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Antibubbles are liquid droplets encapsulated by a gas film that have recently been explored for on-demand ultrasound-triggered drug release. However, their ultrasound imaging capabilities are limited by their stiff shells stabilized with silica nanoparticles. Here, we develop polymeric antibubbles that generate greater ultrasound contrast than silica-based antibubbles, while showing better stability than conventional polymeric microbubbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine the utility of contrast-enhanced voiding urography (CeVUS) in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) through ureterovesical reimplantation in children. Methods: A total of 159 children with recurrent urinary tract infections were selected for CeVUS and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) from December 2018 to December 2020, among whom 78 patients were eventually diagnosed with VUR. Overall, 60 pyelo-ureteric units (PUUs) were operated according to surgical indications. Accordingly, we determined the general clinical characteristics of all children, obtained two-dimensional ultrasound images, assessed the reflux status of children using the contrast-enhanced technique, and compared the obtained results via CeVUS and VCUG. Both imaging modalities were reperformed at 6, 12, and 18 months after surgery to evaluate postoperative outcomes. In particular, we assessed the consistency of the evaluation and calculated the diagnostic efficacy of CeVUS for different levels of reflux at different time points. Results: CeVUS showed considerable efficacy in the diagnosis of children with VUR. Notably, the diagnostic results of both CeVUS and VCUG achieved high agreement, with a kappa value of 0.966 (P < 0.001). The results of our follow-up at different stages and evaluation of postoperative efficacy revealed that CeVUS possessed substantial diagnostic efficacy and good consistency with VCUG. Conclusion: CeVUS is an accurate and safe examination, with considerable clinical significance for diagnosing VUR in children, determining the treatment approach, conducting follow-up during treatment, and evaluating subsequent treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To develop and validate an individualized nomogram for differentiating the histologic subtypes (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) of subpleural non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on ultrasound parameters and clinical data. Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively between March 2018 and December 2019. Patients were randomly assigned to a development cohort (DC, n=179) and a validation cohort (VC, n=77). A total of 7 clinical parameters and 16 ultrasound parameters were collected. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis was employed to identify the most significant predictors utilizing a 10-fold cross-validation. The multivariate logistic regression model was applied to investigate the relevant factors. An individualized nomogram was then developed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration plot and decision curve analysis (DCA) were applied for model validation in both DC and VC. Results: Following the final regression analysis, gender, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, lesion size and perfusion defect in contrast-enhanced ultrasound were entered into the nomogram. The model showed moderate predictive ability, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.867 for DC and 0.838 for VC. The calibration curves of the model showed good agreement between actual and predicted probabilities. The ROC and DCA curves demonstrated that the nomogram exhibited a good predictive performance. Conclusion: We developed a nomogram that can predict the histologic subtypes of subpleural NSCLC. Both internal and external validation revealed optimal discrimination and calibration, indicating that the nomogram may have clinical utility. This model has the potential to assist clinicians in making treatment recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) has revolutionized diagnostic imaging by significantly improving the accuracy and capabilities of ultrasound technology. By utilizing contrast agents, CEUS offers enhanced visualization of blood flow, superior detection of vascular diseases, and delineation of pathological from healthy tissues. Real-time imaging capabilities afforded by CEUS have been shown to be instrumental in guiding interventions and assessing treatment efficacy, thereby contributing to personalized patient care and improved clinical outcomes. This document provides a comprehensive review of the current benefits, limitations, and future directions of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. It acknowledges the potential for allergic reactions, the necessity for specialized training, high costs, and the occurrence of image artifacts as drawbacks, while also anticipating advancements in targeted agents and imaging techniques. Moreover, the document emphasizes the need for ongoing research to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of contrast agents and their impact across various medical disciplines. Despite the challenges, the integration of CEUS into clinical practice holds enormous potential to further refine diagnostic processes and enhance patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL), an abnormal growth pattern of uterine leiomyomas, is a rare tumor characterized by masses of smooth muscle cells appearing histologically benign and proliferating within the blood vessels but not invading the tissue. Currently, there have been limited reports of early cases of IVL, and the imaging characteristics of IVL remain uncertain, resulting in frequent misdiagnosis prior to surgery. The present study utilized a case of early IVL detected through conventional ultrasound and subsequently confirmed via contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to further investigate ultrasound's diagnostic efficacy for early IVL detection. Here, a case of a 49-year-old woman was reported who presented with uterine leiomyoma and an echogenic mass in the left adnexal region on physical examination. Subsequent transvaginal CEUS examination revealed a left ovarian venous leiomyoma. The patient underwent resection of tumors in the uterus, bilateral ovaries, and left ovarian vein under general anesthesia. A venous plexus was identified above the left broad ligament close to the left ovary, and a myoma-like growth was detected in the posterior uterine wall during the operational procedure. Reports on pathology and immunohistochemistry verified leiomyomatosis with fatty metaplasia in the left broad ligament and uterine wall vein. The prognosis of patients with IVL is determined based on the appropriate surgical methods and the timely diagnosis of the condition. In this case, conventional ultrasound aided in the early identification of IVL, which was later verified by a CEUS examination, resulting in a successful surgical treatment. This example highlights the importance of ultrasound technology in diagnosing this uncommon condition and presents a new method for preoperative detection of IVL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nipple adenoma (NA) is a rare benign lesion of the lactiferous ducts, often mistaken for malignancy due to its diverse clinical and imaging presentations. We report the case of a 34-year-old female presenting with persistent bloody discharge and nipple erosion, for which multimodal ultrasound evaluation was pivotal in the differential diagnosis. Ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic, well-defined nodule in the left nipple, with significant blood flow and a fast-in-fast-out contrast enhancement pattern, indicative of NA. Despite the presentation mimicking malignant processes, the benign nature of the lesion was confirmed postoperatively via histology and immunohistochemistry. This case underscores the value of a comprehensive ultrasound approach in diagnosing NA, emphasizing its ability to distinguish it from malignant lesions, and thus infer an appropriate treatment course. Maintaining a high index of suspicion coupled with tailored ultrasound techniques is recommended for accurate NA diagnosis, which remains a challenging yet critical task to avoid unnecessary aggressive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Sonothrombolysis is a potential adjunctive therapy for large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. Bedside ultrasound image‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy could deliver higher energy therapeutic ultrasound to the thrombus with higher precision than what was previously accomplished in human trials. The aim is to test the feasibility of diagnostic transcranial contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to image the occlusion site and continuously maintain the guidance image on‐target for a sufficient exposure time for HIFU to be effective during LVO stroke evaluation and treatment. Methods: This prospective, single center, observational cohort study included adult patients, presenting within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset, with LVO identified on computed tomography angiography (CTA). A hand‐held CEUS imaging study was initiated following CTA and lasted up to 30 minutes. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients where a guidance CEUS image of the occlusion was achieved. Results: A CEUS image of the occluded artery was obtained in 32/35 of the included patients. The median total imaging time was 23 minutes (interquartile range 15‐30). Patients undergoing thrombectomy had a lower total imaging time (17 vs. 29.5 minutes, p =.002). When imaging was successful, on‐target image was maintained for only 58% (standard deviation 23.8%) of total imaging time. No complications related to CEUS were observed. Conclusions: This feasibility study explored the use of diagnostic transcranial CEUS for continuous imaging of occlusion sites in LVO strokes. Challenges in maintaining target image during HIFU were identified, highlighting the need for technical advances for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in characterizing small renal masses (SRMs) measuring less than 3 cm and in distinguishing between malignant and benign SRMs. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between January 2022 and January 2023 at the Radiology Department of (Anonymized data), with a total of 43 patients assessed via CT and MRI scans, which were subsequently studied by experienced radiologists who were blinded to the pathology results. The CEUS findings were then compared with histopathological examination outcomes or follow-up imaging results. Results: The study results revealed a notably high level of diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity at 0.875, specificity at 0.94, positive predictive value at 0.95, and negative predictive value at 0.86 for characterizing SRMs. Spearman rank correlation analysis substantiated a robust positive linear correlation between the CEUS findings and biopsy results (r = 0.972). Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential utility of CEUS as a valuable tool for discriminating between malignant and benign SRMs, carrying significant implications for clinical decision-making and leading to improved patient outcomes. However, larger validation studies are imperative to establish its role in routine clinical practice and to address potential limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an advanced ultrasound (US) technique utilizing ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) to provide detailed visualization of anatomic and vascular architecture, including the depiction of microcirculation. CEUS has been well-established in echocardiography and imaging of focal hepatic lesions and recent studies have also shown the utility of CEUS in non-hepatic applications like the urinary system. The updated guidelines by the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) from 2018 describe the use of CEUS for non-hepatic applications. CEUS' excellent safety profile and spatial resolution make it a superior modality to conventional US and is often comparable and even superior to CECT in some instances. In comparison to other cross-sectional imaging modalities such as CECT or MRI, CEUS offers a safe (by virtue of non-nephrotoxic US contrast agents), accurate, cost-efficient, readily available, and a quick means of evaluation of multiple pathologies of the urinary system. CEUS also has the potential to reduce the overall economic burden on patients requiring long-term follow-up due to its low cost as compared to CT or MRI techniques. This comprehensive review focuses on the applications of CEUS in evaluating the urinary system from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. CEUS can be utilized in the kidney to evaluate complex cystic lesions, indeterminate lesions, pseudotumors (vs solid renal tumors), renal infections, and renal ischemic disorders. Additionally, CEUS has also been utilized in evaluating renal transplants. In the urinary bladder, CEUS is extremely useful in differentiating a bladder hematoma and bladder cancer when conventional US techniques show equivocal results. Quantitative parameters of time-intensity curves (TICs) of CEUS examinations have also been studied to stage and grade bladder cancers. Although promising, further research is needed to definitively stage bladder cancers and classify them as muscle-invasive or non-muscle invasive using quantitative CEUS to guide appropriate intervention. CEUS has been very effective in the classification of cystic renal lesions, however, further research is needed in differentiating benign from malignant renal masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We hypothesized that contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) using a microbubble technique to quantify microvascular changes and Nakagami imaging for tissue characterization would provide a new approach for diagnosing and differentiating benign and malignant choroidal lesions. Methods: Five patients with choroidal melanoma (CM) and five patients with choroidal hemangioma (CH) were selected. Definity®, which contains perflutren microbubbles, was administered as a slow IV bolus (1 ml). CEUS was performed for 1 min postinjection of the contrast agent with ultrasound radiofrequency data acquired from 10 s to 60 s. The contrast value was calculated for the whole tumor region. A gradient magnitude method was used for each postcontrast frames with 1-second interval, and the time-averaged value in pixel intensity gradient of postinjection frames was estimated and reported. Based on the Nakagami statistical distribution model, two Nakagami parameters, m and Ω, where m (shape parameter), representing tissue heterogeneity, and Ω (scale parameter), representing the average energy of backscattered signals, were studied. Results: CEUS analysis showed that the time-averaged estimated contrast was significantly higher (p = 0.008) for CH compared to CM. Furthermore, the time-averaged contrast within the normal choroidal region was significantly higher than the choroidal tumor region for both CH and CM (p = 0.001 for CH cases and p < 0.0001 for CM cases). Nakagami analysis showed that the m estimates were significantly higher (p = 0.032) for CH (m = 0.61) than for CM (m = 0.28), indicating that CH is a more heterogeneous tumor than CM. The Ω estimates were significantly higher (p = 0.0019) for CH (Ω = 0.15) compared to CM (Ω = 0.03). These results may be due to the more vascular structures in CH compared to CM. Conclusions: Quantitative intensity-based perfusion analysis using CEUS and backscattering tissue analysis using Nakagami imaging can provide valuable insights to differentiate benign and malignant choroidal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the CEUS LI-RADS combined with a model constructed on the basis of age, sex, AFP, and PIVKA-II (ASAP) for the diagnosis of HCC in high-risk patients. This retrospective study included 366 liver lesions from 366 patients who underwent liver CEUS. All liver lesions were characterized and categorized according to CEUS LI-RADS v2017. Two modified methods were applied: LR-3/4/M nodules accompanied by AFP > 200 ng/mL (Criterion 2) or ASAP model score > 0.5256 and CA 19-9 in the normal range (Criterion 3) were recategorized as LR-5. The reference criteria included histopathological or comprehensive imaging and the clinical follow-up results. The diagnostic performance was evaluated and compared by the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV. The incidence of HCC in LR-3, LR-4, LR-5, and LR-M was 33.3% (4/12), 86.4% (38/44), 98.5% (191/194) and 82.7% (81/98), respectively. After using Criterion 2 compared to CEUS LI-RADS v2017, the sensitivity of the modified LR-5 for diagnosing HCC increased from 60.8% to 70.7% (p < 0.01) with little effect on its specificity (94.2% vs. 92.3%, p = 1.00) or PPV (98.5% vs. 98.2%, p = 0.86). After using Criterion 3, the sensitivity of the modified LR-5 for the diagnosis of HCC was further improved to 86.9% (p < 0.01), and its specificity and PPV were not significantly changed (92.3% and 98.6%, both p > 0.05). CEUS LI-RADS combined with the serum biomarker-based ASAP model improved the sensitivity of LR-5 in diagnosing HCC with little effect on its specificity and PPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is essential for treating severe osteoarthritis. With various surgical approaches available, there has been a shift toward techniques that offer quicker recovery and fewer complications. In this study, contrast-enhanced ultrasound was used to evaluate the impact of the minimally invasive anterolateral versus conventional lateral approach in THA on the gluteus medius muscle, focusing on muscle vitality and functional outcomes. A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of 64 patients who underwent unilateral THA (26 lateral and 38 anterolateral) was conducted. Muscle strength was measured alongside joint flexibility and patient-reported outcome measures. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) examinations were conducted to visualize gluteus medius microperfusion. CEUS data were analyzed using VueBox 7.1 software and microperfusion parameters were calculated using peak enhancement (PE), wash-in perfusion index (WiPI) and rise time for muscle vitality evaluation. Patients from the anterolateral group exhibited higher relative muscle strength in the operated hip compared with the healthy side (96 ± 23% vs. 86 ± 23%, p = 0.048). CEUS revealed superior gluteus medius microperfusion in the anterolateral group (PE 36,300 ± 42,000 arbitrary units [a.u.] vs. 20,400 ± 20,200 a.u., p = 0.024; WiPI 23,600 ± 27,300 a.u. vs. 13,500 ± 13,300 a.u., p = 0.027). A positive Trendelenburg sign was evident in 2 out of 26 patients in the lateral group compared with none in the anterolateral group (χ2 = 0.082), indicating higher rates of gluteal insufficiency in the lateral approach group. Significantly higher muscle perfusion parameters in the anterolateral group, alongside improved muscle strength recovery, hint at a subtle but important advantage regarding post-operative recovery of the anterolateral approach. These findings support the ongoing trend toward minimally invasive surgical approaches in THA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains a challenge to determine the nature of thyroid nodules (TNs) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). We aim to investigate the multiregional ultrasomics signatures obtained from B-mode ultrasound (B-US) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) images for predicting malignancy in TNs of patients with HT. B-US and CEUS images of 193 nodules (110 malignant and 83 benign nodules) from 110 patients were retrospectively collected in the single-center study, extracting ultrasomics signatures from the intratumoral (In) and peritumoral (Peri) regions of the thyroid. In-B-US, Peri-B-US, In-CEUS, and Peri-CEUS ultrasomics models and a stacking regression model were constructed, and the diagnostic performance of the models was evaluated by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The In-B-US, Peri-B-US, In-CEUS, Peri-CEUS, and stacking regression model in the training and testing datasets which attained AUC (95% CI) of 0.872(0.812, 0.932), 0.815(0.747, 0.882), 0.739(0.659, 0.819), 0.890(0.836, 0.943), 0.997(0.992, 1.000) and 0.799(0.650, 0.948), 0.851(0.727, 0.974), 0.622(0.440, 0.805), 0.742(0.573, 0.911), 0.867(0.741, 0.992); sensitivity of 82.8%, 89.7%, 71.3%, 74.7%, 96.6% and 69.6%, 78.3%, 43.5%, 78.3%, 91.3%; specificity of 80.6%, 58.2%, 67.2%, 91.0%, 98.5% and 93.8%, 87.5%, 93.3%, 75.0%, 81.2%, respectively. The stacking regression model based on ultrasomics signatures showed favorable calibration and discriminative capabilities. Compared to the stacking regression model, the difference in AUC between the In-B-US and Peri-B-US models was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, the difference in AUC between the In-CEUS and Peri-CEUS models was significant (P < 0.05). The application of an ultrasomics approach can effectively predict the benign or malignant nature of TNs accompanied by HT. The diagnostic performance of the ultrasomics model was improved by combining the dual-region and dual-mode of thyroid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been increasingly used for the diagnostic identification of neoplasms due to its ability to visualize the microvascularization of lesions. In the study of testicular abnormalities, the appropriate use of CEUS can improve the diagnostic accuracy of conventional gray-scale ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS). The purpose of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic performance of CEUS in testicular space-occupying lesions. