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The purpose of the article is to present the issues related to qualifying the costs of a consumer credit, such as commission and fees, to costs associated with the loan period, and thus subject to reduction in the event of early loan repayment. Based on the research, a thesis was formulated that for the correct transposition and implementation of EU law, it is required to ensure the possibility of reducing all costs of a consumer loan, therefore the above costs should be considered related to the loan period and should be proportionally reduced.Methodology: For the purposes of the research, the legal-dogmatic and analytical methods were used. The jurisprudence of Polish courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union was analyzed. The adopted time horizon of the study covered the period from 12/05/2010 to 31/12/2020. The judgments published in the resources of Lex and Legalis Legal Information Systems and the Portal of Judgments of Common Courts as at 31/12/2020 were taken into account.Results of the research: It was found that the judicature largely adopted a broad approach to the problem presented, even before the judgment of the CJEU in case C-383/18, which confirms the thesis adopted for the purposes of the article. Consequently, consumers who have concluded a consumer credit agreement are entitled to a proportional reduction to all costs they had to incur in connection with the concluded agreement. In particular, these are incidental, one-off costs such as commission and preparation fee, which are subjected to reduction. The purpose of the article is to present the issues related to qualifying the costs of a consumer credit, such as commission and fees, to costs associated with the loan period, and thus subject to reduction in the event of early loan repayment. Based on the research, a thesis was formulated that for the correct transposition and implementation of EU law, it is required to ensure the possibility of reducing all costs of a consumer loan, therefore the above costs should be considered related to the loan period and should be proportionally reduced.Methodology: For the purposes of the research, the legal-dogmatic and analytical methods were used. The jurisprudence of Polish courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union was analyzed. The adopted time horizon of the study covered the period from 12/05/2010 to 31/12/2020. The judgments published in the resources of Lex and Legalis Legal Information Systems and the Portal of Judgments of Common Courts as at 31/12/2020 were taken into account.Results of the research: It was found that the judicature largely adopted a broad approach to the problem presented, even before the judgment of the CJEU in case C-383/18, which confirms the thesis adopted for the purposes of the article. Consequently, consumers who have concluded a consumer credit agreement are entitled to a proportional reduction to all costs they had to incur in connection with the concluded agreement. In particular, these are incidental, one-off costs such as commission and preparation fee, which are subjected to reduction.

Purpose: the purpose of the research paper is to study the concept of «consumer loan» and to disclose the legal regulation of relations under the agreement on the provision of consumer loan in connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine No.2120-IX «On Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine and other legislative acts of Ukraine regarding the effect of norms during the martial law». To the defined goal, general and special scientific methods were used, in particular such as: analytical, comparative-legal, system-structural methods, as well as the method of analysis of current domestic legislation. Discussion: search for modern theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the definition of «consumer loan», the definition of the parties and conditions of the agreement on the provision of consumer loan, the analysis of legislative novels in the sphere of consumer loan in Ukraine during the period of the legal regime of martial law, which provide guarantees to consumers of «microcredit» and provide mechanisms for their protection from unlawful actions, above all, non-bank financial institutions - microfinancial organizations. Незважаючи на чисельні дослідження у сфері укладення договору про надання споживчого кредиту, окремої уваги потребує аналіз законодавчих новел щодо правового регулювання відносин за договором про надання споживчого кредиту в період дії воєнного стану в Україні. У статті співавторами здійснено пошук сучасних теоретико-методологічних підходів до вивчення дефініції «споживчий кредит», визначено сторін та умови договору про надання споживчого кредиту, проаналізовано законодавчі новели у сфері споживчого кредитування в Україні в період дії правового режиму воєнного стану, що надають гарантії споживачам «мікрокредитів» та забезпечують механізми їх захисту від неправомірних діянь. Зазначено, що особливий інтерес на сучасному етапі розвитку суспільства викликає сфера споживчого кредитування та його правове регулювання, адже споживче кредитування відіграє значну роль у забезпеченні соціальних потреб населення, формуванні платоспроможного попиту, який, у свою чергу, впливає на розвиток економіки країни. Недоліком законодавчої термінології у ст.12 Закону «Про споживче кредитування», на думку авторів, є розкриття умов договору через економічні категорії, оперування якими не притаманне цивільно-правовому регулюванню. Зазначено, що у зв’язку із введенням 24 лютого 2022 року в Україні правового режиму воєнного стану, 15 березня 2022 року Верховною Радою України прийнято Закон України «Про внесення змін до Податкового кодексу України та інших законодавчих актів України щодо дії норм на період дії воєнного стану» №2120-IX[2], яким розділ IV «Прикінцеві та перехідні положення» Закону України «Про споживче кредитування» доповнено пунктом 61, відповідно до якого, у період дії в Україні воєнного, надзвичайного стану та у тридцятиденний строк після дня його припинення або скасування у разі прострочення споживачем виконання зобов’язань за договором про споживчий кредит споживач звільняється від відповідальності перед кредитодавцем за таке прострочення. У разі допущення такого прострочення споживач звільняється, зокрема, від обов’язку сплати кредитодавцю неустойки (штрафу, пені) та інших платежів, сплата яких передбачена договором про споживчий кредит за прострочення виконання (невиконання, часткове виконання) споживачем зобов’язань за таким договором. Зроблено висновок, що попри переважну кількість змін на користь клієнтів фінансових установ, які внесено Законом України «Про внесення змін до деяких законів України щодо споживчого кредитування і формування та обігу кредитних історій», прийнятий Закон України «Про внесення змін до Податкового кодексу України та інших законодавчих актів України щодо дії норм на період дії воєнного стану» звільняє від відповідальності споживача перед кредитодавцем за прострочення виконання зобов’язання за договором про надання споживчого кредиту, а також забороняє збільшення процентної ставки за користування кредитом, крім випадків, коли встановлення змінюваної процентної ставки передбачено кредитним договором чи договором про споживчий кредит. Проте, звільнення від сплати неустойки (штрафу, пені) не означає звільнення від сплати процентів за користування кредитом.

