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Groundwater recharge can greatly contribute to the crop growth in farmland for the sustainable development of regional production in modern agriculture. It is crucial to precisely quantify the rational utilization of groundwater sources. Among them, groundwater recharge can be broadly classified into empirical and mechanistic models in recent years. However, some limitations are still remained in practical application, due to the complexity and highly nonlinear of groundwater recharge. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted on the winter wheat under different groundwater levels and irrigation treatments using 24 clustered large-scale lysimeters. The AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated using the soil moisture content, canopy coverage, biomass, and grain yield of winter wheat as evaluation indicators. The calibrated AquaCrop model was then utilized to simulate the growth and development of winter wheat, as well as the soil water dynamics under varying irrigation treatments and groundwater depths. An estimation model was proposed for the groundwater recharge in the period of winter wheat growth. Thereby, the critical groundwater levels were determined for the different growth stages, and the threshold depth of water table suitable for winter wheat growth. Results showed that: 1) The AquaCrop model was performed best on the growth and development of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments and groundwater levels. Simultaneously, the better performance was achieved in the statistical parameters between the simulated and measured values of soil water content, canopy coverage, biomass, and grain yield during the growth period, with the determination coefficient (R²)≥0.8, the relative error (RE) and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) are both＜16%. 2) The validated AquaCrop model was employed to simulate the growth of winter wheat under 52 scenarios of groundwater depth and irrigation treatments. Subsequently, the nonlinear regressions of soil water storage - groundwater recharge intensity and groundwater depth - soil water storage were fitted during the growth period of winter wheat. The groundwater recharge intensity was calculated to compare with the measured values for verification. The statistical parameters fell well within the acceptable error range of the model, such as R²≥0.873, RE≤9.22%, RMSE≤0.316 mm/d and NRMSE≤11.89%. 3) The critical tables of groundwater were calculated in different growth stages of winter wheat under various irrigation treatments. The critical tables of groundwater were 3.28, 3.36 and 3.54m, respectively, for the winter wheat during the seedling, frozen and reviving-jointing stages under irrigation. Furthermore, the critical table of groundwater was 3.38 m under the sufficient irrigation treatment in the whole growth period. There was the various behavior in the different growth periods of winter wheat under the insufficient irrigation treatments. In general, the critical table of groundwater decreased with the increasing irrigation amount. The optimal threshold water table was ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 m for the winter wheat, according to the relationship between grain yields and groundwater levels under 52 simulated scenarios. Therefore, the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat were simultaneously reached their optimal levels under the insufficient irrigation treatment (at reviving and filling stages), which were 8.848 t/hm² and 2.17 to 2.43 kg/m³, respectively. The findings can also provide the technical support for the accurate assessments of groundwater contribution for the precision irrigation and decision-making management. making management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is trying to earn status effective or self‐defeating? We show that whether effort increases or decreases admiration and respect (i.e., status) depends on how the person is trying to earn status. Groups evaluate people along multiple status dimensions (e.g., wealth, coolness). Each dimension is associated with a different ideology, or set of beliefs, that ascribe status to behaviors that contribute to the group's goals. Whether behaviors, including effort, increase status, thus, depends on the ideologies that people use to interpret if a behavior contributes to the group. Four experiments demonstrate that people earn more status when they try to become wealthy compared to when they are effortlessly wealthy, but earn less status when they try to become cool compared to when they are effortlessly cool. Effort increases status when directed at wealth but not at coolness because contemporary ideologies suggest that people who gain wealth through effort contribute more to society, whereas people who gain coolness through effort contribute less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing has always been a cost for the institutions within which nurses work. This fact has influenced almost everything that affects how nurses are utilized and valued. As a cost, nurses are closely managed on the margin, always constrained by the resource machinations of organizations and systems with little determination or enumeration of the contributions nurses make to the service and financial value represented by algorithms and metrics that enumerate and demonstrate nurse's impact and contribution to service and financial value. This article further pushes the boundaries of this circumstance, challenging nurse and health leaders to reconceptualize nursing contribution and recalibrate the determination and calculation of nursing value as a sustainable baseline for nursing leadership for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff from glaciated catchments is an integrated process that includes glacier melt, snowmelt, rainfall and surface and subsurface runoff of meltwater from glacierized and non-glacierized areas. Monitoring and quantifying the contribution of the hydrologic components (snow, ice and rain) to river discharge in the Himalayan basins is essential for decision-making in the water sector, particularly in water resources management and flood risk reduction in the region. An attempt has been made to characterize and hydrologically