spacecraft system. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme presents the satisfactory control performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, a significant part of both material and immaterial values of participants in civil relations (both individuals and legal entities, as well as the state, territorial communities, and Ukrainian and international investors) is destroyed. This led to the occurrence of a wide range of losses and damage, which in the conditions of war is rather challenging to record and, accordingly, to compel the guilty to compensate them. The study's relevance was that the events studied in it are currently taking place in Ukraine, which indicates the need for their analysis and practical resolution as soon as possible. Because of this, the purpose of the work was revealed to determine the priority compensation methods for damage and losses caused during the Russian Federation's armed attack on Ukraine. For this, the work used the way of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, formal-legal, and generalization. As a result, it was established that recording losses and damages is a complex process, especially in areas where active hostilities are taking place. Accordingly, the state is faced with the need to form qualitative methods for assessing the damage caused, damages, and the possibilities of adequate protection of the rights of individuals and legal entities in national courts. It was proved that the priority methods of ensuring further compensation for losses are the seizure of assets of residents of the Russian Federation located on the territory of Ukraine, as well as the formation of a special fund for the payment of compensation to the victims. In addition, the research found that Ukrainian legislation needs changes, especially concerning the specifics of compensation for destroyed property, health damage, and even moral damage. Accordingly, not only the current regulatory acts were studied, but also the draft law, the content of which concerns the development of a particular institute to compensate the victims of the damage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Thus, the practical value of the work is revealed in the possibility of its use both by participants in civil relations who have suffered losses or damage and by legislators during the formation of mechanisms and institutions for its prompt compensation. Keywords: war, reparations, international tribunal, asset recovery, compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the 1950s and the 1980s, experts estimate that toxic water at Camp Lejeune, a Marine Corps base located near Jacksonville, North Carolina, affected over one million people. The health effects of such contamination include the delivery of babies stillborn or with birth defects, acute illnesses affecting children and adults on base, and long-term instances of various serious and rare diseases like leukemia and male breast cancer. Despite clear evidence of the contamination and the resulting adverse health outcomes, both the military and the federal government have failed to provide adequate compensation to victims in the four decades since the problem’s discovery. Entrenched sovereign immunity law in the form of the Feres doctrine, as well as additional administrative and judicial barriers, have also operated to prevent exposed individuals from recovering. However, in August 2022—nearly fortyyears after evidence of the contamination surfaced—Congress passed the Honoring Our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act, which included the Camp Lejeune Justice Act. The law marked a huge victory for Camp Lejeune victims by granting those injured the ability to seek financial damages through an administrative process and, if denied, in federal court. The question remains: What does this development mean for the future of the military’s sovereign immunity? This Comment examines the history of the water contamination at Camp Lejeune and the legal response over time, provides an overview of the Camp Lejeune Justice Act, and suggests how the law presents a strong framework for ensuring that veterans injured by toxic exposure and otherwise can access just compensation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adaptive finite time composite fault tolerant control strategy based on an optimized neural network for Attitude control systems (ACSs) of satellites is proposed considering the state time‐varying delays, concurrent actuator and sensor faults, system uncertainties, modelable external disturbance and operating noise. An uncertain time‐varying state space model for ACSs of satellites is established, and sensor faults are equivalent to actuator‐like faults. A disturbance observer is designed for estimating the modelable external disturbance, and an improved dwarf mongoose optimization (DMO) algorithm based on the Levy flight distribution is utilized to optimize the basis function of hyperbasis function neural networks to better estimate the augmented actuator faults that include the actuator fault and the actuator‐like fault. Furthermore, an adaptive finite time composite fault‐tolerant controller is proposed, which includes the delay‐dependent feedback control law, disturbance estimation based‐disturbance compensation law and the adaptive fault compensation law based on the augmented fault estimation using the improved DMO‐hyper basis function neural network. The finite time boundness of the close‐loop dynamics to the uncertainties, operating noise, and augmented actuator faults and the robustness of the measurement to the uncertainties, operating noise and augmented actuator faults are analyzed, and the observer and controller design is formulated as the linear matrix inequalities. Simulation examples for ACSs in different working conditions are considered to exhibit the proposed method's effectiveness. Key Points: An adaptive finite