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In advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), the degradation of organic pollutants by the oxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from the interaction between H2O2 and active species Fe2+/Fe3+ has gained significant attention. The cycle of Fe2+/Fe3+ in the catalytic oxidation plays a key role. Herein, a kind of N-doped carbon encapsulated FeMoxOy nanocrystalline material (FeMo@NC) was fabricated using a precipitation–calcination approach and applied to degrade organic pollutants in AOPs. The composite catalyst presents efficient catalytic activity for removing rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), congo red (CR) and methyl orange (MO). The facilitating effect of Mo on the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle and the phase structure and composition of the catalyst on the degradation was explored. Meanwhile, the recovery and reusability of the catalyst were assessed, proving its excellent stability in the degradation process. Quenching experiments demonstrate that the catalyst can activate H2O2 to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) that serves as the main ROS to degrade RhB, and the degradation pathway and mechanism are then proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective adsorption of dye pollutants is essential to preserving human health and life before they are released into the environment. Ionic coordination polymers are considered good candidates for the effective elimination of dye pollutants. In this research, an anionic coordination polymer, {[NH2(CH3)2]2[Cd(μ4-L)]·1.5H2O·0.75DMF}n (1), [L4−: (E)-5,5′-(fumaroylbis(azanediyl))diisophthalate], was prepared and characterized. Structural analysis revealed that each Cd(II) ion was linked to four L4− ligands forming a 3D framework. A 2-fold interpenetrated 3D architecture of the compound was observed with a dia topology due to the large pore of a single framework. Owing to its water stability and anionic skeleton, the removal ability of four dyes with different charges and sizes by the compound was investigated. The compound, maintaining the negative charge density, effectively adsorbed the cationic methylene blue (MB) dye, while the elimination of anionic methyl orange (MO) and Congo red (CR) dyes was not observed owing to electrostatic repulsion. Additionally, the compound displayed size-dependent adsorption as evidenced by its non-adsorption of the cationic rhodamine B (RhB) dye. The compound exhibited a high MB adsorption capacity with a maximum of 689.93 mg g−1. The experimental data agreed well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the adsorption process could be marked as a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The MB adsorption of the compound could be attributed to electrostatic interactions due to its anionic framework and weak interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), the degradation of organic pollutants by the oxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from the interaction between H2O2 and active species Fe2+/Fe3+ has gained significant attention. The cycle of Fe2+/Fe3+ in the catalytic oxidation plays a key role. Herein, a kind of N-doped carbon encapsulated FeMoxOy nanocrystalline material (FeMo@NC) was fabricated using a precipitation–calcination approach and applied to degrade organic pollutants in AOPs. The composite catalyst presents efficient catalytic activity for removing rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), congo red (CR) and methyl orange (MO). The facilitating effect of Mo on the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle and the phase structure and composition of the catalyst on the degradation was explored. Meanwhile, the recovery and reusability of the catalyst were assessed, proving its excellent stability in the degradation process. Quenching experiments demonstrate that the catalyst can activate H2O2 to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) that serves as the main ROS to degrade RhB, and the degradation pathway and mechanism are then proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTThis research examined the effectiveness of using Albizia lebbeck seed pods (ALB) as an adsorbent to remove dye effluents and clean up wastewater. More specifically, the binding capacity of methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes from aqueous solution using unmodified Albizia lebbeck seed pods (UALB) and citric acid modified Albizia lebbeck seed pods (CALB) were compared. The adsorbents underwent characterization via the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Several operational factors were investigated using batch tests to ascertain their effects. These parameters included pH, adsorbent dose, interaction duration, and initial dye concentration. The residual dye concentrations were determined, and the data generated were fitted to equilibrium and kinetic models. In CALB and UALB, MB adsorption ideal pH values were 10 and 12, whereas CR optimal pH values were 3 and 2. Also, MB and CR equilibrium durations were 360 and 240 min, respectively. Temkin model best described the adsorption in CALB (r2 = 0.9916, 0.9484) whereas Freundlich worked well for UALB in MB and CR (r2 = 0.9626, 0.9871). Kinetic modeling of the adsorption data showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best fit (r2 = 0.9998, 0.9999) for CALB and (r2 = 1, 0.9992) for UALB for both MB and CR dyes. Maximum adsorption for MB was 9.499 mg/g and for CR it was 8.628 mg/g, and the findings showed a positive linear correlation between the concentration of dye-ions and their adsorption ability. The CALB also demonstrated superior efficacy in the removal of MB (4.661 mg/g) dye relative to CR (4.113 mg/g). The results of this study demonstrate that the use of ALB, in both modified and unmodified forms, is a cost-effective and efficient approach for the removal of MB and CR from the aqueous environment.In this study, Albizia lebbeck seed pod (ALB), an agricultural waste, was used in both its unmodified (UALB) and modified (CALB) forms to remove cationic MB and anionic CR dyes from aqueous solution. The study showed that ALB proved to be an excellent low-cost alternative adsorbent for the removal of MB and CR dyes from an aqueous solution. However, the adsorption capacity was higher for MB (9.499 mg/g) compared to CR (8.628 mg/g). According to the results, CALB also proved to be more efficient in the removal of MB dye (4.661 mg/g) compared to CR (4.113 mg/g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the synthesis of a new nanocomposite named Zn3V2O8/hydroxyapatite (ZnV/HAP) to assess its photocatalytic efficiency for degrading Congo red dye (CR) under visible light. The nanocomposite was analyzed using various techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, UV-vis DRS, SEM, TEM, EDAX, XPS, and BET analysis. The photocatalyst's performance was enhanced by a shift in its band gap to 1.7 eV, compared to similar materials. ZnV/HAP exhibits superior photocatalytic performance compared to ZnV particles. The rate constant for the degradation of CR by ZnV/HAP was determined to be 0.0063 min−1. The degrading efficiency of the ZnV/HAP composite is 94%. The enhanced charge separation in the ZnV/HAP composite is attributed to the strong contacts between the interfacial surfaces, which are responsible for their higher activity. A method was found to facilitate this heightened activity, with hydroxyl and superoxide radicals serving as crucial reactive species that significantly contribute to the photocatalytic process. The phytotoxicity investigation conducted on Vigna radiata plants demonstrated the photocatalytic effectiveness of the ZnV/HAP combination. In addition, the deteriorated CR dye solution exhibited a color removal efficiency of 94.62% for total organic carbon (TOC) and 92.86% for chemical oxygen demand (COD). The findings demonstrate that the synthesized ZnV/HAP is a viable substitute for visible-light-driven photocatalysts. Furthermore, the antimicrobial efficacy of ZnV/HAP was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, demonstrating remarkable antibacterial and antifungal properties comparable to the positive control medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited arsenal of antifungal drugs have prompted the search for novel molecules with biological activity. This study aimed to characterize the antifungal mechanism of action of Eugenia uniflora extract and its synergistic activity with commercially available antifungal drugs on the following Candida species: C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. dubliniensis. In silico analysis was performed to predict antifungal activity of the major compounds present in the extract. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined in the presence of exogenous ergosterol and sorbitol. Yeast cells were grown in the presence of stressors. The loss of membrane integrity was assessed using propidium iodide staining (fluorescence emission). Synergism between the extract and antifungal compounds (in addition to time kill-curves) was determined. Molecular docking revealed possible interactions between myricitrin and acid gallic and enzymes involved in ergosterol and cell wall biosynthesis. Candida cells grown in the presence of the extract with addition of exogenous ergosterol and sorbitol showed 2 to 8-fold increased MICs. Strains treated with the extract revealed greater loss of membrane integrity when compared to their Fluconazole counterparts, but this effect was less pronounced than the membrane damage caused by Amphotericin B. The extract also made the strains more susceptible to Congo red and Calcofluor white. A synergistic action of the extract with Fluconazole and Micafungin was observed. The E. uniflora extract may be a viable option for the treatment of Candida infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmentally friendly disposal of copper waste from automobile shops is crucial for preventing potential environmental hazards. This study introduces an innovative approach to repurpose retrieved copper by converting it into a nanomaterial, specifically a copper oxide-based nanoparticles (CSCNC). Using extracts derived from Curcuma amada leaves and Strychnos potatorum seeds, a green synthesis process were employed to synthesize CSCNCs. The synthesis involved dissolving the reduced copper waste, leaching copper into the solution, and precipitating nanoparticles using a pH-controlled method. The synthesized CSCNCs possess a monoclinic crystalline structure with a morphology resembling nano-leaf sheets, exhibiting an average pore diameter of 14 nm and a mesoporous structure. These CSCNCs demonstrated efficient degradation of Congo red (CR), a representative dye, under visible light irradiation, with a degradation efficiency of 91% under optimized conditions. Kinetic analysis revealed that pseudo-second-order reactions provided a better fit for the degradation process, with CSCNCs exhibiting exceptional performance. Radical trapping experiments identified hydroxyl radicals and holes as the primary species involved in the photocatalytic degradation mechanism. The development of CSCNCs represents a significant advancement in the repurposing of copper waste, contributing to environmental sustainability and protection while offering insights into potential applications in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the many applications of manganese oxides in water treatment, this research aimed to synthesize α-Mn2O3 nanoparticles through a green method and investigate the dye adsorption capacity of them. The α-Mn2O3 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using KMnO4 and aqueous extract of Pyracantha angustofolia fruits under hydrothermal conditions and calcination. The products were identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The adsorption capacity of methyl orange (MO) and Congo red (CR) dyes were evaluated at different concentrations (25, 50, and 75 ppm) using α-Mn2O3 nanoparticles. Results revealed the spherical and porous structure of α-Mn2O3 nanoparticles with a specific surface area of 21.7 m2.g-1. Dye removal significantly increased with pH decrement. The adsorption capacity for MO and CR was 73.07 and 70.70 mg.g−1, respectively. The adsorption data of both dyes followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The best fitted models for MO and CR adsorption were the Langmuir isotherm and the Dubinin–Radushkevich, respectively. In addition, a possible adsorption mechanism was proposed for both dyes. The findings showed that α-Mn2O3 nanoparticles are very efficient adsorbents for removing anionic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBis(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioato)copper(II) was synthesized and decomposed to hexagonal copper sulfide (CuS/Cu2S) nanoplates (NPs) under ambient conditions using ethylenediamine as a decomposing agent and solvent. The optical property (UV–Vis) and structural analysis (XRD, HRTEM, TEM, SAED, and EDS) revealed the formation of visible light active (2.24 eV) hexagonal nanoplates of mixed composition (CuS/Cu2S) with size varying from 310 to 890 nm. CuS/Cu2S nanoplates possess both catalytic and photocatalytic properties and degrade Congo red entirely (100%) both in dark and light. However, in the presence of light (80 min) the degradation is faster than in the dark (120 min). The degradation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics in the presence and absence of light. The kinetics also explain that the dye first adsorb on the surface of CuS/Cu2S and then is mineralized. Furthermore, CuS/Cu2S nanoplates were photostable with good reusability. Additionally, the environmentally benign nature, catalyst photocatalytic properties, complete dye degradation, and no generation of secondary pollutants make CuS/Cu2S nanoplates an excellent material for environmental cleansing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we employ an eco-friendly and highly efficient method for the successful removal of anionic azo dye (CR) using emerging Ni/Co-BTC hollow Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The MOFs was developed via a solvothermal synthesis method. Various kinetic models, adsorption capacities, isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich), and thermodynamic stability assessments were used to predict the adsorption mechanism and the types of interactions present between CR dyes and Hollow MOFs. Our findings suggest that the adsorption process follows Freundlich isotherm, with PSO kinetic models indicating chemisorption and a maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of 168.03 mgg−1. We observed a removal efficiency of 74% in neutral medium and 85% in acidic medium. Thermodynamic studies reveal the spontaneity of the process with endothermic enthalpy, attributed to the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between the dye molecule and the adsorbent. Furthermore, to investigate practical applicability, we conducted studies in real water and dye mixtures. All studies demonstrated that the prepared Ni/Co-BTC hollow MOFs show promising potential adsorbents for the CR dye removal from the wastewater, owing to their high efficiency and reusability. Adsorption of anionic dyes in hollow MOFs High adsorption capacity obtained from adsorption isotherm studies High efficiency for Congo red and mixture of dyes Adsorption process is highly spontaneous and endothermic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green synthesis method for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was presented using natural Gum Arabic (GA) as a natural stabilizing agent. For the first time, the as-synthesized ZnO NPs were employed to photodegrade the toxic Congo Red (CR) dye in an aqueous solution. The structural and morphological characterizations confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs possessed an average crystallite size of 42.7 nm. In addition, it was found that a concentration of 20 mg L−1 of CR dye yielded the most favorable photodegradation results, and 4 mg mL−1 of the photocatalyst was the optimal amount. The results showed a maximum degradation percentage of 99.5% at pH 8 after 30 min of irradiation. This indicates that the as-synthesized ZnO NPs have remarkable photocatalytic properties. Moreover, the study demonstrated the suitability of the pseudo-first-order kinetic model for representing the photodegradation process through kinetic studies of the photocatalyst process of CR dye by ZnO NPs using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La-substituted Ni-Co ferrites Ni0.5Co0.5LaxFe2-xO4 (x = 0; 0.01; 0.025; 0.05), synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion method, were tested as adsorbents for the Congo Red dye removal and as catalysts for hydrogen peroxide decomposition. XRD, SEM, EDS, and IR spectroscopy techniques were used for structure-morphology characterization. The presence of La ions resulted in a decrease in both the lattice parameter and crystallite size. The chemical composition was confirmed to be close to the expected stoichiometry through EDS analysis. The IR spectra revealed two absorption bands within the 400–600 cm–1 range, indicating the formation of the spinel structure and the introduction of La ions into the crystal lattice. The adsorption studies conducted on La-substituted Ni-Co ferrites revealed that the presence of La ions improved their adsorption properties for Congo Red dye removal. The maximum adsorption capacity has been observed for the sample with x(La) = 0.025. The obtained data fit well with the Langmuir model. The Dubinin-Radushkiewicz isotherm model was employed to determine the free energy of adsorption, which was