model streamflow (Bhagirathi River) for the Gangotri Glacier (Central Himalaya, India). A semi-distributed conceptual hydrological model is used for the streamflow modelling and assessing the major streamflow components (snow melt, glacier melt and rainfall runoff). Initially, the model was calibrated using the available in situ hydro-meteorological records for the ablation seasons of 2013–14 to 2015–16 (3 years), and further validated for the ablation seasons of 2016–17 to 2018–19 (3 years). The model performed well for all the studied years except for some months, where abrupt changes in the contrasting weather parameters (precipitation and temperature) were recorded. In the Gangotri Glacier Valley (upper Bhagirathi River catchment), snowmelt contributed the largest portion (55.5%) to total streamflow followed by glacier melt (29.7%) and rainfall runoff components (14.7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trees in natural forests are a major contributor to atmospheric methane (CH4), yet these emissions have never been investigated in reclaimed forests. Our study aimed to assess the magnitude, seasonality, drivers, and contributions of tree CH4 emissions to ecosystem CH4 flux in the reclaimed forests. We measured CH4 emissions from different emission pathways, including the stems of trees (Populus euramericana, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Camphora officinarum), shoots of herbs (Carex breviculmis and Carex dispalata), and soils in the two reclaimed forests with reclamation periods of 12 and 5 years. We identified factors controlling seasonal tree CH4 emissions and measured tree morphological variables (diameter at breast height, wood density, and lenticel density) to determine species differences in emissions. Results: CH4 emissions from trees in the 12-year-old reclaimed forest were significantly higher than those in the 5-year-old forest. Seasonal variations in tree CH4 emissions were primarily driven by growth stage and soil parameters, including soil CH4 flux, temperature, and moisture. Conclusion: In the reclaimed forests, tree-mediated CH4 emissions could be an important contributor to ecosystem CH4 flux, with contributions varying by season. As these forests mature and become ecologically restored, they may significantly impact regional and global CH4 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The brain and kidneys share similar low-resistance microvascular structures, receiving blood at consistently high flow rates and thus, are vulnerable to blood pressure fluctuations. This study investigates the causative factors of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), aiming to quantify the contribution of each risk factor by constructing a multivariate model via stepwise regression. Methods: A total of 164 hospitalized patients were enrolled from January 2022 to March 2023 in this study, employing magnetic susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) to assess the presence of CMBs. The presence of CMBs in patients was determined by SWI, and history, renal function related to CMBs were analyzed. Results: Out of 164 participants in the safety analysis, 36 (21.96%) exhibited CMBs and 128 (78.04%) did not exhibit CMBs, and the median age of the patients was 66 years (range: 49-86 years). Multivariate logistic regression identified hypertension (OR = 13.95%, 95% CI: 4.52, 50.07%), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.06-2.40), cystatin C (CyC) (OR = 4.90, 95% CI: 1.20-22.16), and urinary β-2 microglobulin, (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.45-3.49) as significant risk factors for CMBs. The marginal R-square (RM²) was 0.25. Among all determinants, hypertension (47.81%) had the highest weight, followed by UN (11.42%). Quasicurves plotted using the bootstrap method (999 times) showed good agreement between the predictive model and actual observations. Conclusion: Hypertension, BUN, urinary β-2 microglobulin, CyC were risk factors for CMBs morbidity, and controlling the above indicators within a reasonable range will help to reduce the incidence of CMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPoints of interestSociety is progressing to a paradigm where the valued contributions of people with intellectual disability are being recognised and supported. However, existing assessment tools fail to measure contribution as a key factor in achieving wellbeing and a valued life. To form the conceptual basis for assessment development, we elicited what constitutes contribution from the perspective of people with intellectual disability. Using photovoice and grounded theory, eleven artists with intellectual disability co-produced the Contribution Gallery. Activities associated with three workshops and the gallery opening night were videorecorded for analysis. Findings suggest people with intellectual disability make valued contributions to their family and friends, their community, our society and planet. Making these contributions give meaning and enhance wellbeing, but the value of the contributions to self and others are often unrecognised. This work challenges deficit-based paradigms and is pivotal in debates regarding assessment and support provision for people with disability.Society is changing. People with intellectual disability are getting more support. People with intellectual disability are being valued.People with intellectual disability make important contributions to society. No assessment tool has been made that measures these contributions.We used photovoice to understand what artists with intellectual disability think about contribution. Together we made the Contribution Gallery.We found that people with intellectual disability make valued contributions to their family and friends, their community, our society and planet. Making these contributions made people feel good.We have started making a contribution assessment tool. What artists with intellectual disability told us helps to design the assessment tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed analysis of joint-contribution of premises and conclusions in classically valid sequents is presented in terms of hypergraphs. In (Saint-Germier, P., Verdée, P., & Villalonga, P. T. (2024). Relevant entailment and logical ground. Philosophical Studies (pp. 1–43). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-024-02101-1), this idea of joint-contribution is introduced and motivated as a method for characterizing four kinds of relevant validity, in the sense of selecting the relevantly valid sequents among the classically valid sequents. The account in (Saint-Germier, P., Verdée, P., & Villalonga, P. T. (2024). Relevant entailment and logical ground. Philosophical Studies (pp. 1–43). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-024-02101-1) is built on a calculus, called GLK a , which proves grounding claims for (enthymematically) valid sequents. In the present paper an adequate representation of GLK a is given in terms of hypergraphs. The hypergraphs are a kind of diagrammatic proofs for Classical Propositional Logic, entirely based on the grounds of premises and conclusions. The hypergraphs and their visualization provide insights into the relations between premises and conclusions and into the way validity is produced by the binding of premises and conclusions via their partial grounds. They visualize the network of elements of the sequent that contribute to its logical validity. Non-contributing (i.e. irrelevant) premises and conclusions are then specified to be those that are disconnected from the network, however one constructs the graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Accounting & Finance Management (JAFM). is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genus Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 is reported for the first time from Pakistan. The new species Haplodrassus nagri sp. n. is described and illustrated from Dir Lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for collective intelligence in technology means that online Q&A platforms, such as Stack Overflow and Reddit, have become invaluable in building the global knowledge ecosystem. Despite literature demonstrating a prevalence of inclusion and contribution disparities in online communities, studies investigating the underlying reasons behind such fluctuations remain scarce. The current study examines Stack Overflow users' contribution profiles, both in isolation and relative to various diversity metrics, including GDP and access to electricity. This study also examines whether such profiles propagate to the city and state levels, supplemented by granular data such as per capita income and education, before validating quantitative findings using content analysis. We selected 143 countries and compared the profiles of their respective users to assess implicit diversity-related complications that impact how users contribute. Results show that countries with high GDP, prominent R&D presence, less wealth inequality and sufficient access to infrastructure tend to have more users, regardless of their development status. Similarly, cities and states where technology is more prevalent (e.g., San Francisco and New York) have more users who tend to contribute more often. Qualitative analysis reveals distinct communication styles based on users' locations. Urban users exhibited assertive, solution-oriented behaviour, actively sharing information. Conversely, rural users engaged through inquiries and discussions, incorporating personal anecdotes, gratitude and conciliatory language. Findings from this study may benefit scholars and practitioners, allowing them to develop sustainable mechanisms to bridge the inclusion and diversity gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent soil erosion disasters in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (MRYR) have a profound effect on the sediment load of the river. This paper addresses the intertwined effects of human activities and climate change on river runoff and sediment load. Therefore, runoff and sediment loads from hydrological stations along the main and tributary rivers within the MRYR were used. The Mann–Kendall (M–K) trend test and the double mass curve analysis, among other analytical tools, were used to examine the erosion patterns of these rivers from 1950 to 2022, as well as the main factors driving these changes. The results showed that the runoff depth of the Yan River tended to decrease, and there was a significant decrease in the mainstream and nine other tributaries, with a significant decrease in the sediment transport modulus for both the mainstream and tributaries. In the main river, human activities contributed between 69.99% and 94.69% to the runoff and between 88.52% and 98.49% to the sediment load, while in the tributaries, the contribution of human activities was greater. The annual runoff and annual sediment load in the MRYR showed a decreasing trend, with a discernible impact of human activities. The results of this research are of great significance for erosion control and the restoration of the ecological balance in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Trees in natural forests are a major contributor to atmospheric methane (CH4), yet these emissions have never been investigated in reclaimed forests. Our study aimed to assess the magnitude, seasonality, drivers, and contributions of tree CH4 emissions to ecosystem CH4 flux in the reclaimed forests. We measured CH4 emissions from different emission pathways, including the stems of trees (Populus euramericana, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Camphora officinarum), shoots of herbs (Carex breviculmis and Carex dispalata), and soils in the two reclaimed forests with reclamation periods of 12 and 5 years. We identified factors controlling seasonal tree CH4 emissions and measured tree morphological variables (diameter at breast height, wood density, and lenticel density) to determine species differences in emissions. Results CH4 emissions from trees in the 12-year-old reclaimed forest were significantly higher than those in the 5-year-old forest. Seasonal variations in tree CH4 emissions were primarily driven by growth stage and soil parameters, including soil CH4 flux, temperature, and moisture. Conclusion In the reclaimed forests, tree-mediated CH4 emissions could be an important contributor to ecosystem CH4 flux, with contributions varying by season. As these forests mature and become ecologically restored, they may significantly impact regional and global CH4 emissions.