Amaç – Bu çalışmada bireylerin bireysel kredi kullanım davranışları ve bazı sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik değişkenlerin bireysel kredi kullanım davranışlarına etkisi incelenmiştir. Yöntem – Çalışma, Türkiye genelini temsil yeteneğine sahip IBBS-2 seviyesinde 26 ilde yaşayan 18 yaş ve üstü 2.242 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüketicilerin bireysel kredi uygulamalarına ilişkin davranışları konu açısından anlamlılığına göre tüketicilerin bilinç düzeyi, cinsiyet, eğitim ve gelir düzeyi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizinde SPSS 23.0 istatistik paket programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular – Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kredi kartı kullanım durumunun cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı bulunmuştur. Tüketicilerin çoğunluğunun kredi kartı borcunu düzenli olarak ödeyebildiği, eğitim düzeyi ile kredi kartı borcunu düzenli ödeme durumu arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Tüm gelir gruplarında borcunun tamamını ödediğini belirtenlerin oranı en yüksek olmakla birlikte, en yüksek gelir grubunda bu oran diğer gelir gruplarından yüksektir. Tüketicilerin yarıya yakınının (%47,3) ihtiyaç kredisi kullandığı görülmektedir. Yüksek gelir gruplarında ihtiyaç kredisi kullanım oranı düşük gelir gruplarından daha azdır. Tartışma – Türkiye’de özellikle son yıllarda kullanımı gittikçe çoğalan banka kartları, kredi kartları ve ihtiyaç kredisi gibi ürünler, kullanım amacının dışında kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Nakit ihtiyacını gidermeye yardımcı bu ürünler, Türkiye’de pek çok insanın aile bütçesini genişletmesine olanak sağlayan birincil kaynak şekline gelmiştir. Purpose – In this study, individuals’ use of individual credit behavior and the impacts of some socioeconomic and demographic variables on individual credit usage behaviors were investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The study was carried out with 2.242 participants aged 18 and above who live in 26 different cities that are at level 2 according to NUTS and have the capacity to represent Turkey in general. The behaviors of consumers regarding individual loan applications were evaluated in terms of the level of consciousness, gender, education and income level of consumers. In the statistical analysis of the data obtained, SPSS 23.0 statistical package program was used. Findings – According to the results, it is found that the status of credit card usage differed statistically significant according to gender and educational level. It has been found that the majority of the consumers can pay off credit card debt regularly and that there is a statistically significant correlation between educational level and regular payment status of credit card debt. In all the income groups, as well as the ratio of those who stated paying off all of their debt was the highest, this ratio was higher in the highest income group than the other income groups. It is found that approximately half of the consumers (47, 3%) use consumer loans. The ratio of consumer loan use in the high-income groups is lower than the ratio of the low-income groups. Discussion – Bankcards, credit cards and personal loans products that are ever increasingly used in recent years in Turkey, began to be used outside of its intended use. These products, which help to meet the need for cash, have become the primary source that enables many people in our country to expand their family budget.