found to be in the range of 22–25 kJ/mol, indicating the chemosorption of Congo Red molecules onto La-doped ferrites. The removal efficiency of Congo Red dye for the most active sample reached 98%. The samples manifested sufficient activity as Fenton-like catalysts in hydrogen peroxide decomposition. The NiCoLa-25 sample turned out to be the most active, decomposing H2O2 by 94%. Synthesized La-substituted Ni-Co ferrites could be both promising adsorbents and catalysts for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, porous poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels with different pore sizes were fabricated using inorganic non‐metallic porogens by an environmentally friendly method, providing a potential solution for the field of wastewater treatment. PVA hydrogels have gained much attention in the field of wastewater treatment due to their excellent adsorption performance and porous network structure. However, the employment of inorganic non‐metallic salts as porogens for PVA hydrogels has received limited attention so far. In this study, porous PVA hydrogels were prepared by freeze‐thawing and freeze‐drying with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as porogens. PVA‐Na exhibited denser network structure with the concentration of Na2SO4 solution increased, and the tensile stress was enhanced by about 45 times. Meanwhile, the tensile stress of PVA‐Ca was improved significantly from 0.06 to 1.67 MPa, and the network structure became looser after adding CaCO3. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the adsorption performance of porous PVA hydrogel for Congo red (CR). Finally, five adsorption models were fitted to investigate the adsorption mechanism of porous PVA hydrogels, in which the maximum adsorption capacity of CR by PVA‐Na‐0.5 was predicted to be 215 mg/g by the Langmuir isothermal model fitting. Highlights: The structure of PVA hydrogels was adjusted by Na2SO4 and CaCO3, respectively.The tensile stress of PVA‐Na with dense network structure increased 45 times.Compared to PVA‐FD, swelling equilibrium time of PVA‐Na reduced from 24 to 6 h.Equilibrium swelling rate of PVA‐Ca declined by half in comparison to PVA‐FD.Langmuir isothermal model predicted qmax of 215 mg/g for CR by PVA‐Na‐0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of congo red (CR) is a critical issue in contemporary textile industry wastewater treatment. The current study introduces a combined electrochemical process of electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) to address the elimination of this dye. Moreover, it discusses the formation of a triple composite of Co, Mn, and Ni oxides by depositing fixed salt ratios (1:1:1) of these oxides in an electrolysis cell at a constant current density of 25 mA/cm2. The deposition ended within 3 hours at room temperature. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) characterized the structural and surface morphology of the multi-oxide sediment. Marvelously, the deposition has simultaneously occurred on both anodic and cathodic graphite electrodes. These electrodes besides aluminum (Al) are employed as anodes in the EC-EO system, and the results were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum operating conditions were a current density of 6 mA/cm2, pH = 7, and NaCl of 0.26 g/L. The results showed that the combined system eliminated more than 99.91% of the congo red dye with a removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of around 97% with 1.64 kWh/kg of dye of the consumed energy. At low current density, the current delivered for the composite anode was more than for the Al anode with the same surface area. On top of this superiority, the EC-EO scenario is a practical hybrid process to remove CR in an environmentally friendly pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-active magnetic materials having suitable anchoring moieties have gained great interest in the field of environmental pollution management. Herein, 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA)-functionalized Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@DABA) nanoparticles were synthesized for adsorbing anionic pollutants from wastewater. First, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were fabricated via aqueous coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions, and then, the bare-surface of Fe3O4 was functionalized concomitantly with DABA. The production of Fe3O4 particles and their surface functionalization with DABA, and the thermal stability of Fe3O4@DABA were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gravimetry. Core-Fe3O4 particles had a spinel structure, and their concurrent surface functionalization did not alter the initial phase purity of Fe3O4, as revealed by an X-ray diffraction study. Fe3O4@DABA particles showed nano-sized, spherical-shaped, improved surface morphology, surface area, surface porosity, and pH-dependent surface activities. Fe3O4@DABA nanoparticles exhibited a higher hydrodynamic average diameter and better aqueous dispersity than those of bare-Fe3O4. The saturation magnetization of Fe3O4@DABA was found to be 47 emu g−1 under ambient conditions. Our designed magnetic Fe3O4@DABA nanoadsorbent showed very high affinity towards the uptake of azo dye molecules: maximum adsorption of 259 mg g−1 for Congo red (CR) and 282 mg g−1 for Eosin yellow (EY) was reached at pH 3 and 25 °C by using an adsorbent dose of 0.02 g. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic study suggested both CR and EY adsorption followed the Freundlich adsorption model and pseudo-first-order kinetics. The adsorbed azo dye was eluted effectively from the surface of the investigated nanoadsorbent by aqueous alkali (0.1 M NaOH) treatment. In addition, Fe3O4@DABA showed excellent magnetic recyclability without considerable loss of adsorption capacity. After recycling five times, the adsorption efficiency of Fe3O4@DABA slightly declined (90.16% for CR, and 95.52% for EY) compared to that of the initial adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven bacterial strains, isolated from various Tunisian biotopes, were investigated for Congo Red (CR) and Malachite Green (MG) decolorization. The isolated strains underwent morphological and biochemical tests, including assessments for antibiotic sensitivity as well as biofilm formation. One selected strain, ST11, was partially identified as Paenibacillus sp. strain ST11. The newly isolated crude bacterial filtrates (NICBFs) effectively decolorized CR and MG. Specifically, six and seven NICBFs were found to be effective for degrading CR (150 mg l−1) and MG (50 mg l−1), respectively. Under non-optimized conditions, CR and MG could be decolorized up to 80% within 6–12 h. The degradation products of CR and MG, characterized by UV–visible and FT-IR techniques, demonstrated both decolorization and transformation, highlighting the role of enzymes in dye degradation. Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity studies evaluated the impact of treated and untreated CR and MG. Some NICBFs showed promise as powerful biological tools, reducing and sometimes detoxifying CR and MG, commonly used as fertilizers. The potential applications of these NICBFs in decolorization and bioremediation of dye-rich textile effluents were explored. The screening also identified environmentally friendly, cost-effective bacterial strains adaptable to various conditions through phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the enormous costs of photocatalytic processes, the development of new photocatalysts sensitive to visible light constitutes a promising strategy to boost the efficiency of this method in water treatment. In this paper, strontium cobaltite nanoparticles (SrCo2O4 NPs) were shaped by simple, ecological and economical methods using cobalt and strontium nitrates as precursor and freshly isolated chicken egg white as capping agents. The crystalline product SrCo2O4 NPs was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy studies. The SrCo2O4-catalyzed Congo red (CR) degradation under visible light is investigated. XRD analysis showed that the sample was indeed crystallized in the cubic spinel structure (space group Fd3m). The average size of the nanoparticles was estimated to be ∼28nm. The FT-IR spectrum shows two bands at 620 and 573cm−1, which are characteristic of the spinel strontium cobaltite crystalline structure. The two optical band gap energy of synthesized photocatalyst estimated from UV–Visible spectrum is 2.07 and 3.48eV. The developed photocatalyst exhibits significant photocatalytic degradation of RC in an acidic medium with 97% of the dye mineralized after 5h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fields of biomedicine and catalysis have both shown a great deal of interest in copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). Green synthesis methods are being frequently employed to