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted from the inception of each database to November 16, 2022 for relevant studies. The required data were extracted, and the methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. The diagnostic value of CEUS was assessed by calculating the combined sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio, and a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was used to conduct this meta-analysis. A total of six studies with 354 testicular space-occupying lesions were included in the analysis. The results showed that CEUS could provide additional useful information for the diagnosis of testicular space-occupying lesions, with a sensitivity of 0.92 (95% CI:0.82, 0.97), specificity of 0.91 (95% CI:0.80, 0.96), diagnostic odds ratio of 114 (95% CI:25, 528), respectively, and an overall diagnostic accuracy expressed as area under the SROC curve (AUC) of 0.97 (95% CI:0.95–0.98). Significant heterogeneity was seen in the sensitivity with I2 = 82.53% (95% CI:69.44–95.61). Subgroup analysis revealed that the proportion of infertile patients selected may be the source of heterogeneity. CEUS can be used to diagnose testicular space-occupying lesions more accurately and improve diagnostic accuracy when the conventional US cannot accurately differentiate the type of lesion. In particular, CEUS should be recommended for the identification of microscopic lesions so that physicians can provide patients with more appropriate interventions to avoid unnecessary orchiectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotid plaque vulnerability is a significant factor in the risk of cardiocerebrovascular events, with intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) being a crucial characteristic of plaque vulnerability. This study investigates the value of ultrasound vector flow imaging (V-flow) for measuring carotid plaque wall shear stress (WSS) in predicting the extent of IPN. We enrolled 140 patients into three groups: 53 in the plaque group (72 plaques), 23 in the stenosis group (27 plaques), and 64 in the control group. V-flow was used to measure WSS parameters, including the average WSS (WSS mean) and the maximum WSS (WSS max), across three plaque locations: mid-upstream, maximum thickness, and mid-downstream. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination was used in 76 patients to analyze IPN and its correlation with WSS parameters. WSS max in the stenosis group was significantly higher than that in the control and plaque groups at the maximum thickness part (P <.05) and WSS mean in the stenosis group was significantly lower than that in the control group at the mid-upstream and mid-downstream segments (P <.05). WSS mean in the plaque group was significantly lower than that of the control group at all three locations (P <.05). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination revealed that plaques with neovascularization enhancement exhibited significantly higher WSS values (P <.05), with a positive correlation between WSS parameters and IPN enhancement grades, particularly WSS max at the thickest part (r = 0.508). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of WSS parameters for evaluating IPN showed that the efficacy of WSS max in evaluating IPN was better than that of WSS mean (P <.05), with an area under the curve of 0.7762 and 0.6973 (95% confidence intervals, 0.725-0.822 and 0.642-0.749, respectively). The cut-offs were 4.57 Pa and 1.12 Pa, sensitivities were 74.03% and 63.64%, and specificities were 75.00% and 68.18%. V-flow effectively measures WSS in carotid plaques. WSS max provides a promising metric for assessing IPN, offering potential insights into plaque characteristics and showing some potential in predicting plaque vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta‐analysis study aimed to determine the total capacity of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions and breast cancer. For collecting papers, four groups of keywords were searched in five databases. The required information was extracted from the selected papers. In addition to the descriptive findings, a meta‐analysis was also conducted. Thirty‐three of thirty‐six studies (91.67%) on the differential diagnosis of various degrees and types of breast lesions showed that CEUS has proper performance. The pooled values related to the sensitivity and specificity of CEUS were computed by 88.00 and 76.17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to assess the diagnostic performance of Sonazoid-contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in identifying definitive HCC within hepatic nodules in cirrhotic patients, comparing the KLCA-NCC 2022 and APASL 2017 diagnostic guidelines. Materials and methods: This retrospective study analyzed cirrhotic patients who underwent Sonazoid-CEUS for liver lesion evaluation between October 2019 and October 2023. HCC diagnosis was based on the KLCA-NCC 2022 and APASL 2017 guidelines. Inter-reader agreement on CEUS imaging features and the diagnostic accuracy of the guidelines were evaluated. Sensitivity and specificity comparisons were made using McNemar's test. Results: Among 400 patients with 432 lesions, CEUS showed excellent inter-reader consistency in detecting arterial phase hyperenhancement and Kupffer defects. The KLCA-NCC 2022 criteria notably enhanced sensitivity to 96.2%, with specificity and accuracy of 93.8% and 95.8%, respectively. APASL 2017 achieved the highest sensitivity at 97.8%, although specificity dropped to 46.9%, resulting in an accuracy of 90.3%. The KLCA-NCC 2022 guidelines demonstrated significantly higher specificity than APASL 2017 (p < 0.001), while APASL 2017 exhibited the highest sensitivity at 97.8%. Notably, the KLCA-NCC 2022 guidelines also demonstrated an impressive positive predictive value of 98.9%. Conclusion: Sonazoid-enhanced CEUS, particularly when applied using the KLCA-NCC 2022 guidelines, is an effective diagnostic tool for HCC. Critical relevance statement: Perfluorobutane CEUS, particularly in accordance with the KLCA-NCC 2022 guidelines, emerges as a valuable adjunct for diagnosing HCC in cirrhotic patients. It demonstrates superior positive predictive value and specificity compared to APASL 2017, underscoring its potential as an effective diagnostic tool. Key Points: Contrast-enhanced (CE)US using Sonazoid with KLCA-NCC 2022 guidelines is highly effective for HCC diagnosis. KLCA-NCC 2022 criteria showed high accuracy, 96.2% sensitivity, and 98.9% PPV. CEUS demonstrated excellent inter-reader consistency in detecting arterial phase hyperenhancement and Kupffer defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop and validate a preoperative prediction model based on multimodal ultrasound and biochemical indicator for identifying microvascular invasion (MVI) in patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ≤ 5 cm. Methods: From May 2022 to November 2023, a total of 318 patients with pathologically confirmed single HCC ≤ 5 cm from three institutions were enrolled. All of them underwent preoperative biochemical, conventional ultrasound (US), and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) (Sonazoid, 0.6 mL, bolus injection) examinations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses on clinical information, biochemical indicator, and US imaging features were performed in the training set to seek independent predictors for MVI-positive. The models were constructed and evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis in both validation and test sets. Subgroup analyses in patients with different liver background and tumor sizes were conducted to further investigate the model's performance. Results: Logistic regression analyses showed that obscure tumor boundary in B-mode US, intra-tumoral artery in pulsed-wave Doppler US, complete Kupffer-phase agent clearance in Sonazoid-CEUS, and biomedical indicator PIVKA-II were independently correlated with MVI-positive. The combined model comprising all predictors showed the highest AUC, which were 0.937 and 0.893 in the validation and test sets. Good calibration and prominent net benefit were achieved in both sets. No significant difference was found in subgroup analyses. Conclusions: The combination of biochemical indicator, conventional US, and Sonazoid-CEUS features could help preoperative MVI prediction in patients with a single HCC ≤ 5 cm. Critical relevance statement: Investigation of imaging features in conventional US, Sonazoid-CEUS, and biochemical indicators showed a significant relation with MVI-positivity in patients with a single HCC ≤ 5 cm, allowing the construction of a model for preoperative prediction of MVI status to help treatment decision making. Key Points: MVI status is important for patients with a single HCC ≤ 5 cm. The model based on conventional US, Sonazoid-CEUS and PIVKA-II performs best for MVI prediction. The combined model has potential for preoperative prediction of MVI status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effects of intrarenal pelvic pressure (IPP) on pyelo-tubular backflow and renal cortical blood perfusion during mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL). Methods: Dynamic changes in pyelo-tubular backflow and renal cortical blood perfusion were studied in six patients undergoing MPCNL using dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and IPP monitoring. Results: CEUS of intrarenal pelvic perfusion revealed that renal tubules began to exhibit contrast agent reflux when IPP exceeded 34 mmHg during the MPCNL procedure. There was a positive correlation between renal tubule contrast agent reflux and IPP (P < 0.05). Intravenous CEUS of renal cortical blood flow demonstrated that both intrarenal pelvic perfusion time and IPP during MPCNL significantly affected renal cortical blood perfusion. Intrarenal pelvic perfusion time and pressure were negatively correlated with contrast agent peak intensity (PI) and area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0.05). Longer intrarenal pelvic perfusion times and higher pressures resulted in decreased renal cortical blood perfusion. Conclusion: This study directly confirmed through dynamic CEUS and real-time IPP monitoring that an increase in IPP above the threshold of approximately 34 mmHg during MPCNL in patients leads to reflux through the renal tubules and a significant decrease in renal cortical blood perfusion. The safe upper limit for intrarenal pelvic perfusion pressure during MPCNL is approximately 34 mmHg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbubbles (MB) are widely used as contrast agents for ultrasound (US) imaging and US‐enhanced drug delivery. Polymeric MB are highly suitable