The purpose of the article is to study the legal provisions and doctrinal sources in order to substantiate the principles of legal regulation of microfinance organizations in Ukraine and formulate separate proposals for the draft Law of Ukraine «On protection of borrowers rights under microcredit and microloan agreements». To achieve this goal, general and special scientific methods were used, in particular, such as: comparative law, system-structural methods, as well as the method of analysis of current domestic legislation. Results: the analysis of the concepts «microfinance organization», «microcredit», «microloan» made it possible to formulate the author’s definition of microfinance and identify its features. It is concluded that the shortcomings of the draft Law of Ukraine «On protection of the rights of borrowers under microcredit and microloan agreements» are: the lack of the concept of «microfinance»; legal unregulation regarding the organizational and legal form of activity of a microfinance organization. Discussion: it is established that today in Ukraine there is no special legal act that would regulate the work of microfinance organizations, resulting in unscrupulous activities of these organizations. Summing up the research, the author notes that significant steps are being taken by authority of the state to improve the legislation in the field of financial services markets in Ukraine and adapt it to the norms of EU legislation. First, the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Consumer Protection in Settlement of Overdue Debts» was adopted in a short period of time. Secondly, the draft Law of Ukraine dated 02.03.2021 «On protection of the rights of borrowers within the compact of microcredit and microloan agreements» was developed. However, according to the author, this bill needs to be finalized. Мета статті полягає в дослідженні законодавчих положень і доктринальних джерел з метою обґрунтування засад правового регулювання діяльності мікрофінансових організацій в Україні та формулюванні окремих пропозицій до проекту Закону України «Про захист прав позичальників у межах договорів мікрокредитування та мікропозики». Для досягнення визначеної мети були використані загальні та спеціальні наукові методи, зокрема такі як: порівняльно-правовий, системно-структурний методи, а також метод аналізу чинного вітчизняного законодавства. Результати: аналіз понять «мікрофінансова організація», «мікрокредитування», «мікропозика» дав можливість сформулювати авторське визначення мікрофінансової діяльності та визначити її ознаки. Зроблено висновок, що недоліками проекту Закону України «Про захист прав позичальників у межах договорів мікрокредитування та мікропозики» є: відсутність поняття «мікрофінансова діяльність»; правова неврегульованість щодо організаційно-правової форми діяльності мікрофінансової організації. Обговорення: встановлено, що на сьогоднішній день в Україні відсутній спеціальний нормативно-правовий акт, який би регламентував роботу МФО, наслідком чого є недобросовісна діяльність даних організацій. Враховуючи досвід європейських країн щодо діяльності колекторських компаній на ринку фінансових послуг, Україна вперше визначила вимоги щодо взаємодії із споживачами та іншими особами при врегулюванні простроченої заборгованості (вимоги щодо етичної поведінки) та відповідальність за порушення вимог щодо етичної поведінки.

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se busca ofrecer una interpretación de D. 2.14.17 pr. (Paul. 3 ad ed.), fragmento en el cual el jurista Paulo explica la estructura del re contrahere desde la perspectiva de su accionabilidad por medio de la condictio, identificándolo implícitamente con la mutui datio y, en virtud de ello, con la figura paradigmática de credere en el derecho romano clásico. De esta manera, el fragmento constituye un argumento a favor de la tesis de que la jurisprudencia clásica limitó la obligatio re contracta, base de la moderna noción de contrato real, al mutuo, excluyendo el comodato, el depósito y la prenda. ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to offer an interpretation of D. 2.14.17 pr. (Paul. 3 ad ed.), a fragment in which the Roman jurist Paulus explains the structure of the re contrahere from the perspective of its actionability through the condictio, implicitly identifying it with the mutui datio, the paradigm of credere in classical Roman law. In this sense, the fragment represents an argument for the idea that classical jurisprudence limited the obligatio re contracta, basis of the modern concept of real contract, to the consumer loan, excluding the gratuitous loan, the deposit and the pledge.

Статья посвящена изучению потребительского кредита в Российской Федерации. С каждым годом потребительский кредит не теряет своей актуальности. Каждому гражданину Российской Федерации необходимы средства для удовлетворения своих потребностей. В статье рассмотрены теоретические основы потребительского кредита, а также сделан анализ потребительского кредита на примере ПАО «Сбербанк» за 2019-2021 г. Выявлена проблема, связанная с несвоевременной выплатой потребительского кредита. Материалы и методы исследования: сравнительный метод и описательный. В заключении разработана стратегия, с помощью которой можно выйти из данной ситуации., The article is devoted to the study of consumer credit in the Russian Federation. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that every year consumer credit does not lose its relevance. Every citizen of the Russian Federation needs funds to meet their needs. The article examines the theoretical foundations of consumer credit, and also analyzes consumer credit using the example of Sberbank PJSC for 2019-2021. A problem has been identified related to the late payment of a consumer loan. Research materials and methods: comparative and descriptive. In conclusion, a strategy has been developed with which you can get out of this situation., Вестник научной мысли, Выпуск 5 2021, Pages 60-67