develop highly active CuONPs. This research investigates the potential photocatalytic and antibacterial applications of two CuONPs that were synthesized utilizing extracts from Dillenia indica (D‐CuONPs) and Mikania micrantha (M‐CuONPs) leaves. Analysis using electron microscopy revealed that CuONPs are uniformly spherical and average size around 15 nm. The development of single‐phase CuONPs with a monoclinic structure is shown by X‐ray diffraction studies. The FTIR peaks at 695 cm−1 and 860 cm−1 represent a stretching of Cu−O, signifying the formation of CuO nanostructure. The EDX profiles stated that the CuONPs are correlated with compliantly intensified Cu and O signals. Under solar irradiation, around 90 % of congo red (CR) dye was degraded by both CuONPs in 120 min, with the rate constants of 0.0187 and 0.0174 min−1, respectively. Furthermore, CuONPs have excellent antibacterial activity against bacteria belonging to both Gram classes. Overall, CuONPs hold great potential for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and for degrading organic dyes in the presence of sunlight. As such, they can be manufactured on a large scale using plant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers and strong oxidizing properties can improve photocatalytic performance. Here, we combine the construction of a tightly connected S-scheme heterojunction with the exposure of an active crystal plane to prepare g-C3N4/BiOBr for the degradation of high-concentration organic pollutants. This strategy effectively improves the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and the number of active sites. Notably, the synthesized g-C3N4/BiOBr displays excellent photocatalytic degradation activity towards various organic pollutants, including methylene blue (MB, 90.8%), congo red (CR, 99.2%), and tetracycline (TC, 89%). Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation performance of g-C3N4/BiOBr for MB maintains 80% efficiency under natural water quality (tap water, lake water, river water), and a wide pH range (pH = 4–10). Its excellent photocatalytic activity is attributed to the tight connection between g-C3N4 and BiOBr in the S-scheme heterojunction interface, as well as the exposure of highly active (001) crystal planes. These improve the efficiency of the separation of photogenerated carriers, and maintain their strong oxidation capability. This work presents a simple approach to improving the separation of electrons and holes by tightly combining two components within a heterojunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Al-doped CuO–ZnO composite revealed a huge dielectric constant and fast adsorption–photocatalytic properties for industrial Congo red, Reactive yellow 145 and methyl green pollutants. Nanocrystalline ZnO, CuO and Al-doped CuO–ZnO composite was synthesized via sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction analysis verified that the composite structure has hexagonal ZnO and monoclinic CuO phases. The morphological study of Al-doped CuO–ZnO composite displayed different types of particles having hexagonal, sheet and very fine shapes. Optically, Al-doped CuO–ZnO composite has a high visible light absorption ability compared to its individual components. For energy storage, Al-doped CuO–ZnO composite showed a semi-stable giant dielectric constant with value of 7.6215 × 104 at 42 Hz. Furthermore, Al-doped CuO–ZnO composite exhibited a remarkable adsorption of Congo red, Reactive yellow 145 and methyl green dyes in addition to fast photocatalytic characteristics under sunlight. Herein, 75 mg of Al-doped CuO–ZnO composite exhibits adsorption capacity of 54, 49 and 45% for 100 mL solution contains 20 mg/L Congo red, reactive yellow 145 and methyl green, respectively. As well, the photocatalytic measurements under sunlight confirmed the full removal of all dyes after 20–25 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the efficiency of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-N-methacryloyl-amido-l-tryptophan methyl ester) [PEDMT] microbeads (in the diameter range of 106–180 µm) as a support material for HRP immobilization was evaluated and the immobilized-HRP enzyme was used for decolorization of Congo Red (CR) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dyes. The specific surface area of the PEDMT microbeads was 1103 m2 g−1, which is very high. The PEDMT microbeads had a pore volume and pore size of 1.94 cm3 g−1 and 9.99–55.3 Å, respectively. The chemical compositions of the PEDMT and PEDMT–HRP microbead surfaces were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Immobilization yield, activity yield, and immobilization efficiency were 84.9 ± 2.1, 73.8 ± 5.9%, and 86.9 ± 6.9%, respectively. Optimum pH (6.0), temperature (45 °C and 50 °C for free and immobilized enzyme), H2O2 concentration (3% v/v) were investigated in detail. Thermal and storage stability was increased after immobilization and immobilized enzyme preserved more than 55% of its initial activity even after 10 consecutive uses. Decolorization studies were also performed by investigating the effects of pH, CR, and RB5 concentration, enzyme amount, H2O2 concentration, contact time on decolorization efficiency. The decolorization efficiency for CR and RB5 by PEDMT–HRP was 98.20% and 47.99% after 30 min at pH 6.0 and 45 °C. The immobilized-HRP retained 89% and 27% of its initial activity after three repeated cycles with CR and RB5, respectively. The PEDMT microbeads with high surface area, porosity, durability, and reusability exactly met the requirements for HRP immobilization and dye decolorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is currently grappling with unprecedented levels of water pollution, largely attributed to the presence of detrimental chemicals and dyes posing substantial environmental hazards. This study endeavors to develop highly efficient materials capable of extracting anionic dyes from polluted water reservoirs. Utilizing the coprecipitation method, nickel-chrome and zinc-chrome layered double hydroxides (LDH) were synthesized and subsequently analyzed using advanced analytical techniques. The efficiency of both materials in removing anionic dyes Congo Red (CR) and Indigo Carmine (IC) was investigated by analyzing various parameters, including initial solution pH, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, time, and temperature effects. In binary solutions, ZnCr-LDH exhibited a higher adsorption capacity of 109.10 mg g-1 and 78.64 mg g-1 for IC and CR dyes, respectively. The competitive removal of a binary dye mixture is primarily influenced by electrostatic attraction. Isotherm models were employed for analysis, with the Freundlich model found to be the best fit for IC adsorption onto NiCr-LDH and the Sips model for IC adsorption onto ZnCr-LDH. In binary systems, the extended Freundlich and non-modified Redlich-Peterson models provided the best fit to the isotherm data. ZnCr-LDH demonstrated higher removal efficiency than NiCr-LDH. Furthermore, both LDH materials exhibited stability and maintained their activity over four successive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the growth of uniformly distributed nickel oxide (NiO) nanofibers on a glass substrate by the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) process and explores its photocatalytic features towards an AZO dye. The nanofiber grown by the SILAR process is subjected to annealing at 400°C to decompose the hydroxide group into oxide. X-ray diffraction pattern divulges the Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) structure of NiO, and its average crystallite size (46–61 nm). The fibrous morphology with the width varying from 37.83 to 42.05 nm is confirmed through FESEM micrographs. The existence of nickel and oxide, with atomic percentages in the ratio 40:60 is confirmed by EDX analysis. From the UV–visible spectrum, the band gap energy E g is determined using a Tauc plot and the values are varied between 3.38 eV and and 3.41 eV. Photocatalytic degradation efficiency for the Congo red dye is found to be 93% for reusable NiO nanofibers under the illumination of UV light. The photodegradation pathway of Congo red dye is presented based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The prospective applications of the current work in wastewater treatment make it significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ethylenediamine (EDA)-modified wheat straw (EMWS) was prepared and used as an efficient adsorbent for removing Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. Adsorption of CR by EMWS was examined through static adsorption experiments to determine the effect of contact time, initial pH values, particle size of the adsorbent, solution concentration, and temperature. As pH ranged from 4.0 to 10.0, CR adsorption by the EMWS remained considerably elevated. The equilibrium adsorption capacity was determined to be 