time composite fault‐tolerant controller is proposedLevy flight distribution is introduced to improve the performance of the dwarf mongoose optimization algorithmDisturbance observer is designed to estimate the modelable external disturbance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I aspire to answer two questions regarding the concept of a corrective duty. The first concerns what it means to wrong others, thus triggering a demand for corrections (the ground question). The second relates to the proper content of corrective duties. I first illustrate how three prominent accounts of corrective duties—the Aristotelian model of correlativity, the Kantian idea that wronging corresponds to the violation of others' right to freedom, and the more recent continuity view—have failed to answer the two questions satisfactorily. I then introduce my proposal, which holds that we wrong others when we fail to treat their status as moral agents as a source of stringent constraints on our action. I call it the moral neglect account. Once we have identified a common aim of corrective duties (counterbalancing moral neglect), we can fill their content in the various contexts in which wronging has occurred. I conclude by observing that it is not the primary role of corrective justice to assign responsibilities for damage reparations; in fact, requests for compensation make more sense if framed in distributive rather than corrective terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indemnification of incurred damages does not depend on its advance securement, although the law provides the possibility of securing compensation for potential losses in advance. The institution of guaranteeing compensation for anticipated losses is one of the tools for protecting the defendant's rights in the procedural guarantees system. Procedural law doctrine and practice sometimes shift the emphasis to already incurred damages and, thus, call it the institution of compensation for damages caused by an unjustified provisional remedy. The law of civil procedure defines the rule for securing the anticipated losses and not already existing or proven damage. The misperception of the concepts of loss and damage causes the wrong approach to the essence of the mentioned institution. The criteria and rules for securing compensation for anticipated losses and incurred damages require different approaches. In relation to the incurred or expected damages, it would be more appropriate to talk not only about the compensation of damages caused to the defendant through an unjustified provisional remedy but also through the dismissed claimant's claim. Considering all that, securing compensation for anticipated losses should include not only expected losses incurred because of unjustified provisional remedy but also as a result of unjustified/dismissed claims. The defendant may incur various expenses or lose income due to an unjustified provisional remedy or a claim. Attention should be devoted to compensating for the damages caused by an unjustified claim to the extent that, firstly, the measure of provisional remedy is based on alleged facts, and secondly, it is only one of the procedural actions directed against the defendant. The provisional remedy itself and securing compensation for the anticipated losses to the defendant form one of the procedural guarantees of effectively using the right to a fair trial and, accordingly, it is a part of the area protected by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the first Clause of Article 31 of the Constitution of Georgia. Based on the principle of equality before the law and the court, as well as the principle of the equality of the parties in civil proceedings, the claimant also has the right to claim compensation for damages from everyone who, through illicit actions, prevented the enforcement of provisional remedy issued by the court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strata titles are a critically important Australian legal export. New South Wales' (NSW) strata legislation has been particularly influential, having been adopted in numerous jurisdictions, including Singapore in 1967. As a statutory framework, strata law solves the problem of 'floating freeholds' by creating indefeasible ownership of individual units in a building, guides owners in managing the development, and sets out the dispute resolution process when disagreements occur. In an increasing number of jurisdictions (including Singapore and three states in Australia), strata legislation also enables the strata scheme to be terminated and sold for redevelopment where the requisite majority, as opposed to an unanimity of subsidiary proprietors' consent to the sale. Strata law imposes compensation thresholds that must minimally be paid to dissenting owners. In Singapore, the rule is that no minority owner should suffer a 'financial loss,' while in NSW and Western Australia (WA), this amount is pegged to what the owner would theoretically have obtained had the unit been acquired compulsorily by the state. In this article, I compare strata law in Singapore, NSW, and WA in relation to compensation thresholds and explain why the Australian market value standard should also be adequate to compensate unit owners in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We may sharpen our understanding of legislation by juxtaposing it with other types of legal act. John Gardner attempts to differentiate legislation from legal rulings – an unusual juxtaposition in itself – and his claims about the difference are surprising. Legal rulings are legally binding pronouncements issued by judges – eg 'A owes B $50 in compensation'. The article queries the analysis advanced by Gardner and endorsed by other accounts. It instead offers an alternative distinction, and in so doing seeks to clarify what legislation is by what it is not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]