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Разработка и обоснование политики кредитования физических лиц коммерческим банком (на примере АО «БМ-Банк» г. Санкт-Петербург)». Объектом исследования является АО «БМ-Банк» г. СанктПетербург. Предмет исследования – физическое лицо как объект кредитования банка АО «БМ-Банк» г. Санкт-Петербург. Цель работы заключается в обобщении теоретических основ и практики организации потребительского кредитования физических лиц в АО «БМ-Банк» г. Санкт-Петербург. Для достижения поставленной цели в работе необходимо решить следующие задачи: охарактеризовать понятие и сущность кредитования физических лиц коммерческими банками; изучить тенденции современной политики кредитования физических лиц банками России; дать общую характеристику АО «БМ-Банк» г. Санкт-Петербург; оценить текущую политику кредитования физических лиц коммерческим банком; предложить направления совершенствования политики кредитования физических лиц и оценить их эффективность. Методы исследования - классификация, системный подход, статистический, табличный, графический, метод опросов, сравнения, анализа и синтеза, обобщения и др. Информационную базу исследования составили сведения о деятельности АО «БМ-Банк» г. Санкт-Петербург, а также статистические данные из открытых источников и результаты опросов. Структура исследования: введение, 3 главы, заключение, список использованных источников, приложения. В первой главе речь идет о теоретических аспектах банковского кредитования физических лиц. Вторая глава посвящена исследованию кредитования физических лиц в АО «БМ-Банк» г. Санкт-Петербург, дается характеристика деятельности банка и его основным финансово-экономическим показателям. Также, исследуется процесс и результаты кредитования физических лиц в банке. Третья глава посвящена совершенствованию кредитования физических лиц в АО «БМ-Банк» г. Санкт-Петербург. Внедрение предложений и рекомендаций, предоставленных в работе, позволит переоценить отношение к потребительскому кредиту и процесса потребительского кредитования населения, откорректировать кредитную политику банка. Это позволит организовать деятельность банковских учреждений в соответствии с сегодняшними реалиями экономики России., The subject of the graduate qualification work is « Development and justification of a lending policy for individuals by a commercial bank (on the example of «BM-Bank» jsc, St. Petersburg)» The object of research is BM-Bank JSC, St. Petersburg. The subject of the study is an individual as an object of the Bank BM-Bank JSC St. Petersburg. The purpose of the work is to generalize the theoretical foundations and practice of organizing consumer lending to individuals in BM-Bank JSC. St. Petersburg. The following tasks: to characterize the concept and essence of individuals by commercial banks; to study the trends in the current policy of lending to individuals by Russian banks; give general consent to BM-Bank St. Petersburg; evaluate the current policy of lending to individuals by a commercial bank; to offer directions for improving the policy of credit individuals and evaluate their effectiveness. Research methods - classification, systematic approach, statistical, tabular, graphical, survey method, comparison, analysis and synthesis, generalizations, etc. The research information base contains information about the performance of BM-Bank JSC St. Petersburg, as well as statistical data from open sources and the results of surveys. Study structure: introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, list of sources used, applications. The first chapter deals with the theoretical aspects of bank lending to individuals. The second chapter is devoted to the study of lending to individuals in BM-Bank JSC. St. Petersburg, gives a characteristic characteristic of the economic and economic indicator. Also, examine the process and results of lending to individuals in a bank. The third chapter is devoted to the improvement of lending to individuals at BM-Bank JSC. St. Petersburg. The implementation of the proposals and recommendations provided in the work will make it possible to overestimate the attitude to consumer credit and the process of consumer lending to the population, and to adjust the credit policy of the bank. This will allow organizing banking activities in accordance with the current realities of the Russian economy.

Основная роль в банковской деятельности отводится кредитным операциям, так как именно они являются наиболее доходной статьей банковского бизнеса. Значительная часть чистой прибыли, которую после можно направить на развитие банковского бизнеса или положить в резервные фонды, формируется именно за счет кредитной маржи. Кроме того, банки могут направлять аккумулированные собственные и привлеченные ресурсы на развитие экономики государства. Целью статьи является анализ роли потребительского кредита в развитии реального сектора экономики. Потребительский кредит стимулирует спрос на товары и услуги, увеличивая объемы их производства, тем самым способствует развитию реального сектора экономики. Объектом исследования является потребительский кредит и его роль в экономике страны. Предметом исследования являются показатели развитости рынка потребительского кредитования и реального сектора экономики государства. Основой для исследования стали данные Центрального банка России, монографическая и периодическая литература отечественных и зарубежных исследователей, посвященная особенностям потребительского кредита и его влиянию на экономику государства., The main role in banking activities is assigned to credit transactions, as they are the most profitable article of the banking business. A large part of the net profit, which can then be allocated to the development of the banking business or put in reserve funds, is formed at the expense of the credit margin. In addition, banks can allocate accumulated own and attracted resources to the development of the state economy. The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of consumer credit in the development of the real sector of the economy. Consumer credit stimulates demand for goods and services, increasing their production volumes, thus contributing to the development of the real sector of the economy. The subject of the study is consumer credit and its role in the economy of the country. The subject of the study is indicators of development of the consumer lending market and the real sector of the state economy. The basis for the study was the data of the Central Bank of Russia, monographic and periodic literature of domestic and foreign researchers, devoted to the peculiarities of consumer credit and its impact on the economy of the state, Вопросы устойчивого развития общества, Выпуск 3 (1) 2020