97.92 mg·g−1 for a CR concentration of 400 mg·L−1, pH of 4.0, temperature of 318 K, and EMWS dose of 2 g·L−1, which was found to be comparable to other materials used for CR adsorption. Following that, optimal conditions were used to conduct isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. In the adsorption process of CR, the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics provided the best fit, indicating the presence of both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms. Electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding were primarily responsible for CR adsorption onto the EMWS. Based on thermodynamic investigations, the adsorption of CR on EMWS is determined to be spontaneous (ΔG < 0) and endothermic (ΔH = 60.83 kJ·mol−1), while also exhibiting an increase in disorder (ΔS = 289.9 J·mol−1·K−1). The elution was carried out using 0.20 M HCl, followed by washing the EMWS with water, resulting in no loss of functionality. This study suggests that EMWS possesses the potential to serve as a feasible and efficient adsorbent for CR removal in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PDA-HKUST-1 interlayer enhances the stability of OSN membrane structure. • PA layer thickness of PA/ PDA -HKUST-1 0.6 /PEI membrane is about 14 nm. • PA/CaAlg-HKUST-1 6 /PEI membrane has good solvent resistance. Polydopamine (PDA) and metal-organic skeleton HKUST-1 were co-deposited on the base membrane of hexamethylenediamine (HDA)-crosslinked polyetherimide (PEI) ultrafiltration membrane as the interlayer, and high-throughput organic solvent nanofiltration membrane (OSN) was prepared by interfacial polymerization and solvent activation reaction. The polyamide (PA) layer surface roughness from 28.4 nm in PA/PEI to 78.3 nm in PA/PDA-HKUST-1 0.6 /PEI membrane, reduced the thickness of the separation layer from 79 to 14 nm, and significantly improved the hydrophilic, thermal and mechanical properties. The flux of the PA/PDA-HKUST-1 0.6 /PEI membrane in a 0.1 g/L Congo Red (CR) ethanol solution at 0.6 MPa test pressure reached 21.8 L/(m2·hr) and the rejection of CR was 92.8%. Solvent adsorption test, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) immersion experiment, and long-term operation test in ethanol showed that the membranes had high solvent tolerance. The solvent flux test demonstrated that, under the test pressure of 0.6 MPa, the flux of different solvents ranked as follows: methanol (56.9 L/(m2·hr)) > DMF (39.6 L/(m2·hr)) > ethanol (31.2 L/(m2·hr)) > IPA (4.5 L/(m2·hr)) > N - hexane (1.9 L/(m2·hr)). The ability of the membranes to retain dyes in IPA/water dyes solution was also evaluated. The flux of the membrane was 30.4 L/(m2·hr) and the rejection of CR was 91.6% when the IPA concentration reached 50%. This OSN membrane-making strategy is economical, environment-friendly and efficient, and has a great application prospect in organic solvent separation systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of Salmonella species to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms, leading to persistent environmental reservoirs, might represent a direct link between environmental contamination and food processing contamination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biofilm-forming ability of 80 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strains isolated from the broiler food chain production through whole genome sequencing (WGS), PCR, and morphotype association assays. Biofilm formation was quantified by testing the strains at two different temperatures, using 96-well polystyrene plates. The rough and dry colony (rdar) morphotype was assessed visually on Congo red agar (CRA) plates. Based on our results, all tested S. Infantis strains produced biofilm at 22 °C with an rdar morphotype, while at 37 °C, all the isolates tested negative, except one positive. Most isolates (58.75%) exhibited strong biofilm production, while 36.25% showed moderate production. Only 5 out of 80 (6.25%) were weak biofilm producers. WGS analysis showed the presence of the fim cluster (fimADF) and the csg cluster (csgBAC and csgDEFG), also described in S. Typhimurium, which are responsible for fimbriae production. PCR demonstrated the presence of csgD, csgB, and fimA in all 80 S. Infantis strains. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the effects of two different temperatures on the biofilm formation capacity of ESBL producing S. Infantis from the broiler production chain. This study highlights that the initial biofilm components, such as curli and cellulose, are specifically expressed at lower temperatures. It is important to emphasize that within the broiler farm, the environmental temperature ranges between 18–22 °C, which is the optimum temperature for in vitro biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. This temperature range facilitates the expression of biofilm-associated genes, contributing to the persistence of S. Infantis in the environment. This complicates biosecurity measures and makes disinfection protocols on the farm and in the production chain more difficult, posing serious public health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry consumes a large amount of fresh water, resulting in colored effluent due to the incomplete fixation of certain dyes. Traditional textile wastewater treatment such as coagulation-flocculation, membrane filtration, thermal separation and electrochemical processes are expensive and pose significant environmental challenges. To address these issues an alternative technique for decolorizing textile effluent using a modified sparged loop reactor was proposed in this study. The jet loop reactor basically a multiphase reactor was utilized to treat textile wastewater with ozone. In this study, the textile wastewater containing water-soluble basic dyes such as Methylene blue and Congo red was simulated at a concentration of 50 ppm and the color removal efficiency of the reactor was analyzed. The effect of process parameters such as effluent flow rate (0.2– 0.4 Liter/ min), sparger openings (2−4), adsorbent weight (0.5 – 1.5 g) and ozone dosage time (10–30 min) on the decolorization efficiency of the reactor were examined and optimized using Response Surface Methodology. In this study, a maximum color removal of 93 % and 85 % for Congo red dye and Methylene blue dye simulated wastewater was achieved. A correlation was developed using Response Surface Methodology-Box Behnken Design and the developed model was successfully interpreted with experimental values. Based on our results, we believe that it is possible to replace the energy-intensive thermal separation process with jet loop sparged reactor to treat the textile effluent. As a sustainable process, loop reactor may result in a huge reduction of freshwater consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated hazelnut shell (HSAC), an organic waste, was utilized for the adsorptive removal of Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solutions, and a modelling study was conducted using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The structure and characteristic functional groups of the material were examined by the FTIR method. The BET surface area of the synthesized material, named HSAC, was 812 m2/g. Conducted in a batch system, the adsorption experiments resulted in a notable removal efficiency of 87% under optimal conditions. The kinetic data for hazelnut shell activated carbon (HSAC) removal of CR were most accurately represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.998). Furthermore, the equilibrium data demonstrated a strong agreement with the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity of HSAC for CR was determined to be 34.8 mg/g. The optimum adsorption parameters were determined to be pH 6, contact time of 60 min, 10 g/L of HSAC, and a concentration of 400 mg/L for CR. Considering the various experimental parameters influencing CR adsorption, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was constructed. The analysis of the ANN model revealed a correlation of 98%, indicating that the output parameter could be reliably predicted. Thus, it was concluded that ANN could be employed for the removal of CR from water using HSAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient photocatalysts are crucial for sustainable energy and environmental applications. In this study, Cu-doped TiO2 microporous spheres with varying Cu concentrations (1–5 wt%) were synthesized via hydrothermal techniques for enhanced photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight. Physio-chemical characterization using UV–Vis, XRD, PL, FESEM, and XPS techniques revealed a pure anatase structure with small crystallite sizes (10–15 nm) forming porous spheres. Copper doping induced a decrease in photoluminescence intensity, suggesting improved electron–hole pair separation. Among the samples, CT-2 exhibited