for these applications because of their acoustic responsiveness, high drug loading capability, and ease of surface functionalization. While many studies have focused on using polymeric MB for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, relatively little attention has thus far been paid to improving their inherent imaging and drug delivery features. This study here shows that manipulating the polymer chemistry of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) MB via temporarily mixing the monomer with the monomer‐mimetic butyl cyanoacetate (BCC) during the polymerization process improves the drug loading capacity of PBCA MB by more than twofold, and the in vitro and in vivo acoustic responses of PBCA MB by more than tenfold. Computer simulations and physisorption experiments show that BCC manipulates the growth of PBCA polymer chains and creates nanocavities in the MB shell, endowing PBCA MB with greater drug entrapment capability and stronger acoustic properties. Notably, because BCC can be readily and completely removed during MB purification, the resulting formulation does not include any residual reagent beyond the ones already present in current PBCA‐based MB products, facilitating the potential translation of next‐generation PBCA MB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Blunt trauma often results in splenic injuries, with non-operative management (NOM) being the preferred approach for stable patients. Following NOM, splenic vascular injuries, such as pseudoaneurysms, may arise, prompting radiological follow-up. However, a consensus on optimal radiological follow-up strategies is lacking. This systematic review evaluates existing evidence on radiological follow-up post-NOM for traumatic splenic injuries. Methods: Conducting a systematic review following updated PRISMA guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and trial registries from January 2010 to March 2023. Inclusion criteria covered studies on radiological follow-up for blunt splenic injuries. Results: Out of 5794 studies, 17 were included involving 3392 patients. Various radiological modalities were used, with computed tomography (CT) being the most common. Vascular injuries occurred in 4.5% of patients, with most pseudoaneurysms diagnosed on day 2–6 post-trauma, and leading to intervention in 60% of these cases. Thirteen studies recommended routine follow-up, with six favouring CT, and seven supporting radiation-free modalities. Four studies proposed follow-up based on clinical indications, initial findings, or symptoms. Recommendations for specific timing of radiological follow-up ranged from 48 h to seven days post-injury. Regarding AAST grading, nine studies recommended follow-up for injury grade III and higher. Conclusion: Limited high-quality evidence exists on radiological follow-up in isolated blunt splenic injuries, causing uncertainty in clinical practice. However, our review suggests a reasonable need for follow-up, with contrast-enhanced ultrasound emerging as a promising alternative to CT. Specific timing and criteria for follow-up remain unresolved, highlighting the need for high-quality prospective studies to address these knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcutaneous microbubble administration in connection with contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging is showing promise as a noninvasive and sensitive way to detect tumor draining sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in patients with breast cancer. Moreover, there is potential to harness the results from these approaches to directly estimate cancer burden, since some microbubble formulas, such as the Sonazoid used in this study, are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages, and the macrophage concentration in a lymph node is inversely related to the cancer burden. This work presents a mathematical model that can approximate a rate constant governing macrophage uptake of Sonazoid, ki, given dynamic CEUS Sonazoid imaging data. Twelve healthy women were injected with 1.0 ml of Sonazoid in an upper-outer quadrant of one of their breasts and SLNs were imaged in each patient immediately after injection, and then at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after injection. The mathematical model developed was fit to the dynamic CEUS data from each subject resulting in a mean ± sd of 0.006 ± 0.005 h−1 and 0.4 ± 0.1 h−1 for relative lymphatic flow (EFl) and ki, respectively. Furthermore, the roughly 25% sd of the ki measurement was similar to the sd that would be expected from realistic noise simulations for a stable 0.4 h−1 value of ki, suggesting that macrophage concentration is highly consistent among cancer-free SLNs. These results, along with the significantly smaller variance in ki measurement observed compared to relative lymphatic flow suggest that ki may be a more precise and promising approach of estimating macrophage abundance, and inversely cancer burden. Future studies comparing tumor-free to tumor-bearing nodes are planned to verify this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rupture of vulnerable plaque (VP) are significant pathogenic factors leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This study aims to construct a vulnerable plaque prediction model (VPPM) by combining multimodal vascular ultrasound parameters and clinical risk factors, and to validate it. A total of 196 atherosclerotic patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) from January 2017 to December 2023 were collected and divided into a modeling group (n = 137) and a validation group (n = 59). Clinical information including: hypertension, diabetes, smoking history, and body mass index (BMI) was included in the analysis. All patients underwent carotid ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) examination after admission, with main ultrasound parameters including thickness, echogenicity types, stenosis degree, and CEUS neovascularization grading of plaques. Independent risk factors for VP in CEA patients were screened through binary Logistic regression analysis, and a prediction model was established along with a nomogram. The calibration curve, receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC), and decision curve analysis (DCA) were employed to assess the calibration, diagnostic efficacy, and clinical utility of the VPPM model. There were no significant statistical differences in multimodal vascular ultrasound parameters and clinical risk factors between the modeling and validation groups (P > 0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis identified plaque thickness, echo type, CEUS neovascularization grading, BMI, and smoking history as 5 variables entering the prediction model. The VPPM model showed good diagnostic efficacy, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.959 (95% CI 0.915–0.999). Using the nomogram with a VPPM risk assessment score of 135.42 as the diagnostic cutoff value in the modeling group, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and Youden index were 88.1%, 94.1%, 14.98, 0.126, and 82.2%, respectively. In the DCA curve, the VPPM model curve was significantly better than two extreme lines, indicating good clinical utility. The VPPM model constructed by integrating multimodal ultrasound parameters and clinical key risk factors has high diagnostic efficacy and is expected to be an auxiliary tool for clinical diagnosis of vulnerable plaques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary pulmonary sarcoma and mesothelioma are rare malignancies. The review article discusses the appearance of these tumors in B-mode ultrasound (US), color Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). In particular, the article is intended to inspire the examination of thoracic wall tumors and pleural masses with the possibilities of ultrasonography and to obtain histologically evaluable material using US or CEUS-guided sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GI aGVHD) is a significant and life-threatening complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Early diagnosis of GI aGVHD is crucial for improving patient outcomes, but it remains a challenge due to the condition's nonspecific symptoms and the reliance on invasive diagnostic methods, such as biopsies and endoscopic procedures. In recent years, interest in non-invasive diagnostic techniques for graft-versus-host disease has increased, with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) being one of them. For this reason, we aimed to examine the potential of ultrasound as a non-invasive, safe, and cost-effective alternative for the early detection and monitoring of GI aGVHD in this review. Our narrative review aims to describe the use of multimodal US that includes conventional US (B-mode and Doppler US) and advanced ultrasound techniques such as CEUS and CRTE for the non-invasive diagnosis of GI GVHD. We browsed several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search spanned 2000 to the present, focusing on articles written in English that reviewed the use of these imaging techniques in the context of GI GVHD. Following our research, we noticed that CEUS offers several advantages, including the real-time visualization of the gastrointestinal wall, assessment of blood flow, and detailed microvascular analysis—all achieved without the use of ionizing radiation. This feature makes CEUS an appealing option for repeated assessments, which are often necessary in monitoring the progression of GI aGVHD. When used in conjunction with conventional gastrointestinal ultrasound (GIUS), CEUS provides a more comprehensive view of the structural and functional changes occurring in the GI tract, potentially enhancing diagnostic accuracy and allowing for earlier intervention. In comparison to traditional diagnostic methods like tissue biopsy or CT scans, CEUS is less invasive, quicker to perform, and better tolerated by patients, especially those in fragile health following allo-SCT. Its non-invasive nature and ability to provide immediate imaging results make it a valuable tool for clinicians, particularly in settings where minimizing patient discomfort and risk is paramount. However, despite these advantages, there are still gaps in the literature regarding CEUS's full diagnostic accuracy for GI aGVHD. Further research, including larger clinical trials and comparative studies, is needed to validate CEUS's role in routine clinical practice and to establish standardized protocols for its use. Nonetheless, CEUS shows considerable potential to transform the diagnostic approach to GI aGVHD by improving early detection, reducing the need for invasive procedures, and ultimately enhancing treatment outcomes for affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to construct an effective Nomogram for the differential diagnosis of cervical tuberculosis lymphadenitis (CTBL) and