Объектом исследования является ПАО «Сбербанк России». Предметом изучения являются особенности анализа и оценки кредитоспособности заемщика. Целью данной работы является проведение анализа и оценки кредитоспособности заемщика на примере ПАО «Сбербанк России», а также предложение путей совершенствования данной процедуры в организации. В работе выявлено достаточное число показателей, при помощи ÐºÐ¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ провести разностороннюю оценку кредитоспособности заемщика. На сегодняшний день ПАО «Сбербанк России» использует систему скоринга, основанную на анализе кредитной истории потенциального заемщика с учетом ÑÐ¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾â€“Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ñ„Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñ„Ð°ÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ð¾Ð², т. е. так называемый социально–демографический скоринг, а также собственная скоринг–система, разработанная самим Банком. Оптимизировать кредитный портфель можно на основе Ð´Ð²ÑƒÑ ÐºÑ€Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸ÐµÐ²: Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¸ и риска. Устанавливая ограничения по уровню кредитного риска, можно регулировать Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÑŒ кредитного портфеля банка. И наоборот, устанавливая желаемый уровень Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¸, можно оценить соответствующий ему уровень кредитного риска. На практике задачу можно сделать более подробной, рассчитав среднюю Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÑŒ и риск для каждого кредитного продукта банка. Решив оптимизационную задачу, можно определить оптимальную структуру кредитного портфеля, соответствующую приоритетам кредитной политики банка. На основе рассчитанной структуры можно разработать лимиты кредитования по конкретным кредитным продуктам с использованием Ð¿Ñ€ÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ðº оценки кредитоспособности заемщиков корпоративного сектора и заемщиков – Ñ„Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñ†., The object of the paper is Sberbank. The subject of study is the analysis and assessment of the creditworthiness of the borrower. The purpose of the paper is to analyze and assess the creditworthiness of the borrower using the example of Sberbank, and also suggest ways to improve this procedure in the organization. The paper revealed a enough indicators with which you can conduct a comprehensive assessment of the creditworthiness of the borrower. Today, Sberbank of Russia PJSC uses a scoring system based on an analysis of the credit history of a potential borrower taking into account socio-demographic factors, that is, the so-called socio-demographic scoring, as well as its own scoring system developed by the Bank itself. The loan portfolio can be optimized based on two criteria: profitability and risk. By setting limits on the level of credit risk, it is possible to regulate the profitability of a bank's loan portfolio. Conversely, by setting the desired level of profitability, you can evaluate the level of credit risk corresponding to it. In practice, the task can be made more detailed by calculating the average return and risk for each loan product of the bank. Having solved the optimization problem, it is possible to determine the optimal structure of the loan portfolio corresponding to the priorities of the bank's credit policy. Based on the calculated structure, it is possible to develop lending limits for specific loan products using the proposed methods for assessing the creditworthiness of corporate sector borrowers and individual borrowers.