Abstract Runoff from glaciated catchments is an integrated process that includes glacier melt, snowmelt, rainfall and surface and subsurface runoff of meltwater from glacierized and non-glacierized areas. Monitoring and quantifying the contribution of the hydrologic components (snow, ice and rain) to river discharge in the Himalayan basins is essential for decision-making in the water sector, particularly in water resources management and flood risk reduction in the region. An attempt has been made to characterize and hydrologically model streamflow (Bhagirathi River) for the Gangotri Glacier (Central Himalaya, India). A semi-distributed conceptual hydrological model is used for the streamflow modelling and assessing the major streamflow components (snow melt, glacier melt and rainfall runoff). Initially, the model was calibrated using the available in situ hydro-meteorological records for the ablation seasons of 2013–14 to 2015–16 (3 years), and further validated for the ablation seasons of 2016–17 to 2018–19 (3 years). The model performed well for all the studied years except for some months, where abrupt changes in the contrasting weather parameters (precipitation and temperature) were recorded. In the Gangotri Glacier Valley (upper Bhagirathi River catchment), snowmelt contributed the largest portion (55.5%) to total streamflow followed by glacier melt (29.7%) and rainfall runoff components (14.7%).

Contrary to claims made by some scholars who have not thoroughly assessed the situation, this article argues that Nepal does not suffer from brain drain. The paper adopts an academic and archival approach, utilising qualitative desk­top research methods to comprehensively examine the issue. The arguments presented are supported by the Delphi method and firsthand experiences. The study relies on secondary sources supplemented by personal observations and informal discussions to provide a well-rounded perspective. Recent pub­lications accessed through widely used archiving platforms are given priority to ensure the credibility and relevance of the sources cited. Through this rigorous methodology, the paper concludes that the real issue plaguing Nepal is excessive labour drain, not brain drain. The analysis reveals that the notion of brain drain in Nepal is largely a misconception, with only a neg­ligible number of individuals falling into this category. The de­parture of this small group has not significantly hampered the nation's dignity or development. On the contrary, the labour drain has created a severe shortage of workers in critical sectors, impeding the nation's progress and exacerbating economic vul­nerabilities. Therefore, it is imperative to reorient strategies to address the labour drain by focusing on creating employment opportunities, improving working con­ditions, and offering incentives for workers to stay. By concentrating on these areas, Nepal can curb the outflow of its labour force and channel the energy and skills of its people towards national devel­opment. Consequently, the paper asserts that it is unnecessary to no longer concern oneself with brain drain.

A three-year field experiment was carried out to investigate the methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and calculate the global warming potential (GWP) according to all energy input in response to the nitrogen (N) rate in the typical rice-wheat rotation system in Jiangsu, China. Four N treatments, including R220W180 (local practice), R220W140 (cutting 10% total N in wheat season), R180W180 (cutting 10% total N in rice season) and R180W140 (cutting 20% total N in rice and wheat seasons separately), were designed in the study. Results showed that annual CH4 emission was decreased by 25.7% in response to cutting 20% N, which was ascribed to the 24.6% reduction of CH4 emission in rice season (P < 0.05) compared to local practice. The mitigation of N2O emissions in R220W140 and R180R180 treatments contributed to the 8.5% and 15.7% decrease in annual N2O emission, which was the 23.5% decrease in cutting 20% N treatment compared to local practice, respectively. Specifically, under the same amount of N rate condition (10% N cutting), the transfer N from rice season (R220W140) to wheat season (R180W180) led to the 8.5% increase in N2O emission (P < 0.05). In the end, the cutting of 20% N decreased GWP and yield-scale GWP by 19% and 17%, which mainly originated from CH4 and N2O emissions. However, cutting N did not significantly decrease grain yield (P > 0.05). These results suggested that the 180 kg N/ha for rice and 140 kg N/ha for wheat in one rotation season were the beneficial N rate to achieve the co-benefit of yield and GWP in the typical rice-wheat rotation system in Jiangsu, China.