cervical metastatic lymph node (CMLN) based on ultrasound (US).Retrospectively analyzed 227 patients with CTBL and CMLN who attended Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital from January 2020 to October 2022, and were divided into a training set (n = 163) and a validation set (n = 64) according to the clinical data, US, and CEUS qualitative and quantitative analysis data were recorded to establish the prediction model and perform validation. The area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to assess the discrimination of the model; the calibration curve and brier coefficient were used to assess the calibration of the model; and a Nomogram prediction model was constructed to visualize the results nomogram prediction model was constructed to visualize the results.Gender (OR = 0.200, 95% CI:0.090–0.470, P < 0.001), age (OR = 0.170, 95% CI:0.070–0.410, P < 0.001), liquefaction necrosis (OR = 2.560, 95% CI:1.080–6.040, P = 0.033), perfusion defect (OR = 2.570, 95% CI:1.010–6.580, P = 0.048), and standard deviation (StdDev) (OR = 3.040, 95% CI:1.220–7.570, P = 0.017) were the independent predictors of the constructed model. The AUCs of the constructed predictive model in the training set and validation set were 0.844 and 0.927, respectively; from the calibration curves, it was observed that the predicted values of the model and the actual observed values fell near the 45° diagonal, and the brier scores were 0.145 and 0.109 in the training set and validation set, respectively.StdDev combined with gender, age, and the presence of liquefaction necrosis and perfusion defects are important features to identify CTBL and CMLN, and the constructed visual nomogram is intuitive and convenient to improve the efficiency of clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the conventional ultrasound (US), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) manifestations and the corresponding histopathological characteristics of patients diagnosed with breast encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) and to explore the value of CEUS in diagnosis of EPC.The clinical, pathological, US, and CEUS features of 16 patients (17 lesions) with EPC confirmed by postoperative histopathology were retrospectively analyzed.EPC was prevalent in the postmenopausal women. The majority of conventional US images of EPC showed complex cystic and solid masses with circumscribed margins (70.6%), enhanced posterior echo (94.1%), no sonographic calcification (88.2%), rich blood flow in the solid components within lesions (70.6%) on Color Doppler flow imaging, and high resistance index of blood flow (94.1%). Moreover, CEUS showed mainly centripetal hyperenhancement of the solid components within the lesions with irregular outline, and the enhancement area of the whole masses was essentially the same as the B-mode US area.EPC typically presents as a complex cystic and solid mass. CEUS is helpful to clarify the extent of the solid component and facilitate preoperative core-needle biopsy. A comprehensive evaluation by CEUS is valuable for diagnosing EPC and combining it with clinical features are helpful to further improve the diagnosis of this rare kind of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To explore the value of multimodal ultrasound combined assessment of carotid artery plaque vulnerability in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: From February 2022 to December 2023, 110 patients with coronary artery stenosis caused by coronary atherosclerosis who were diagnosed by coronary angiography in the Neurodiagnostic Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College were selected as the research objects. According to the plaque nature, carotid plaque was divided into vulnerable plaque group (n=35) and stable plaque group (n=75). The properties of carotid plaque were studied by conventional carotid ultrasound, shear wave elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and the differences of different parameters were compared; Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for the vulnerability of carotid artery plaques in coronary heart disease, and ROC curves were plotted. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in age, history of hypertension, smoking history, LDL-C, Hcy, and hs CRP between the two groups of patients (P<0.05); The difference in echo, extremely low echo, calcification, and calcified nodules between the two groups of patients was statistically significant (P<0.05); The average, minimum, and maximum Young's modulus of the stable plaque group were higher than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); Age, history of hypertension, smoking history, LDL-C, Hcy, hs CRP, degree of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, calcified nodules, plaque echo, and mean shear wave elastic Young's modulushave an impact on the vulnerability of carotid plaques in coronary heart disease. Conclusion: The combined application of multimodal ultrasound can effectively improve the vulnerability of carotid plaques in patients with coronary heart disease, providing important reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carotid atherosclerotic plaques with neovascularisation pose a high risk of rupture, leading to ischemic stroke. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a novel technique for evaluating neovascularisation in these plaques, but its quantitative application in assessing drug efficacy remains limited. This study aimed to quantitatively analyse the curative effect of atorvastatin on carotid plaques using the CEUS time-intensity curve. Materials and methods: A total of 95 cases of carotid plaques were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, and the subjects underwent one year of follow-up observation. CEUS time-intensity curve analysis was used to monitor contrast agent perfusion and quantify contrast images. Results: The study group showed significantly lower intima media thickness (IMT) values after 12 months than the control group (P < 0.05). The IMT value of the study group after 12 months of treatment was significantly lower than before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). A statistically significant difference in enhancement intensity (EI) values between the two groups was observed both after 6 months and 12 months of treatment (P < 0.05); the research group was significantly lower than the control group. Furthermore, EI values were significantly lower in the study group after 6 and 12 months of treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, CEUS and time-intensity curve analysis can be used to assess drug effects (atorvastatin) intervention in treating unstable carotid plaques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: With ultrasound sensitivity limited in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance and few prospective studies on non-contrast abbreviated MRI (NC-AMRI), this study aimed to assess its diagnostic performance in detecting HCC. Methods: This prospective study involved cirrhotic patients with contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) LR-3 and LR-4 observations detected during HCC surveillance. Patients underwent average 3 complete CE-MRI rounds at 3-6 months interval, with approximately 12-month follow-up. NC-AMRI included diffusion-weighted (DWI), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and T1-weighted imaging (T1WI). NC-AMRI protocol images were analysed for diagnostic performance, with subgroup analyses. CE-MRI and NC-AMRI images were independently reviewed by 2 experienced radiologists, with inter-reader agreement assessed with Kappa coefficient. The reference standard was the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases-defined presence of arterial hypervascularity and washout during the portal-venous or delayed phases on CE-MRI. Results: In 166 CE-MRI follow-ups of 63 patients (median age: 63 years; 60.3% male, 39.7% female), 12 patients developed HCC, with average size of 19.6 mm. The NC-AMRI (DWI + T2WI + T1WI) showed 91.7% sensitivity (95%CI, 61.5-99.8) and 91.6% specificity (95%CI, 86.0-95.4), area under receiver operating characteristic 0.92 (95%CI, 0.83-1.00). Across different Body Mass Index categories, lesion size, Child-Turcotte-Pugh classes, Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) grades, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease classes, sensitivity remained consistent. However, specificity differed significantly between ALBI grade 1 and 2 (86.7% vs. 98.4%, P = .010), and between viral and non-viral cirrhosis (93.8% vs. 80.8%, P = .010). Conclusions: NC-AMRI proved clinically feasible, and exhibits high diagnostic performance in HCC detection. Advances in knowledge: This study highlights efficacy of NC-AMRI in detecting HCC among cirrhotic patients with LR-3 and LR-4 observations, representing significant progress in HCC surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been proposed as a valuable tool for detecting disease activity in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). However, previous studies have utilized different parameters, leading to variation in clinical assessment of this technique. Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of peak enhancement (PE) in CEUS for evaluating endoscopic disease activity in patients with CD. Material and Methods: Articles were obtained by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang, and CNKI databases. Only studies that investigated the effectiveness of PE in CEUS to discriminate endoscopic disease activity in patients with CD were considered. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were then calculated using a random effects model. Results: Overall, seven studies were included. The endoscopic disease activity of CD was determined based on the simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease and Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity scores. Pooled results showed that a high PE was associated with increased detection efficacy for endoscopic disease activity in CD. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.71–0.96), 0.88 (95% CI = 0.81–0.93), 7.60 (95% CI = 4.61–12.53), and 0.14 (95% CI = 0.05–0.35), respectively. The pooled receiver operating characteristic was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.87–0.92), suggesting a good discriminating efficacy of PE in CEUS for endoscopic disease activity of patients with CD. Conclusions: A high PE in CEUS displayed substantial distinguishing accuracy for assessing endoscopic disease activity of patients with CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated how pulmonary metastases in the lungs can be assessed using a special imaging technique called contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). We analyzed data from 54 patients with confirmed cancer spread to the lungs. Our goal was to identify patterns of blood flow in the lung tumors and to compare these with the findings from tissue samples stained to highlight blood vessels. The results showed that most lung tumors had a blood supply from the bronchial arteries, with a few showing a supply from the pulmonary arteries. Additionally, most tumors showed a rapid reduction in contrast enhancement. This research helps improve the understanding of blood flow in lung tumors and could aid in developing better diagnostics strategies. Purpose: Description of the perfusion of pulmonary metastasis by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and their correlation with vascularization patterns represented by immunohistochemical CD34 endothelial staining. Patients and methods: The data of 54 patients with histologic proven peripheral pulmonary metastasis, investigated between 2004 and 2023 by CEUS. These CEUS parameters were evaluated: time to enhancement (TE), categorized as early pulmonary-arterial (PA) or delayed bronchial-arterial (BA) patterns; extent of enhancement (EE), either marked or reduced; homogeneity of enhancement (HE), homogeneous or inhomogeneous; and decrease of enhancement (DE), rapid washout (<120 s) or late washout (≥120 s). Additionally, tissue samples in 45 cases (83.3%) were stained with CD34 antibody for immunohistochemical analysis. Results: In total, 4 lesions (7.4 %) exhibited PA enhancement, and 50 lesions (92.6%) demonstrated BA enhancement. Furthermore, 37 lesions (68.5%) showed marked enhancement, while 17 lesions (31.5%) exhibited reduced enhancement. The enhancement was homogeneous in 28 lesions (51.86%) and inhomogeneous in 26 lesions (48.14%). Additionally, 53 lesions (98.1%) displayed a rapid washout. A chaotic vascular pattern indicative of a bronchial arterial blood supply was identified in all cases (45/45, 100%), including all 4 lesions with PA enhancement. Conclusion: Pulmonary metastases in CEUS predominantly reveal bronchial arterial enhancement and a rapid washout. Regarding EE and HE, pulmonary metastases show heterogeneous perfusion patterns. A PA enhancement in CEUS does not exclude BA neoangiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the sonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules with a halo, explore the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) combined with fine needle aspiration (FNA) in identifying nodules with a halo, and predict the risk of metastasis by analyzing the pathological features of the halo. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 185 postoperative cases of thyroid nodules accompanied by halos between January 2019 and December 2022. After describing the ultrasound characteristics of the thyroid nodules and their halos, all patients were divided into three groups, the first group (group I = CEUS only) of patients underwent CEUS, the second group (group II = CEUS + FNA) underwent FNA based on the first group, and the third group (group III = FNA only) underwent FNA directly. The CEUS and FNA results were graded using the Chinese Thyroid Imaging Report and Data System (C-TIRADS) and Bethesda Reporting System for Thyroid Cytopathology, respectively. Those graded below C-TIRADS 4b or Bethesda IV were defined as benign, and the results of FNA were referenced when the two methods were combined. The surgical pathology results were used as the gold standard. We plotted working curves to compare the diagnostic efficacy of CEUS and FNA alone and in combination in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with halos. The pathological features of the halo were analyzed and the number of patients with cervical lymph node metastases was recorded. Results: One hundred and sixty patients met the requirements. Benign nodules were mainly characterized by a thin (0.75 ± 0.31 mm) and uniform halo with good integrity, while malignant nodules had a thicker (1.48 ± 0.51 mm) halo with uneven and irregular margins (P < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity were highest when the cutoff value was 1.09 mm, with 76.08% and 84.29%, respectively. The halos of benign nodules were mostly hyper- or iso-enhanced, whereas the halos of malignant nodules were predominantly hypo-enhanced (P < 0.05). The areas under the curve (AUCs) for CEUS, FNA, and CEUS + FNA were 0.751(95% CI = 0.642–0.841), 0.863(95% CI = 0.767–0.929), and 0.918(95% CI = 0.834–0.967), respectively. Cervical lymph node metastasis occurred in only 13 (11.5%) malignant nodes with halos. The primary pathological components of the halo around malignant nodules were almost reactive hyperplastic fibrous tissue. Conclusion: The halo surrounding malignant thyroid nodules is thicker, with uneven and irregular margins, and shows hypo-enhancement on CEUS. Combining CEUS with FNA improves the diagnostic efficacy of thyroid nodules with halos. The reactive hyperplastic fibrous halo may be one of the reasons why malignant nodules are less likely to metastasize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the known interplay between blood flow and function, to our knowledge, there is currently no minimally invasive method to monitor diaphragm hemodynamics. We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound to quantify relative diaphragm blood flow (Q ˙ DIA) in humans and assessed the technique's efficacy and reliability during graded inspiratory pressure threshold loading. We hypothesized that: (1) Q ˙ DIA would linearly increase with pressure generation, and (2) that there would be good test-retest reliability and interanalyzer reproducibility. Can we validate what is, to our knowledge, the first minimally invasive method to measure relative diaphragm blood flow in humans? Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the costal diaphragm was performed in healthy participants (10 male participants, 6 female participants; mean age 28 ± 5 years; BMI 22.8 ± 2.0 kg/m) during unloaded breathing and three stages of loaded breathing on two separate days. Gastric and esophageal balloon catheters measured transdiaphragmatic pressure. Ultrasonography was performed during a constant-rate IV infusion of lipid-stabilized microbubbles following each stage. Ultrasound images were acquired after a destruction-replenishment sequence and diaphragm specific time-intensity data were used to determine Q ˙ DIA by two individuals. Transdiaphragmatic pressure for unloaded and each loading stage were 15.2 ± 0.8, 26.1 ± 0.8, 34.6 ± 0.8, and 40.0 ± 0.8 percentage of the maximum, respectively. Q ˙ DIA increased with each stage of loading (3.1 ± 3.1, 6.9 ± 3.6, 11.0 ± 4.9, and 13.5 ± 5.4 acoustic units/s; P <.0001). The linear relationship between diaphragmatic flow and pressure was reproducible from day to day. Q ˙ DIA had good to excellent test-retest reliability (0.86 [0.77, 0.92]; P <.0001) and excellent interanalyzer reproducibility (0.93 [0.90, 0.95]; P <.0001) with minimal bias. Relative Q ˙ DIA measurements had valid physiological underpinnings, were reliable day-to-day, and were reproducible analyzer-to-analyzer. This study indicated that contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a viable, minimally invasive method for assessing costal Q ˙ DIA in humans and may provide a tool to monitor diaphragm hemodynamics in clinical settings. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney transplantation is currently the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease. Delayed graft function (DGF) is one of the most common complications after renal transplantation and is a significant complication affecting graft function and the survival time of transplanted kidneys. Therefore, early diagnosis of DGF is crucial for guiding post-transplant care and improving long-term patient survival. This article will summarize the pathological basis and clinical characteristics of DGF after kidney transplantation, with a focus on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. It will analyze the current application status of ultrasound technology in DGF diagnosis and provide a comprehensive review of the clinical applications of ultrasound technology in this field, serving as a reference for the further application of ultrasound technology in kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a combined model based on radiomics features of Sonazoid contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) during the Kupffer phase and to evaluate its value in differentiating well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (w-HCC) from atypical benign focal liver lesions (FLLs). Methods: A total of 116 patients with preoperatively Sonazoid-CEUS confirmed w-HCC or benign FLL were selected from a prospective multiple study on the clinical application of Sonazoid in FLLs conducted from August 2020 to March 2021. According to the randomization principle, the patients were divided into a training cohort and a test cohort in a 7:3 ratio. Seventy-nine patients were used for establishing and training the radiomics model and combined model. In comparison, 37 patients were used for validating and comparing the performance of the models. The diagnostic efficacy of the models for w-HCC and atypical benign FLLs was evaluated using ROCs curves and decision curves. A combined model nomogram was created to assess its value in reducing unnecessary biopsies. Results: Among the patients, there were 55 cases of w-HCC and 61 cases of atypical benign FLLs, including 28 cases of early liver abscess, 16 cases of atypical hepatic hemangioma, 8 cases of hepatocellular dysplastic nodules (DN), and 9 cases of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). The radiomics model and combined model we established had AUCs of 0.905 and 0.951, respectively, in the training cohort, and the AUCs of the two models in the test cohort were 0.826 and 0.912, respectively. The combined model outperformed the radiomics feature model significantly. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the combined model achieved a higher net benefit within a specific threshold probability range (0.25 to 1.00). A nomogram of the combined model was developed. Conclusion: The combined model based on the radiomics features of Sonazoid-CEUS in the Kupffer phase showed satisfactory performance in diagnosing w-HCC and atypical benign FLLs. It can assist clinicians in timely detecting malignant FLLs and reducing unnecessary biopsies for benign diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model based on high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) images with the aim to identify the functional status of parathyroid glands (PTGs) in secondary hyper-parathyroidism (SHPT) patients. This retrospective study enrolled 60 SHPT patients (27 female, 33 male; mean age: 51.2 years) with 184 PTGs detected from February 2016 to June 2022. All enrollments underwent single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound examinations. The PTGs were randomly divided into training (n = 147) and testing datasets (n = 37). Four effective ML classifiers were used and combined models incorporating multi-modal HFUS visual signs and radiomics features was constructed based on the optimal classifier. Model performance was compared in terms of discrimination, calibration and clinical utility. The Shapley additive explanation method was used to explain and visualize the main predictors of the optimal model. This model, using a random forest classifier algorithm, outperformed other classifiers. Based on optimal classifier features, the model constructed from ultrasound visual and ML features achieved a favorable performance in the prediction of hyper-functioning PTGs. Compared with the traditional visual model, the ultrasound-based ML model achieved significant (p = 0.03) improvement (area under the curve: 0.859 vs. 0.629) and higher sensitivity (100.0% vs. 94.1%) and accuracy (86.5% vs. 67.6%). Among the predictors attributed to model development, large size and high echogenic heterogeneity of PTGs in ultrasonographic images were more often associated with high risk of hyper-functioning PTGs. The ultrasound-based ML model for identifying hyper-functioning PTGs in SHPT patients showed good performance and interpretability using high-frequency ultrasonographic images, which may facilitate clinical management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of different commercial ultrasound contrast microbubbles (MBs) when measuring bladder phantom pressure with sub-harmonic-aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) methodology. We hypothesized that SHAPE performance is dependent on MB formulation. This study aimed to advance the SHAPE application for bladder pressure measurements in humans. Using a previously designed and built bladder phantom, we tested four different commercial agents: Definity, Lumason, Sonazoid and Optison. A standard clinical cystometrogram (CMG) system was used to infuse a MB–saline mixture into the bladder phantom to measure pressure. Ultrasound imaging was performed using the GE Healthcare LOGIQ E10 scanner. All agents showed a predicted inverse linear relationship between change in pressure and SHAPE signal. However, they differ from each other in terms of stability, linear correlation, sensitivity to pressure and error. Generally, Definity and Lumason showed the highest performance during the SHAPE-based bladder phantom pressure assessments. Our results show that the SHAPE signal decreases as bladder phantom pressures increases, regardless of the agent or CMG phase, suggesting the possibility of using SHAPE for measuring bladder pressure without a catheter. However, the efficacy of SHAPE in measuring pressure varies by MB formulation. These observations support using Lumason and Definity in a human subject feasibility study as we advance toward a catheter-free solution for measuring voiding bladder pressure via SHAPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the work described here was to investigate the role of multimodal contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer. From April 2017 to July 2021, 109 patients with confirmed pulmonary malignant lesions who underwent CEUS examination were involved in our study. Seven patients were excluded because of the short duration of CEUS video or unsatisfactory imaging. Finally,102 patients with peripheral lung cancer were enrolled in this study. The maximum diameter of the lesions ranged from 1.6 to 13.0 cm (mean 6.2 ± 2.3 cm). On the basis of the pathological results, the patients were divided into the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) group and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) group (including adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma). A Logiq E9 ultrasonic machine equipped with a 3.5 to 5.0 MHz C5-1 probe was used. Patient clinical information, CEUS features, CPI patterns and TIC parameters were analyzed and compared between different groups. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software and MedCalc software. The receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted. In the differential diagnosis of SCLC and NSCLC, color parametric imaging indicated great performance. NSCLC exhibited a centripetal enhancement pattern more frequently (72.7%), while SCLC exhibited an eccentric enhancement pattern more frequently (92.9%) (p < 0.001). In the differential diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, logistic regression analysis revealed that patient age of onset ≤60 y, difference in arrival time between lung and tumor ≤3.8 s, drop time of the time–intensity curve >23.2 s and absence of internal necrosis on CEUS were independent predictors for adenocarcinoma (area under the curve = 0.861). In our study, multimodal contrast-enhanced ultrasound provided useful information in the differential diagnosis between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, especially between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the diagnostic and therapeutic value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound‐guided endoscopic retrograde appendicitis treatment (ERAT) in patients with uncomplicated appendicitis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical and ultrasound data collected from 105 pediatric patients with uncomplicated appendicitis between January 2020 and December 2023. The ultrasound findings before and after treatment, as well as postoperative follow‐up and recurrence rates, were summarized and analyzed. Results: Successful intubation was achieved in 96 patients (91.4%). The conventional ultrasound appendix visualization rate was 39.6% (38/105), while the appendix visualization rate after contrast‐enhanced ultrasound‐guidance was 75% (72/105). Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound revealed various appendiceal morphologic changes in 89 patients, such as twisting, tortuosity, stiffness, rough inner wall, dilated diameter, and narrowing of the lumen. Additionally, local filling defects, which indicated the presence of fecal stones or debris deposition, were noted in 68 patients. No leakage of the contrast agent occurred. Post‐treatment evaluation showed improvement in appendiceal diameter, lumen, and filling defects (P <.01). The follow‐up rate was 82 of 89 patients (92.1%), all of whom recovered well without a recurrence. The recurrence rate was 7.9% (7/89). Among the patients with recurrences, five patients resolved after medical treatment and two patients recovered after surgical treatment. Conclusion: Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound‐guided ERAT for uncomplicated appendicitis is safe and effective. Specifically, the appendix is increased, which facilitates an evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness. ERAT serves as a valuable supplementary modality to determine the need for surgical treatment of acute appendicitis, which is of significant clinical value. Access the CME test here and search by article title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of metastatic melanoma of the gallbladder diagnosed by contrast‐enhanced ultrasound and systematically review the characteristics of transabdominal ultrasound, clinical manifestations, and treatment methods of gallbladder metastatic melanoma in order to provide reference ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic melanoma of gallbladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate diagnosis of lymph node (LN) metastasis is vital for prognosis and treatment in patients with breast cancer. Imaging 1modalities such as ultrasound (US), MRI, CT, and 18F-FDG PET/CT are used for preoperative assessment. While conventional US is commonly recommended due to its resolution and sensitivity, it has limitations such as operator subjectivity and difficulty detecting small metastases. This review shows the microanatomy of axillary LNs to enhance accurate diagnosis and the characteristics of contrast-enhanced US (CE-US), which utilizes intravascular microbubble contrast agents, making it ideal for vascular imaging. A significant focus of this review is on distinguishing between two types of CE-US techniques for axillary LN evaluation: perfusion CE-US and lymphatic CE-US. Perfusion CE-US is used to assess LN metastasis via transvenous contrast agent administration, while lymphatic CE-US is used to identify sentinel LNs and diagnose LN metastasis through percutaneous contrast agent administration. This review also highlights the need for future research to clarify the distinction between studies involving "apparently enlarged LNs" and "clinical node-negative" cases in perfusion CE-US research. Such research standardization is essential to ensure accurate diagnostic performance in various clinical studies. Future studies should aim to standardize CE-US methods for improved LN metastasis diagnosis, not only in breast cancer but also across various malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review aims to describe the current status of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in characterizing renal cystic lesion. The imaging techniques usually performed for their evaluation are ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with different criteria of application based on the individual case and the purpose of the examination. Generally, US, as a non-ionizing examination, is the first imaging modality performed and therefore the one that incidentally detects cystic lesions. CT is the most performed imaging modality for cystic lesion assessment before MRI evaluation. It provides better characterization and management and has been introduced into the Bosniak classification. In this context, CEUS is making its way for its characteristics and represents the emerging technique in this field. With these premises, the authors analyze the role of CEUS in the evaluation of renal cysts, starting with an explanation of the technique, describe its main advantages and limitations, and end with a discussion of its application in the Bosniak classification and management, following the current major guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonazoid, an ultrasound contrast agent, has been covered by insurance in Japan since January 2007 for the diagnosis of hepatic mass lesions and is widely used for diagnosing not only primary liver cancer but also liver metastases such as those from breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for breast mass lesions has been covered by insurance since August 2012 after phase II and phase III clinical trials showed that the diagnostic performance was significantly superior to that of B-mode and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. This paper describes the principles of imaging techniques in contrast-enhanced ultrasonography including the filter, pulse inversion, amplitude modulation, and