I dagens samhälle sporras konsumenter till att konsumera mer och mer. En anledning till att konsumenter idag konsumerar mer än tidigare är att pengar idag är mer lättillgängliga än de tidigare varit. Det har lett till att fler tar konsumtionslån, vilket är en riskfylld affär för de banker som bistår konsumenter med lån. Bankerna utsätts för en kreditrisk i samband med att de beviljat ett lån utan säkerhet. Författarna till den här studien har ett stort intresse inom ekonomi och konsumtion och således upptäcktes även intresset för riskerna som bankerna står inför i de här sammanhangen. Studiens författare uppmärksammade att det fanns en ytterst begränsad mängd tidigare forskning inom ämnet och önskade därmed att fylla den identifierade kunskapsluckan. Studien syftade att besvara vilka faktorer svenska banker beaktar vid en kreditbedömning och hur en sådan utförs för konsumtionslån. Utöver det syftade studien även att besvara hur bankerna bedömt de risker de utsätts för i samband med konsumtionslån, hur riskerna påverkade bankernas riskstrategier samt hur bankerna beaktade konsumenternas beteende i riskbedömningarna. Studien utfördes med en kvalitativ metod. Teori samlades in och bearbetades från 18 vetenskapligt granskade artiklar. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju olika svenska banker utfördes. Intervjupersonerna valdes ut baserat på den kunskap och erfarenhet de besatt inom kredit och riskbedömning. Således hade de intervjuade roller i form av kreditchefer, kontorschefer, kreditspecialister och senior credit riskmanager. De intervjuade bankerna valdes ut i vetskap om att de representerar olika delar av marknaden, vilket skapade en större variation och bredd i det insamlade datamaterialet. Således intervjuades storbanker, medelstora banker och nischbanker. Av studien har det framkommit att de främsta faktorerna bankerna tog hänsyn till vid en kreditbedömning, var kundens inkomst och återbetalningsförmåga. I studien visade det sig även att bankerna identifierade kundens vilja och förmåga att återbetala ett lån, som de största riskerna som bankerna möts av. Bankerna tog även hänsyn till kunders beteende, dock i olika utsträckning, vid riskbedömningarna. Bankerna tillämpade olika typer av riskklassificeringsmodeller som riskbedömningen och räntenivån baserades på. Det skilde sig mellan bankerna i huruvida de såg konsumtionslån som lönsamma. Dock ansåg de flesta bankerna att konsumtionslån inte var den mest lönsamma låneprodukten. In today's society consumers are regularly encouraged to consume more and more. One reason that people today consume more than people used to are that money nowadays are more easily accessible than they were before. This has led to more people applying for unsecured smaller loans, which is a risky business for banks that grants these kinds of loans. The banks put themselves in risk of consumers not being able to pay them back when they grant unsecured loans. This papers authors have an interest in both economy and consumption and therefor also discovered an interest in the risks that banks put themselves in when granting unsecured loans. The authors discovered that there was a limited amount of earlier research available on the subject. An aim for this paper therefore was to identify which factors the banks consider when assessing a credit loan application and how the bank make the assessments. Furthermore, this paper aims to identify the risks that the banks put themselves in when granting this kind of loan, how the risks affect the banks risk strategies and how the banks take in consideration consumers behaviour when the banks make their risk assessments. This paper was conducted by a qualitative method. Theory was assembled from 18 peer reviewed articles. Seven semi structured interviews where held with representatives from seven different Swedish banks. The persons being interviewed where chosen based on the knowledge and experience they possessed in credit and risk assessment. Therefore, the people that were asked to take part in the interviews worked as credit managers, office managers and credit risk managers. The banks that contributed with an interview where chosen with knowledge that they would represent different parts of the market, wishing to create a bigger variation and a depth in the data material. The interviewed persons represented bigger banks, medium sized banks and nichebanks. In the empiricism the study shows that the main factors that banks consider when they assess these kinds of loans are the customers income and assessed ability to repay the loans. The banks identified both the customers' ability and their will to repay the loan, as the biggest risk they faced. They also considered how customers behave. The study shows that banks applied different kinds of risk scoring models that they based the risk assessment and interest rate on. From the study it shows that banks differ in their view on whether these types of loans are profitable, although most of the banks did not consider them to be profitable

SECURED AND UNSECURED LENDING IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON Abstract This thesis discusses various issues related to debt financing on financial markets both in the Czech Republic and around the world. It focuses on the fundamental concepts of financial markets with an emphasis on debt financing instruments. From an international perspective, the paper in particular analyses applicable legal regulations and economic considerations relating to debt financing in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. The thesis is divided into three chapters and a number of subchapters. The first chapter provides a general overview of financial markets and their role in the modern economy. The chapter goes on to define further basic terms and concepts necessary to allow for the proper understanding and interpretation of the complex issues that are discussed in the following chapters. The second chapter discusses debt financing on international financial markets. Before analysing the two distinct financial markets, the chapter provides an overview of general issues related to the relationship between basic financial transactions and debt financing, focusing in particular on the individual types of loans, their specifics and available forms of security. Thereafter the...

Needs of people are still increasing and with that is evenly increasing need of financial possibilities. I chose this theme for my diploma because it is present topic and it is affecting all areas of Czech Republic. Goal of my bachelor's diploma "Comparison of consumer's loan on Czech market" was mainly analysis of situation at market of consumer's loan and comparison of non-purpose consumer's loans offered by financial institutions at Czech market. This goal led me to determination of which banks offers the most favorable loans. Theory part of my diploma is mainly focused on characterizing basic terms of this theme and categories of consumer's loans. Then the term of compound interest, types of compounds interests and their calculations of compound interests are according to formulas. Practical part of my diploma is occupied with analysis of current condition at financial institution market. For this work I chose 5 institutions offering loan services and then I chose products of those institutions based on the similarities of terms for granting and drawing loans. To accomplish the goal is important to know theoretical knowledge of consumer's loans and current state of drawings consumer's loans, that are offered by financial institutions to Czech people. A main criterion for the comparison of loans was rate of compound interest due to duration of repayment of consumer's loan. I decided to add multi-criteria comparison by method of order. It compared chosen consumer's loans according to rating criteria like APR, compound interest, high of repayments monthly, total number of repaid amount and fee for early repayments. In the end conclusion is shown as implementation of results. In what order those chosen financial institutions are placed and how favorable is any of those loans for consumer.

In this article definition to consumer loans is given, their classification and the comparative analysis of three types of consumer loans are presented.

The bachelor thesis deals with consumer loans from regulatory and practical point of view which is described by examples of current range of banking and non-bank providers operating on the Czech financial market. The main objective of the thesis is the comparison to determine the financial advantage of the selected providers and to point out changes relating to the new Consumer Loan Act. In theoretical part I also define the basic concepts related to the chosen topic.