A subcontractor is a company or individual who performs work for another company as part of a larger project. However, research shows that one of the factors for project delay is caused by underperformance subcontractor. Therefore, the research objectives of this study are to identify the contribution of subcontractor’s in assisting main contractor toward project success, to identify the benefits of appointing subcontractors towards project success and to suggest recommendation to improve subcontractor’s performance towards project success. The research method of this study is quantitative method where a questionnaire survey was distributed to respondent from G6 and G7 main contractor in Johor Bahru. The data was collected from 103 respondents which represents 47% response rate. The data analysis method used was descriptive analysis by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. The result shows that the main contribution of subcontractors in assisting main contractor towards project success which fulfill labor shortage and expertise in previous project to be work on upcoming project. In addition, the benefits of appointing subcontractors towards project success achieved are availability of knowledgeable and experienced workers and specialized workers that work in the project. Furthermore, the recommendation to improve subcontractors’ performance where the main contractor should have good communication with their subcontractors. In conclusion, the result shows that understanding of the contribution of subcontractor’s performance will benefit main contractor in avoiding project delay and consequently towards project success.

The soft power diplomacy has been used by Japan since the end of WWII and post bubble economy, and was officialized as ‘Cool Japan’ program which includes all aspects of Japanese culture and cultural products. On the other hand, ‘city pop’, a genre popular in Japan around the 80’s, surfaced again in the 2020’s as a result of YouTube’s algorithm, and has been a trend on the internet with many global fans. The purpose of this research was to find out whether Japan city pop music trend contributes to Cool Japan program, with mixed method approach and data collecting method of online survey on Japan city pop fans in Indonesia. It is then concluded that Japan city pop has been contributing to Cool Japan by meeting it’s main goal and strategies of creating Japan’s image as a cool nation on its own.

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines Indonesia's efforts in the energy transition. By 2026, Indonesia aims to have 26% of its energy come from renewable sources. However, there are several obstacles to implementing this plan, including acquiring land owned by residents. As a solution, Indonesia has chosen to develop floating solar energy systems on various lakes and dams. This approach is seen as more realistic, given the public protests over land acquisition, which could deter investors. The research aims to highlight the importance of the energy transition in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and advancing Indonesia. It also seeks to contribute to the field of International Relations, particularly in the study of renewable energy, which is a key issue in this discipline. While not overly technical, the article offers insights into the potential for new energy solutions to create a better global environment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the differences in aroma structure of different types of cigarettes, the contents of 8 groups of aroma components in the total particulate matter (TPM) of 15 types of cigarettes were analyzed by GC-MS. The aroma activity values of each aroma component and the SOAV of each component group were calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the different aroma groups of the cigarettes and to classify the cigarette samples. The results showed that: 1) The amount of aroma components released in the same group showed a strong common pattern. 2) The contribution weight of burnt-sweet aroma component group was the highest in the 8 groups of Chinese-style cigarettes. The contribution weight of the burnt-sweet aroma component groups decreased in the US blended cigarettes, and that of the British flue-cured type of cigarettes was between the Chinese-style cigarettes and the US blended cigarettes. 3) Chinese-style cigarettes could be effectively distinguished from the foreign cigarettes by PCA. HCA divided the cigarette samples into two categories, Chinese style cigarettes and foreign brands. Furthermore, HCA could separate No. 1 cigarette sample with special aroma structure and No. 11 and No. 12 cigarette samples from the other Chinese style cigarette samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and contribution in post-traumatic growth. The study group consisted of 718 students studying at a university in the Central Black Sea Region in Türkiye, recruited with convenient sampling method. 