superior photocatalytic performance, achieving efficient hydrogen generation (1860 µmol/g/h) and degradation of cationic (methylene blue degradation of 94% in 75 min) and anionic (Congo red degradation of 97% in 14 min) dye under sunlight. However, higher Cu concentrations led to diminished photocatalytic activity, likely due to increased charge trapping and recombination. This study underscores the crucial impact of fine-tuned copper doping concentrations within the TiO2 lattice, highlighting their crucial contribution to enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The encapsulation technique was applied to efficiently eliminate Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. During the ionotropic gelation between calcium (Ca2+) ions and alginate (AL), CR was effectively entrapped within the AL nanocapsules in a one‐step process. Suitable conditions for efficient CR removal via encapsulation were revealed by the systematic optimization of parameters including pH, time and stirring speed, etc. RESULTS: According to the experimental observations, the stirring rate and temperature were found to have an insignificant effect on the encapsulation of CR molecules. When the pH value of the medium was 3, the highest level of encapsulation efficiency was achieved in a period of 15 min. At a preliminary CR concentration of 2000 mg L−1 and pH 3, the encapsulation efficiency was calculated at ≈98.9%, with an encapsulation capacity of 2800 mg dye g−1 AL. The zeta potential values of AL and CR/AL nanocapsules were determined to be +7.05 eV and −14.9 eV, respectively, and the results showed that the particles tended to agglomerate. TEM micrographs also showed that the nanocapsules were nanosized and agglomerated. Soil and UV degradation studies showed that the dye‐entrapped nanocapsules degraded remarkably. These results highlighted the great potential of encapsulation for dye removal in economical and practical applications. CONCLUSION: Encapsulation was confirmed to be an economical and practical technique for effectively eliminating CR from aqueous solutions. Under UV light irradiation, the dye molecules entrapped within alginate nanocapsules displayed photodegradation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on systemic immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis, highlighting significant advancements in treatment strategies and understanding of its pathogenesis over recent decades. It discusses the formation of amyloid fibrils, risk assessment, and ongoing challenges in patient management. It underscores the need for continued research to address remaining gaps in optimizing outcomes for individuals affected by AL amyloidosis.

The removal of pollutants from water bodies is crucial for the well-being of humanity and is a topic of global research. Researchers have turned their attention to green synthesized nanoparticles for wastewater treatment due to their eco-friendly nature, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. This work demonstrates the efficient removal of organic dye and both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from water bodies using copper-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized with Murraya Koenigii extract. Characterized via various methods, the 15% copper doped cerium oxide nanoparticles (Cu 15% NPs) exhibited maximum Congo red dye adsorption (98% degradation in 35 min). Kinetic analysis favoured a pseudo-second-order model, indicating the chemical nature of adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms aligned with the Langmuir model, indicating homogenous monolayer dye adsorption on the doped adsorbent. The maximum uptake of adsorbate, Q m obtained from Langmuir model for Cu 15% NPs was 193 mg g−1. The study also showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for Cu-doped ceria, attributed to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the redox cycling between Ce3+ and Ce4+. This substantiated that the green synthesized copper doped cerium oxide nanoparticles are potential candidates for adsorptive removal of Congo red dye and as antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) through electrochemical cyclic voltammetry at varying pH levels and its subsequent adsorption behavior towards Congo red. The products were analyzed using Fourier Transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results showed that acidic conditions led to faster synthesis rates and complete planes with intercalated flakes, while neutral and alkaline conditions resulted in mostly granular aggregates. PANI synthesized with the maximum adsorption capacity is 58.07mg/g. The interaction between PANI and Congo red occurred through protonation-induced positive charges and electrostatic attraction, as indicated by UV–Vis spectroscopy results. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic process, indicating a chemical adsorption process. This study emphasizes the significance of pH conditions in polyaniline synthesis and its potential application in dye removal processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment, ZSM‐5 molecular sieves are prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and modified by impregnation with Fe, La, and Ce loading. X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photon‐electron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy show that Fe, La, and Ce elements are successfully loaded onto the surface of the material, and the surface area of Fe‐La‐Ce‐ZSM‐5 is 241.66 m2 g−1. A systematic study on the adsorption of Congo red solution is carried out using Fe‐La‐Ce‐ZSM‐5 molecular sieves and it is found through the adsorption data that the adsorption process is more in line with Langmuir and the proposed second‐order kinetic model, and the theoretical saturated adsorption capacity is 2669.19 mg g−1. The adsorption process is recycled four times and still has more than 60 % removal performance for high‐concentration Congo red solution. The results of this experiment show that Fe‐La‐Ce‐ZSM‐5 molecular sieves show excellent removal performance for Congo red dye in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we explored the recovering possibilities of nickel‐based products from the cathode materials of spent nickel‐metal hydride (NiMH) batteries collected from car repair centers in Mongolia. Specifically, nickel‐based by‐products such as metallic nickel, Ni microparticles, nickel oxide, nickel chloride, and betta‐phase (β) nickel hydroxide powders are successfully produced. X‐ray diffraction patterns suggested that all samples show high crystallinity and phase purity. Ni microparticles were recovered using a chemical reduction method from a leachate solution prepared by dissolving the cathode of the spent NiMH battery in hydrochloric acid. Notably, β‐Ni(OH)₂ displayed two redox peaks in KOH electrolyte solution, suggesting that it has excellent electrochemical potential and can be reused for the fabrication of new NiMH batteries. To validate the electrochemical performances, we examined the catalytic activity of nickel microparticles as a catalyst for the degradation of Congo red (CR) dye and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The reduction reaction rate of CR dye in the presence of a nickel catalyst was 2.17×10−3 s−1, significantly higher than the control experiment without a nickel catalyst. These results provide possible solutions for developing sustainable battery systems by recovering different nickel‐based products from spent NiMH batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study prepared epoxy resin reinforced porous beads (CERBs) by crosslinking a water-soluble epoxy monomer, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE), with chitosan (CS) using isophorone diamine (IPD) as a crosslinking agent. CERBs are prepared by a one-step method under atmospheric pressure and used for the adsorption of Congo Red (CR). The Sips isotherm model indicates that the maximum adsorption capacity of CERBs for Congo Red is 2289.2 mg g−1. CERBs have a three-dimensional network structure and strong mechanical properties, and can be reused more than 5 times maintaining a high adsorption capacity. Therefore, this material can be produced on a large scale and has great potential for commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc Tryptophan (Trp‐Zn) and zinc N‐(salicylic) tryptophan (SalTrp‐Zn) were synthesized from tryptophan, zinc acetate, and salicylic aldehyde by one‐pot method, respectively. The structure was analyzed by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. PVC samples were prepared by stirring method and solvent film process, and then the thermal properties of PVC samples were studied by thermal aging chamber test, Congo red test, electrical conductivity test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal stability of Trp‐Zn and SalTrp‐Zn stabilized PVC samples was better than