My thesis focuses on the analysis of financial instruments suitable to finance own housing available in the Czech Republic, especially on mortgages, building savings loans and consumer loans, from the client's perspective. The first chapter presents these three selected options, describes them along with their most important parameters. The second chapter presents three main financial groups in the Czech Republic alongside with their selected products. Individual products are compared and evaluated using preselected examples: buying a property and a reconstruction. Last chapter describes the most common influences on the demand for loan products to finance own housing and analyses them, focusing on the interest rates and the inflation rate.

This paper discusses the idea of neutral counseling as a measure of improving decisions of borrowers when choosing a mortgage loan. The developments regarding foreign-currency mortgage loans, popular in Central and Eastern Europe in recent years, illustrate how incorrect mortgage choices may have detrimental effects on borrowers and their families. Taking a skeptical approach toward mandated pre-contractual disclosure as a protection measure for borrowers, the paper advocates neutral counseling of mortgage applicants in case they are offered risky types of mortgages. Drawing on the experience of an American mortgage counseling programme, a set of recommendations is made regarding the design of a possible neutral mortgage counseling scheme. While the counseling solution has imminent limitations, it displays clear potential toward improving the process of financial decision-making.

The project analyzes current legislation on usury in the Czech Republic and the financial literacy of the adult population. On 1 Dec. 2016, an amended Act on Consumer Loans entered into force and this project examines it. The project compares Czech legislation on usury with selected European Union countries. Czech legislation is similar with German and Portugal legislation, especially in terms of civil law. The most effective legislation can be considered in Spain, which explicitly stipulates allowed interest rate limits. Based on that, Czech legislation on usury should be adjusted. The research results show a correlation between respondents' highest-achieved level of education and their financial literacy levels. The research also finds that the number of court distraints (property seizures) and the willingness to borrow money is lower among respondents with university-level education than for respondents with secondary and basic school education. When comparing our findings with research by STEM/MARK dating from 2010, it is clear that the financial literacy of the adult population in the Czech Republic has not changed significantly since that time.

Consumer loans are part of loan products provided by bank institutions. This diploma thesis is focused on possibility of identifying risk clients with the consumer loans, using available data set. In the first part of the work was briefly mentioned the credit process and also theoretical basis of statistic methods used in empirical part of the work. In the second part were investigated dependencies, and was described the clients structure. Then the discriminant analysis was applied, with the aim to identify the sorting criteria, which could recognize the risk and unproblematic clients. Subsequently the results of the analysis were evaluated and described the identified connections.

In this thesis, the reader is familiar with th problems of consumer loans connected with insolvency petition. The thesis contains several chapters and subchapters are dedicated to consumer loans.On the basis of literature and website decribes the development and history of banking, it is defined by consumer credit and its classification and the outline th most important laws. The main goal of this thesis is the analysis of consumer credit, and their effect on the number of insolvency petitions. Practical part is dedicated to free analyzes general analysis of banking and non-banking institutions providing consumer loans and a third analysis focuses on the profile of individual borrowers. Finally, the work is a comparison and evaluation of surveyed data.

This thesis takes up the issue of consumer loans credit risk. It aims to identify factors that influence the likelihood of default during the repayment of bank retail products. Theoretical part is focused on the theory of bank loans, credit risk together with its regulation within the Basel guidelines and a description of the most commonly used statistical methods for the creation of scoring models. In the practical part, logistic regression parameter estimates are used on real set, the main features linking loans in default are examined and their impact on the proportion of bad loans in the portfolio is measured.

This thesis deals with consumer loans provided by banking and non-banking institutions in the Czech Republic. The aim is to compare the access of providers, representing concrete group, to clients. The thesis defines the most important concepts which are closely related to this issue, likewise regulations and laws that apply to this area of business. It describes in detail the process of loans providing, from loan application to loan repayment, alternatively not repaying the loan, including a brief mention about the psychology of the debtor and the effect of advertising on one's decision. Attention is paid to registers which are accessible to the individual providers. The practical part deals with selected banking and non-banking institutions and evaluates their different or comparable access to consumers.

The thesis is focused on consumer loans either from a regulatory standpoint including comparison of two legislative resources and from practical view focusing on real-life examples from Czech banking and non-bank providers. The main focus of analysis is to determine the impact of credit parameters on the APRC. Considerable portion of the thesis is dedicated to a specific area of consumer loans, microcredits. Even here the primary aim is the regulation of microcredits, the providers participating in the administration of microcredits and the calculation of the impact of principal, maturity and costs of credit on the APRC.

Small innovative enterprises at higher education institutions provide non-standard educational services for various categories of consumers. The work of the banking sector of economy is one of the objects of research carried out by the enterprises mentioned. The article deals with the description of speech strategies used by commercial bank credit experts. The research is intended to help potential borrowers to understand credit conditions offered by the banks in detail.