61.8% (444) of the students were female and 38.2% (274) were male. The age range of the participants varied between 18 and 47, but the majority consisted of individuals between the ages of 20-29 (90.7%). Three-dimensional Contribution Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory and personal information form were used as data collection tools. According to the results, a positive and significant relationship was found between self-compassion and contribution, and between contribution and PTG. It was also found that contribution predicted Post Traumatic Growth. Suggestions were made to the researchers based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐regulation is essential for maintaining harmonious social connections and sustaining groups, yet little research has examined how individuals regulate their actions for the benefits of groups and which self‐regulatory strategies promote effective self‐regulation (active engagement and disengagement) in group contexts. In three experiments, focusing on identity groups (family and friends in Study 1) and two distinct functional groups (workplace teams in Study 2; sports teams in Study 3), we investigated whether mental contrasting of a desired future with the obstacle of reality, compared to indulging in the desired future, facilitates expectancy‐dependent contributions for the benefits of groups. We assessed participants' expectancies of successfully contributing to their groups and varied the mode of thought (mental contrasting vs. indulging). Contributions to groups were measured 1 week (Studies 1 and 2) and 3 weeks later (Study 3). Results showed that mental contrasting guided people to align their actions with expectancy levels; the higher their expectancy, the more people contributed to their groups. In contrast, indulging resulted in insensitivity to expectancy levels. Our findings suggest the potential applicability of the mental contrasting strategy for promoting effective self‐regulation in various group settings and provide insights into designing interventions to enhance individuals' engagement in groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state and fate of snow on sea ice are crucial in the mass and energy balance of sea ice. The function of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on snow depth over sea ice has not been measured thus far, limiting the understanding of the mechanism of snow depth changes. Here, the effect of ARs on snow depth changes was explored. We found that increased AR frequency is responsible for winter‐autumn snow accumulation and spring‐summer snow melting. The 2 m air temperature (T2m), rainfall, snowfall, mean net longwave radiation (NLR), mean net shortwave radiation (NSR) and cloud radiative effect (CRE) during ARs explain the changes in snow depth triggered by AR occurrence. This work helps us understand how ARs affect snow depth changes through related physical processes, promotes an understanding of climate systems and provides a theoretical basis for snow treatment in sea ice models. Plain Language Summary: Snowpack, one of the most essential parts of the cryosphere, affects the energy exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere, thus contributing to sea ice change and the global climate system. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long and narrow transient corridors of water vapor. Because ARs transmit more than 90% of water vapor to high latitudes, increasing scientific and societal interest has focused on the impact of ARs on sea ice. However, little attention has been given to the relationship between ARs and snow depth. Therefore, reliable ARs and snow depths from 2002 to 2022 were obtained. We found that increased ARs drive autumn‐winter snow depth increases and spring‐summer snow depth decreases based on ARs and snow depth records. ARs cause changes in snow depth by altering physical processes related to ARs (e.g., 2 m air temperature (T2m), rainfall, snowfall, mean net longwave radiation (NLR), mean net shortwave radiation (NSR) and the cloud radiative effect (CRE)). Key Points: A novel snow depth record over Arctic sea ice was generated using the triple collocation methodMore frequent atmospheric rivers (ARs) lead to autumn‐winter snow depth increases and spring‐summer snow depth reductionsThe 2 m air temperature, rainfall, snowfall, and cloud radiative effect (CRE) are important in the AR‐induced changes in snow depth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialects, which are one of the biggest building blocks of languages and show different sound and shape changes from region to region, from city to city and even within villages, are one of the most important sources and sub-branches of the standard language. In terms of the future of languages, it is important to compile and collect the language materials here before they are lost. The most effective way and method for this is to accelerate compilation studies. The main purpose of compilation studies is to examine the sound structure of a region, to rediscover words that have been lost in the language, which are about to be lost, and to bring them into the standard language. The scientific world, aware of this, started to work in this field in the middle of the XIX century and accelerated in the middle of the XX century. Today, departments on dialects have been opened in universities, and many studies have been and continue to be carried out at the master's and doctoral level. At the beginning of the studies to be carried out for these purposes, Adilcevaz dialect is a typical example due to the variety of words it contains and the sound differences in their pronunciation. The aim of this study in this direction is to ensure that the words that are not included in the compilation dictionary in the word and text compilations made in this field are included in either an existing or a compilation dictionary to be re-made, and to contribute to the language and cultural richness of the region. Therefore, initially, the works published on this subject will be scanned and the words that are not included in the compilation dictionary will be identified and the necessary steps will be taken to include them in the dictionary in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Morphological and ecological