calcium and zinc soaps used in industry. The thermal stability time was up to 80 min, and it was a long‐acting thermal stabilizer. After the addition of CaSt2 and Trp‐Zn stabilizer in different proportions, the thermal stability of PVC was obviously improved, and the initial whiteness of the film was improved after the combination of Trp‐Zn/SalTrp‐Zn. In addition, the tensile test verified that the PVC samples stabilized by Trp‐Zn and SalTrp‐Zn had the highest elongation at break. The addition of Trp‐Zn can reduce the elastic modulus of PVC, effectively improve the mechanical properties of PVC, and make the PVC film have better toughness and elasticity. Through DMA and EDS tests, it can be seen that Trp, SalTrp‐Zn had good compatibility with PVC and DOP. The quantum chemical calculation of Trp‐Zn, SalTrp‐Zn and vinyl chloride models was carried out, and the thermal stability mechanism of thermal stabilizer on PVC was analyzed accurately, mainly the absorption mechanism of HCl and the substitution mechanism of unstable chlorine atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause diseases and multidrug resistance. It can produce many pigments, such as pyoverdine, which has anticancer properties. Cancer is still a major issue in medical science. Therefore, this study aimed to use highly efficient alternative treatments, such as pyoverdine. One hundred fifty samples of burns and wounds were collected from patients hospitalized in BabylIt hospitals. All the isolates were cultivated on various media to identify all specimens, including blood agar, MacConkey agar, and cetrimid agar. The isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. P. aeruginosa was cultured in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium to stimulate its production of PDV. Congo red method and microtiter plate were used to determine biofilm production. The findings showed 50 isolates of P. aeruginosa were dispersed among patients, 35/50 (70%) burns and 15/50 (30%) wound infections and only four of the 50 isolates produced PVD. P. aeruginosa was examined against 17 common antibiotics(Aztreonam, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Cefriaxone, Piperacillin_ tazobactam, Piperacillin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Imipenem, Doripenem, Meropenem)and the majority of isolates exhibited MDR. By using the Congo red method out of 50, 4(8%) isolates gave a positive ability to form biofilm as a qualitative method. Among 4 isolates, ps1 and ps4 were more productive, so it was tested to complete the study. PVD had anticancer activity against two types of cell lines: Lung cancer cells (A549) with inhibition range from 31.800in 400 µg/ml to 7.200 %in 25 µg/ml and skin cancer cells (A375) with cell vitality range from 55.600in 400 µg/ml to 8.533% in 25 µg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to use a facile and novel method to remove Congo red (CR) and Methyl Orange (MO) dyes from contaminated water with Maize offal biomass (MOB) and its nanocomposite with magnetic nanoparticles (MOB/MNPs). The MOB and MOB/MNPs were characterized with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET, XRD and point of zero charge (pHPZC). The influence of initial CR and MO levels (20–320 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (1-3 g/L), pH (3-9), co-exiting ions, temperature (25–45 °C) and time (15–180 min) was estimated. The findings demonstrated that MOB/MNPs exhibited excellent adsorption of 114.75 and 29.0 mg/g for CR and MO dyes, respectively while MOB exhibited 81.35 and 23.02 mg/g adsorption for CR and MO dyes, respectively at optimum pH-5, and dose 2 g/L. Initially, there was rapid dye removal which slowed down until equilibrium was reached. The interfering/competing ions in contaminated water and elevated temperature favored the dyes sequestration. The MOB/MNPs exhibited tremendous reusability and stability. The dyes adsorption was spontaneous, and exothermic with enhanced randomness. The adsorption effects were well explained with Freundlich model, pseudo second order and Elovich models. It is concluded that MOB/MNPs showed excellent, eco-friendly, and cost-effective potential to decontaminate the water. Nanocomposite of Maize offal biomass demonstrated higher dyes removal. FTIR, SEM, BET, XRD and pHPZC provided vital evidence for dyes adsorption. MOB/MNPs displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption. Groundwater samples exposed a higher dyes removal. Results were validated with equilibrium and kinetic adsorption models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug, from the anthracycline class, which is genotoxic to neoplastic cells via a DNA intercalation mechanism. It is effective and universal; however, it also causes numerous side effects. The most serious of them are cardiotoxicity and a decrease in the number of myeloid cells. For this reason, targeted DOX delivery systems are desirable, since they would allow lowering the drug dose and therefore limiting systemic side effects. Recently, synthetic dyes, in particular Congo red (CR), have been proposed as possible DOX carriers. CR is a planar molecule, built of a central biphenyl moiety and two substituted naphthalene rings, connected with diazo bonds. In water, it forms elongated ribbon-shaped supramolecular structures, which are able to selectively interact with immune complexes. In our previous studies, we have shown that CR aggregates can intercalate DOX molecules. In this way, they preclude DOX precipitation in water solutions and increase its uptake by MCF7 breast cancer cells. In the present work, we further explore the interactions between DOX, CR, and their aggregates (CR/DOX) with phospholipid membranes. In addition to neutral molecules, the protonated doxorubicin form, DXP, is also studied. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the transfer of CR, DOX, DXP, and their aggregates through POPC bilayers. Interactions of CR, DOX, and CR/DOX with model monolayers are studied with Langmuir trough measurements. This study shows that CR may support the transfer of doxorubicin molecules into the bilayer. Both electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with lipids are important in this respect. The former promote the initial stages of the insertion process, the latter keep guest molecules inside the bilayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinomycetes are a suitable microbial group for the synthesis of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. Enzymes that may degrade organic material, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, are released by actinomycetes. The aim of this research was to isolate actinomycetes from Rajkot, Gujarat, India’s soil and evaluate the activity of their cellulase and Xylanase enzymes. Starch Casein Agar (SCA) was used to identify a total of 30 isolates of actinomycetes. A qualitative plate assay (CMC-Na, Congo red) revealed that the highest zone of catalysis for MMD1 was 36 mm. Five strains were discovered to be effective for quantitative quantification of endoglucanase utilising filter paper and CMC as substrates: MMD1, MMD2, MMD3, MMD4, and MMD8. Following MMD 1 (endoglucanase 5.4 IU; FPase 4.4 IU), MMD 2 (endoglucanase 4.5 IU; FPase 3.4 IU) has demonstrated considerable endoglucanase and FPase activity. Beechwood xylan was used to treat sugarcane bagasse in order to test Xylanase, and 45% of the xylan (hemicellulose) fraction was obtained. MMD1 and MMD2 measured the xylanase enzyme activity (4.8IU and 4.2IU) in quantitative and qualitative assays (34 mm and 22 mm for BWX and 32 mm and 14 mm for agro-waste xylan). The strain MMD1 was identified as Streptomyces chartreusis through morphological, biochemical, and finally molecular characterization by 16S rRNA sequencing. It was then submitted to NCBI GenBank with the accession number MT254830. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, machine learning (ML) models were formulated to predict the batch and column adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye on high-performance polyethyleneimine (PEI) based macroporous monolithic sponge (S100) adsorbent, which was designed using the ice-templating technique. Compared to previous PEI-based adsorbents, the fundamental innovation of presently developed sponges is their cost-effective, single-step production technique, which resulted in excellent selectivity and remarkable adsorption ability against anionic contaminants. The dye adsorption percentage for the batch process was predicted as a function of adsorbent dose, contact time, and concentration of dye, whereas the relative concentration for column experiments was forecast as a function of flow rate, concentration of dye, adsorbent dose, and time of contact. The competency of the ML models namely, support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural network (ANN) was examined against the frequently used conventional multiple regression (MR) model. For batch SVR, ANN, and MR adsorption models, the correlation coefficient (R) values of 0.9955, 0.9972 and 0.8857 were achieved. The R values for continuous SVR, ANN, and MR adsorption models were 0.9991, 0.9994, and 0.9541, whereas the root mean square error (RMSE) values were found as 0.0141, 0.0118, and 0.1034, respectively. The generalized machine learning models best matched the breakthrough experimental data. However, it can be concluded that these ML techniques can help users to estimate how the adsorption system will react to variations in the experimental conditions, giving them a tool to improve the design and operation of adsorption processes, especially employed for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, Zn/Al carbonate layered double hydroxide (ZAC-LDH) and its derived material on calcination were synthesized for removing the anionic azo dye Congo red (CR) from wastewater. Numerous factors were methodically investigated, including temperature, adsorbent dosage, pH, starting Dye Concentration (DC), and contact time. The CR elimination percentage dropped as the initial DC increased from 25 mg/L to 100 mg/L at 30 °C for uncalcined LDH, and from 97.96% to 89.25% for calcined LDH. The pH analysis indicates that the highest level of dye removal was recorded within the acidic pH range through the electrostatic attraction mechanism. The sorption kinetics analysis results demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited a stronger fit to both uncalcined LDH and CZA-LDH, with the maximum correlation coefficient value. The Van't Hoff plots indicate the spontaneous nature of the physisorption process with a negative ΔG° (<−20 kJ/mol), while the endothermic adsorption process exhibited a positive ΔH°. The X-ray diffraction of calcined LDH reveals a significant intercalation of CR dye molecules, both prior to and following adsorption, showcasing a distinctive memory effect. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) gas sorption measurements were performed to support the mesoporous nature of ZAC-LDH and CZA-LDH. The FTIR spectrum confirms the interaction of dye molecules on the surface of uncalcined and calcined LDH. These findings emphasize the efficacy of both the synthesized LDHs in removing CR dye, with CZA-LDH demonstrating superior efficiency compared to uncalcined LDH in the context of CR removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacteria, one of the most pervasive microorganisms globally, are involved in a myriad of roles in the lentic ecosystem. Consequently, the aquatic environment plays a crucial role in fostering soil health and nutrient levels. The present investigation focuses on potential microorganisms capable of decolorizing synthetic dyes, sourced from aquatic environments. The findings reveal that when cultured in broth containing Congo red dyes in varying doses (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 800 mg/L), the decolorization efficiency of bacterium TBSP1 was recorded at 99.8%, 99.6%, 95%, 87.8%, and 79.67%, respectively. Similarly, TBSP2 demonstrated an efficiency of 100%, 99%, 98%, 95%, 88.04%, 53.27%, and 65% for Congo red dye after 6 days post-inoculation at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 800 mg/L, respectively. At 3-day post-inoculation, TBSP1 and TBSP2 immobilized cells show case decolorization efficiencies of 96.04%, 93.73%, and 88.64% with low concentrations of dyes with Congo red, both with and without immobilization. Furthermore, due to changes in functional group by bacterial enzymatic activity, decolorization efficiency was observed with TBSP1 and TBSP2 at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed at phytochemical profiling and evaluating the bioactive potentials of aqueous bark extracts of a mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis by in vitro and in silico techniques. The quantitative phytochemical study exhibited total phenol and total flavonoid content as 16.6 mg GAE/g and 82 mg QE/g respectively. The GC-MS study indicated presence of five major compounds viz. 2,6-dimethoxy phenol; 4-[(1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)- 2-methoxy phenol; 2,5-dimethoxybenzyl acetate; vitamin-E; stigmasterol. The in silico molecular docking of compounds 2,6-dimethoxy phenol; 2,5-dimethoxy benzene methanol acetate and stigmasterol indicated strong binding interactions, validating the antiradical, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. The extract exhibited DPPH, ABTS, α-glucosidase and protein denaturation inhibition activities with IC50 values of 112.78, 76.34, 257.4, 99.86 μg/mL respectively suggesting the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant. The antiglycation study exhibited inhibition of fructosamine and congo red with 50.63% and 64.39% at 200 μg/mL concentration. The biofilm inhibitory concentration required to reduce biofilm coverage by 50% values for the extract was 625 μg/mL. The results provide a basis for new pharmacological avenues and further research of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Aims: Multidrug and extensive drug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was extracted from burn patients referring to burn centers in southwest Iran so that biofilm generation and antibiotic resistance could be investigated. Methods: A specific primer was used to confirm all our considered 110 P. aeruginosa culture‐positive reports on 345 burn patients. The resistance of P. aeruginosa to seven antibiotics and Colistin with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assessed. Biofilm formation was assessed by the phenotypic study of specimens under Congo red agar and microtiter plate assays. Results: One hundred and 10 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates taken from burn wound infections were validated. Among P. aeruginosa isolates, Piperacillin, Ceftazidime, Maeropenem, Gentamycin, and Gatifloacin had the highest resistance to antibiotics, while Ticarcillin‐Clavulanic acid and Ceftolozane‐Tazobactam showed the least resistance. MICs were then evaluated via the E test. Seven isolates were resistant to colistin. Colistin reference MICs for multidrug‐resistant P. aeruginosa prevalence was 38%, while it was 22% for extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) P. aeruginosa. One P. aeruginosa was pandrug‐resistant (PDR). Under Congo red agar test, 66 isolates (67%) formed biofilms and black colonies, whereas 44 isolates (50%) had red colonies. In MTP, 76% formed biofilm. 40%, 32%, 21% of the isolates were strong, moderate, and weak biofilm formers, respectively, while 43% did not form biofilms. Conclusion: The P. aeruginosa resistance to antimicrobial agents has largely challenged the control of the infection. Accordingly, a higher resistance occurred when the isolates were transferred to the patients. Less than 50% P. aeruginosa samples generated strong biofilms. Consequently, hygienic measurements are essential to inhibit P. aeruginosa transmission to hospitalized patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation technology has received much attention from researchers in the last few decades, due to its easy and cost-effective nature. A lot of review articles have been published on dyes via photocatalytic degradation, but most of the review articles lack a detailed and in-depth photocatalytic degradation mechanism of dyes. Numerous review articles are available on photocatalysis. Here, in this review article, we are mainly focused on the complete and in-depth photocatalytic degradation mechanism of four commonly used dyes such as Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, Congo Red and Rhodamine B, which will be highly useful for the new researchers that work on dyes' photocatalytic degradation. Initially, various aspects of dyes have been included in this review article, comprehensively. The main focus was on the covalent organic framework-based photocatalysts for dyes' photocatalytic degradation, due to their porous nature and various unique properties. Various synthesis routes and the photocatalytic performance of covalent organic frameworks and composite of covalent organic frameworks have been highlighted in this review article. In the last section of this review article, the main stimulus was the four mentioned dyes' properties, uses, and toxicity, and the photocatalytic degradation mechanism through various paths into environmentally friendly and less-harmful compounds in the presence of photocatalysts. Factors effecting the photocatalytic degradation, economic cost, challenges and future aspects of photocatalytic technology were also included in this review article. This review article will be highly useful for those researchers that work on the photocatalytic degradation of various dyes and search for the complete degradation of complex dye molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]