Graduate work focused on the current situation on the consumer credit market. The aim was to map the current market and the experience of the provision of financial services, in particular in the non-banking sector. On the basis of the results of the research were analysed experience and problems of the consumers, and also views of the lenders.

The Bachelor's thesis deals with problems of financial literacy. The problem with financial literacy is an extensive topic, therefore the paper focuses only on consumer loans which belong to the most used products by citizens. The thesis gives basic information about companies, which offer consumer loans and warn against incorrect financial institutions and loan sharks. One of the chapters dedicates the indicator of advantages of consumer loans. It shows issues of indicator annual percentage rate of expenses (APR) and its importance. Familiarity of those indicators increases financial literacy of citizens and contribute to right decision regarding consumer loan. Another chapter describes refinancing, which enables to make better some of the terms of loans. The final chapter familiarizes with the Navigator of consumer loans, which enables better orientation at market of consumer loans.

The thesis titled "Analysis of the APRC for consumer loans" begins with basic economic knowledge of the consumer loans, mutual context and legal background. Key emphasis is placed on the pointer annual percentage rate of charge. Analyzed loans are selected from wide range of bank and non-bank institutions that meet the specified parameters. For each loan there is comparison of calculated and actual values presented in the APRC. Next part of focused on overall comparison of the obtained results. Last section provides theoretical recommendations for future development.

Устойчивые практики кредитного поведения населения во многом обусловлены распространёнными моделями потребительского поведения индивидов. Для менее экономически развитых регионов России характерно использование кредитных ресурсов преимущественно в рамках модели статусного потребления. Однако дальнейшее распространение подобных поведенческих паттернов не оказывает положительного влияния на благосостояние домохозяйств депрессивных территорий в долгосрочной перспективе и может негативно отразиться на устойчивости экономики соответствующей территории в целом. Предполагается, что устойчивое развитие местных сообществ тесно связано с переориентированием поведенческих паттернов акторов на долгосрочную рационализацию, включающую, наряду с финансовыми целями, достижение иных целей, связанных с развитием местных сообществ. В качестве направлений для будущих исследований рассматривается оценка и анализ: возможности микроуровневых решений, связанных с использованием финансовых ресурсов самих домохозяйств депрессивных территорий для преодоления широкого спектра проблем территорий их проживания; предложений по разработке и развитию механизмов целевого кредитования, который позволил бы задействовать финансовые ресурсы домохозяйств в качестве фактора экономического роста депрессивных территорий; роли региональных и муниципальных органов власти в координировании взаимодействий участников системы потребительского кредитования и популяризации успешных рациональных практик кредитования домохозяйств., Patterns of households borrowing behavior for the most part result from common patterns of consumer behavior. In depressive areas of Russia, which are underdeveloped ones, credit resources are used mainly for conspicuous consumption, that is, imitation of consumer patterns prevailing at the most developed regions. However, if prevailing, such patterns do not affect positively the household welfare in depressed areas in the long period, and may cause negative effect on the stability of the economy of the region in whole. Sustainable development of local communities as the research paradigm is closely related to sustainable consumer lending patterns implying priority of the long-term purpose loans that are to be used as the endogenous source of local area development. Future research directions are proposed to include: assessment and analysis of the microlevel decisions concerning the use of households finance as the factor for coping with the economic problems of the depressive territories they live in; development and implementation of purpose lending programs to activate households'' finance and transform it into the source of economic growth of depressed areas; study of the regional and municipal authorities activities to coordinate interactions between the agents in consumer lending, as well as to popularize successful practices of sustainable household lending.

The aim of this paper is to compare the terms and conditions for consumer loans offered by banks active in the Czech Republic and to gauge which offer is the most advantageous for prospective clients. In addition to this comparison I also study the process of applying for a consumer loan by defining a process in which the client can select the bank that offers the most attractive terms. In conclusion, I evaluate whether I have succeeded in the goal of identifying the most advantageous consumer loan offer using the chosen method of comparison.

On April 23rd, 2008 the Directive 2008/48/EC on credit agreements for consumers of the European Parliament was adopted in Europe and became effective as of June 11th, 2010. The fundamental concept of my graduation theses is based on the information relevant for the sphere of the consumer credit regulation in context of above mentioned Direction. I have endeavored to record the principles of these changes in particular connection with the Czech Republic. This theses reveals various spectrums of components as fundamental terminology, principle of RPSN calculation, interest rates of consumer loans regulation, comparison with regulation of this area with regulation in other European countries and in Japan, impact of current financial crisis upon sphere of consumer credits, effects of new executor's regulations, possibility of usage of various registers of debtors, question of personal bankruptcy and at the close methods and conditions of current consumer credit's providers within the Czech Republic. The intention of my theses was to inform the readers about the up-coming changes and regulatory measures which should increase the efficiency of consumer loans providing and decrease the volume of indebted people and to provide the readers also with arguments for and against these planned measures.