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The examination of banknotes follows the tactical principles of the examination of documents, being ordered by the judicial bodies during the criminal investigation or during the trial. The examination of suspicious Euro banknotes is carried out by specialists from the National Analysis Center, established at the level of the National Bank of Romania, with the support of other relevant institutions, such as the National Institute of Forensic Expertise and the National Forensic Science Institute. The specific objectives of the banknote examination are the following: establishing the authenticity of the banknotes or coins, by comparing the security elements; determining how to print or copy and identifying the means used; establishing the type of material and its characteristics; determining the type of ink and its characteristics. The methods applied in the case of banknote expertise are the comparative method and the physico-chemical method. Thus, through the comparative method, the security elements of the suspect banknote are confronted with those of the compliant banknote, as well as the results of the physico-chemical analyses, and through the physico-chemical method, the various substances in the composition of the paper and inks used are analyzed microscopically, chromatographically and spectrographically . The particularity of the expertise of Euro banknotes suspected of counterfeiting resides in the protective elements, the composition and morphology of the paper and inks, which require specific methods of expertise, with technologically advanced tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human life is the most important social value protected by criminal law. The legal protection of life is an essential condition for the existence and proper functioning of society as a whole, but also of the family as the basic cell of society. Murder committed against a family member, with its variants, respectively simple murder and qualified murder, is one of the normative modalities of the crime of domestic violence, provided and punished by article 199 paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code. Family crimes are based on sexual motives, from the perspective of infidelity of spouses or concubines - jealousy and a strong desire for revenge cause the cheated spouse to suppress the life of the unfaithful spouse, often the murderous action is directed at a other people, the lover or boyfriend (girlfriend). Other causes of crimes committed in the family are egocentrism and uncontrollable pride of the aggressor, who wants to impose his supremacy over other family members, alcohol or psychoactive substances, but also major mental disorders such as schizophrenia or delusional disorders. Also, some patterns of household organization, but also some lifestyle habits, as well as the victimization of the minor child, can become stressors, generators of negative emotions, which ultimately lead to the killing of one or more family members. The victim also contributes to the criminal act through behavior and attitude - she is often guilty of the unfortunate finality of the acts of violence. The victim can be more guilty than the aggressor or even totally guilty, when she triggers the conflict, of course most of the time on the background of alcohol intoxication or with forbidden substances. The causes that influence victimization in the family are adultery, alcoholism, the existence of vices, behavioral rigidity, cohabitation, egocentrism and pride of the victim, but also impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological crime had an ascendant evolution in the last years, and the environmental crimes regarding the waste regime has become an important source of illicit profit for the law breakers; this phenomenon being encouraged by the deficit application of the legislation. The liability for the damages caused to the environment is made by means of civil or administrative nature and by criminal nature, following by choice the prevention and, only in subsidiary, the sanction of such facts, and the means of criminal law are governed by the principle of the minimum intervention. For the use of the penal liability in the case of facts of breach of the environmental protection regulations, it is necessary that these facts shall be stipulated by the criminal law as crimes, shall be executed with guilty and shall present the degree of social danger specific to a crime, that means to express a serious menace to human, animal or vegetal health. The environmental crimes are those dangerous facts that prejudice the social relationships whose protection is conditioned by the defense of the components of environment; prejudices that form a damage caused to the legal entities and natural persons that own or manage these components, in order to create a menace to the human, animal or vegetal health, or to cause damages to the national economy. The ecological crimes contain the crimes regarding the waste regime that are regulated by the Criminal Code, in Law no. 101/2011 on the prevention and sanction of some facts related to environmental degradation, in the the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 195/2005 on the environmental protection, in the Law no. 211/2011 regarding the waste regime, as well as the Law no. 111/1996 on the development in safe manner of the nuclear activities. The judicial regime of the waste and the facts of breach of this regime are regulated by a strict provision of the European Union legislation; the principle directives whereby some regulations of waste generation and management are established, the facts of unfulfillment of those rules that can be qualified as crimes, as well as the general principles of penalty/sanction that are transposed in the national legislation by Law no. 211/2011 and Law no. 101/2011, represent the European Parliament and Council Directive EC/2008/98 of 19 November 2008 on the waste and abrogation of some directives, and European Parliament and Council Directive EC/2008/99 of 19 November 2008 on the protection of environment through criminal law. The Directive EC/2008/98 contains an assembly of measurements that ensure an unitary frame of generation and management of waste in such conditions to not prejudice the public health and environment. The Directive EC/2008/99 qualifies as crimes some facts of breach of the rules on the waste management, having as purpose the protection of the environment through means of criminal law. Regarding the sanctionary regime, the member states establish the applicable sanctions in the case of breach of the provisions of the directives above-mentioned, for the purpose that those shall be efficient, proportional and with effect of discouragement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]