amplitude-modulated pulse inversion methods. The pulse inversion method, which visualizes the second-harmonic component using the nonlinear scattering characteristics of the contrast agent, is widely used regardless of the contrast agent and target organ because of its high resolution. Sonazoid has a stiffer shell and requires a higher acoustic amplitude than Sonovue to generate nonlinear vibrations. The higher transmitted sound pressure generates more tissue harmonic components. Since pulse inversion allows visualization of the tissue harmonic components, amplitude modulation and amplitude-modulated pulse inversion, which include few tissue harmonic components, are primarily used. Amplitude modulation methods detect nonlinear signals from the contrast agent in the fundamental band. The mechanism of the amplitude modulation is considered to be changes in the echo signal's phase depending on the sound pressure. Since the tissue-derived component is minor in amplitude modulation methods, good contrast sensitivity can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Subcutaneous lesions are common in dogs. This prospective study aims to compare various ultrasound techniques for investigating subcutaneous lesions and to assess their effectiveness in distinguishing between benign and malignant neoplasia. Dogs were included and ultrasound cine-loops were achieved in B-mode, Colour Doppler, Power Doppler, B-flow and CEUS. Vascularisation highlighted through B-flow and CEUS were classified into five patterns. The vascular patterns obtained with B-flow and CEUS were compared to the histological diagnosis of the subcutaneous lesions. A total of 24 dogs and 30 subcutaneous lesions were included and divided into three groups: non-neoplastic, benign tumours and malignant tumours. CEUS and B-flow were able to help in the differentiation of benign tumours from malignant tumours and achieved an excellent agreement. B-flow and CEUS displayed similar ability to evaluate different patterns and could be helpful in the evaluation of subcutaneous lesions. Subcutaneous lesions in dogs are common in clinical practice. This prospective clinical study aims to compare B-flow and CEUS for the characterization of subcutaneous lesions evaluating their usefulness to distinguish benign subcutaneous lesions from malignant ones. Dogs were enrolled and ultrasound cine-loops were achieved in B-mode, Colour Doppler, Power Doppler, B-flow and CEUS. Lesions vascularisation highlighted through B-flow and CEUS were classified into five patterns: P1, absence of contrast uptake; P2, enhancement only in the peripheral area of the lesion; P3, thin (<2 mm) and few vessels (<5/field); P4, thicker (>2 mm) and more numerous vessels (>5/field); P5 enhancement with a reticular aspect and both thick and thin bands inside. Patterns highlighted with B-flow and CEUS were compared to a histological diagnosis of subcutaneous lesions. A total of 24 dogs and 30 subcutaneous nodules were included and divided into three groups: 3 non-neoplastic, 16 benign tumours and 11 malignant tumours. There was a statistically significant difference for B-flow and CEUS to differentiate benign tumours from malignant tumours. B-flow and CEUS had an excellent agreement. B-flow and CEUS displayed similar ability to evaluate different patterns and could be helpful in the evaluation of subcutaneous nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an acute condition of impaired kidney function with decreased glomerular filtration rate, which results in dysregulation in volume, electrolyte, and acid–base equilibrium. AKI can be a life-threatening condition and can also lead to chronic kidney disease. It is important to diagnose AKI early in the course of the disease or to predict its development, as this can influence therapeutic decisions, outcome, and, consequently, the prognosis. In clinical practice, an elevated serum creatinine concentration remains the most common laboratory indicator for diagnosing AKI. However, due to the delay in its rise, creatinine levels are often insensitive and inaccurate for early diagnosis. Novel biomarkers of kidney tubular injury and the renal angina index have shown promise in predicting AKI earlier and more accurately. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and ultra-microangiography (UMA) are radiological methods that can quantify renal microperfusion and may be able to predict the development of AKI. They have not yet been used for quantifying renal perfusion in children with risk factors for developing AKI. Further research is needed to compare these sonographic techniques with the renal angina index and emerging kidney injury biomarkers for predicting acute kidney injury (AKI) in both children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Identifying primary hepatic angiosarcoma (PHA) preoperatively is challenging, often relying on postoperative pathology. Invasive biopsy increases bleeding risk, emphasizing the importance of early PHA diagnosis through imaging. However, comprehensive summaries of ultrasound, abdominal computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole- body positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) in this context are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the comprehensive imaging characteristics of PHA. Patients and methods: Imaging data were collected from 7 patients diagnosed with PHA via pathology between January 2000 and December 2019 in two provincial grade III hospitals. All patients underwent routine color ultrasound examinations before surgery, with 3 patients receiving contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).CT scans, both plain and enhanced, were performed on 5 patients, and whole-body PET-CT examinations were conducted on 2 patients. Results: Among the 7 patients with PHA, 4 presented with a single solid intrahepatic mass (2 of which were large), 1 with a single exophytic macroblock type, 1 with a mixed type featuring multiple masses and nodules, and 1 with a multiple nodule type. Conventional ultrasound of PHA showed uneven echoes within the tumor, potentially accompanied by septal zone echoes, and a blood flow grade of 0-I. CEUS displayed early-stage circular high enhancement, a central non-enhancement area, and a "vascular sign" around the tumor. CT scans revealed low-density shadows in the plain scan stage, high peripheral ring enhancement, and punctate nodular enhancement in the arterial phase, with varying intensities and the presence of a "vascular sign." During the portal vein stage, the interior of the tumor was consistently unfilled and exhibited structural disorder. PET-CT showed low-density lesions in the liver and low fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism. Conclusions: Imaging diagnosis plays a crucial role in PHA diagnosis. When liver tumor imaging matches the above characteristics, consider PHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The research field of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine and especially in gastroenterology is rapidly progressing with the first AI tools entering routine clinical practice, for example, in colorectal cancer screening. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a highly reliable, low-risk, and low-cost diagnostic modality for the examination of the liver. However, doctors need many years of training and experience to master this technique and, despite all efforts to standardize CEUS, it is often believed to contain significant interrater variability. As has been shown for endoscopy, AI holds promise to support examiners at all training levels in their decision-making and efficiency. Methods: In this systematic review, we analyzed and compared original research studies applying AI methods to CEUS examinations of the liver published between January 2010 and February 2024. We performed a structured literature search on PubMed, Web of Science, and IEEE. Two independent reviewers screened the articles and subsequently extracted relevant methodological features, e.g., cohort size, validation process, machine learning algorithm used, and indicative performance measures from the included articles. Results: We included 41 studies with most applying AI methods for classification tasks related to focal liver lesions. These included distinguishing benign versus malignant or classifying the entity itself, while a few studies tried to classify tumor grading, microvascular invasion status, or response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization directly from CEUS. Some articles tried to segment or detect focal liver lesions, while others aimed to predict survival and recurrence after ablation. The majority (25/41) of studies used hand-picked and/or annotated images as data input to their models. We observed mostly good to high reported model performances with accuracies ranging between 58.6% and 98.9%, while noticing a general lack of external validation. Conclusion: Even though multiple proof-of-concept studies for the application of AI methods to CEUS examinations of the liver exist and report high performance, more prospective, externally validated, and multicenter research is needed to bring such algorithms from desk to bedside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of highly aggressive triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the clinic is challenging. Here, a liposome nanodrug (LP@PFH@HMME) integrating imaging agents and therapeutic agents for bimodal imaging‐guided sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is developed, which boosted immunogenicity to enable potent immunotherapy via immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in TNBC. In the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), LP@PFH@HMME undergoes "nano‐to‐micro" transformation due to a pH‐responsive lipid fusion, which makes droplets much more sensitive to ultrasound (US) in contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and SDT studies. The nanodrug demonstrates robust bimodal imaging ability through fluorine‐19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) and CEUS bimodal imaging, and it exhibits excellent solubility in aqueous solution with relatively high 19F content and desirable long transverse relaxation time (T2 = 1.072 s), making it suitable for high‐performance 19F MRI, in addition to effective accumulation of nanodrugs after tail vein injection. Thus, 19F MRI/CEUS dual imaging is achievable to show adequate time points for US irradiation of tumor sites to induce highly effective SDT, which produces abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) to assist ICB‐based immunotherapy. The combination treatment design of sonodynamic therapy with immunotherapy effectively inhibited TNBC growth and recurrence, highlighting the promise of multifunctional nanodrugs in treating TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]