attributes of parasite species did not contribute to parasite beta-diversity. • Contribution of parasite species to their beta-diversity depended on mean abundance and/or prevalence. • The effect of host sex or age on their contribution to parasite beta-diversity was detected in a few species only. We searched for common patterns in parasite ecology by investigating species and host contributions to the beta-diversity of infracommunities (=assemblages of parasites harboured by a host individual) in helminths of three species of South African ungulates and fleas of 11 species of South American rodents, assuming that a comparison of patterns in distinctly different parasites and hosts would allow us to judge the generality or, at least, commonness of these patterns. We used data on species' composition and numbers of parasites and asked whether (i) parasite species' attributes (life cycle, transmission mode, and host specificity in helminths; possession of sclerotized combs, microhabitat preference, and host specificity in fleas) or their population structure (mean abundance and/or prevalence) and (ii) host characteristics (sex and age) affect parasite and host species' contributions to parasite beta-diversity (SCBD and HCBD, respectively). We found that parasite species' morphological and ecological attributes were mostly not associated with their SCBD. In contrast, parasite SCBD, in both ungulates and rodents, significantly increased with either parasite mean abundance or prevalence or both. The effect of host characteristics on HCBD was detected in a few hosts only. In general, parasite infracommunities' beta-diversity appeared to be driven by variation in parasite species rather than the uniqueness of the assemblages harboured by individual hosts. We conclude that some ecological patterns (such as the relationships between SCBD and parasite abundance/prevalence) appear to be common and do not differ between different host-parasite associations in different geographic regions, whereas other patterns (the relationships between SCBD and parasite species' attributes) are contingent and depend on parasite and host identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article documents the 50 years of contribution and service of Dr Col McCowan OAM to the career development field in Australia and in many other countries. Over 50 years, he has contributed to policy development and significant practice innovations based on his research. His work continues to influence in all areas of career development, especially in education settings from primary through to tertiary. It is written to not only acknowledge his work but to ensure the history of our pioneers is not forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline-alkali land is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and may serve as a carbon sink but its net contribution to the overall terrestrial carbon sink is unknown. Using methods recommended by the IPCC, this study evaluates the impacts of interconverting saline-alkali and non-saline-alkali land on terrestrial carbon stocks by measuring two major carbon pools (soil organic carbon and vegetation carbon) in the saline-alkali land of China's Songnen Plain. Distinct phases in the evolution of the region's terrestrial carbon stock were delineated, factors contributing to transitions between phases were identified, and the effects of changes in the saline-alkali land carbon stock on the overall terrestrial carbon sink were estimated. Between 2005 and 2020, the region's saline-alkali land carbon stock initially increased, then declined, and finally increased again. However, the overall terrestrial carbon stock decreased by 0.5 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g), indicating that the increase in the saline-alkali land carbon stock was due primarily to expansion of the saline-alkali land area. The conversion of non-saline-alkali land to saline-alkali land was a carbon-emitting process; consequently, in areas undergoing saline-alkali land change, the lower carbon density bound was equal to the carbon density of unconverted saline-alkali land and the upper bound was equal to the carbon density of unconverted non-saline-alkali land. In general, changes in the carbon stock of saline-alkali land correlated negatively with changes in the overall terrestrial carbon stock. The conversion of saline-alkali land into grassland and cropland through biochar improvement and the planting of saline-tolerant crops (Leymus chinensis, salt-tolerant rice) has a positive effect on promoting the enhancement of terrestrial carbon stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the first generation of Pan-Africans formed at the beginning of the 20th century mainly by black Americans and Caribbeans, the second generation is formed with black Africans. These black Africans are inspired and influenced by the founding fathers of Pan-Africanism. Marcien Towa (1931-2014) is one of them. The philosopher is a key figure in the intellectual history of Africa who has contributed ardently, alongside other renowned intellectuals, to the writing of the modern history of Africa. His fight very legitimately was to wash the Africans of opprobrium (the stereotyped images of Africa and its inhabitants created by the colonizers). Through his criticism of Senghorian negritude, he makes a remarkable contribution to the reflection on the movement, a considerable contribution to the ideology of Pan-Africanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference (DIF) between land surface temperature (Ts) and near surface air temperature (Ta) is the key indicator of the energy budget of the land surface, which has a more complex process than the individual Ts or Ta. However, the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of DIF remain incomplete. The contribution of vegetation and soil moisture (SM) as key driving factors to DIF is not yet clear. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation patterns of DIF in China from 2011 to 2023 using in situ Ts and Ta data. A convergent cross-mapping method was employed to explore the causal relationship between SM, NDVI and DIF, and subsequently calculated the contribution of NDVI and SM variations to DIF under different climatic backgrounds. The results indicate that during the study period, DIF values were all above 0 °C and showed a significant increasing trend with a national mean slope of 0.02 °C/a. In general, vegetation and SM have a driving effect on DIF, with vegetation contributing more to DIF (0.11) than SM (0.08) under different surface properties. The background values of SM and temperature have a significant effect on the spatial and temporal distribution of DIF, as well as the correlation of vegetation and soil moisture to DIF. The study outcomes contribute to a better understanding of the coupling relationship between the land surface and atmosphere, which are also crucial for addressing climate change and ecological environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Football Association Board decided to introduce Video Assistant Referee (VAR) in 2018. This led to the need to develop methods for quality control of the VAR-systems. This article focuses on the important aspect to evaluate the video quality. Video Quality assessment has matured in the sense that there are standardized, commercial products and established open-source solutions to measure it with objective methods. Previous research has primarily focused on the end-user quality assessment. How to assess the video in the contribution phase of the chain is less studied. The novelties of this study are two-fold: 1) The user study is specifically targeting video experts i.e., to assess the perceived quality of video professionals working with video production. 2) Six video quality models have been independently benchmarked against the user data and evaluated to show which of the models could provide the best predictions of perceived quality. The independent evaluation is important to get unbiased results as shown by the Video Quality Experts Group. An experiment was performed involving 25 video experts in which they rated the perceived quality. The video formats tested were High-Definition TV both progressive and interlaced as well as a quarters size format that was scaled down half the size in both width and height. The videos were encoded with both H.264 and Motion JPEG for the full size but only H.264 for the quarter size. Bitrates ranged from 80 Mbit/s down to 10 Mbit/s. We could see that for H.264 that the quality was overall very good but dropped somewhat for 10 Mbit/s. For Motion JPEG the quality dropped over the whole range. For the interlaced format the degradation that was based on a simple deinterlacing method did receive overall low ratings. For the quarter size three different scaling algorithms were evaluated. Lanczos performed the best and Bilinear the worst. The performance of six different video quality models were evaluated for 1080p and 1080i. The Video Quality Metric for Variable Frame Delay had the best performance for both formats, followed by Video Multimethod Assessment Fusion method and the Video Quality Metric General model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muskellunge are commonly stocked to maintain populations throughout much of North America. Poststocking survival is variable, and many jurisdictions are experimenting with stocking Muskellunge at advanced life stages (e.g., yearlings) or sizes to promote more consistent recruitment within populations. Yet, little is known about short-term poststocking behavior or survival of Muskellunge in natural lakes or if stocking larger fish results in improved poststocking survival. Radiotelemetry was used to evaluate the behavior and survival of large (mean of 418 mm; standard error of 3.4) spring-stocked yearling Muskellunge in two northern Iowa natural lakes of varying biotic and abiotic complexity. Hatchery-reared Muskellunge were fitted with radio transmitters (n = 10–15 fish/lake), stocked in each lake with conspecifics, and tracked either daily or weekly up to 112 days poststocking. Telemetry data were used to evaluate dispersal and movement, depth and vegetation use, proximity to shore, and survival. In both lakes, fish dispersed rapidly from each stocking site. Movement among lakes was similar and peaked during the first week poststocking and declined thereafter. Muskellunge were frequently located in offshore habitats in both lakes, but both depth and vegetation use varied among lakes and weeks poststocking, with Muskellunge found in deeper, more vegetated habitats in the larger, more complex natural lake. Muskellunge in both systems had high poststocking survival (86.7–90.0%). The results of this study provide managers with more information regarding yearling Muskellunge poststocking behavior and survival and indicate that larger fish may be a suitable alternative for fisheries where high poststocking mortality may be acting as a bottleneck for maintaining quality Muskellunge fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, research has focused on positive youth development (PYD) amidst the deficits of youth. However, little is known about PYD and its potential to predict social engagement. Thus, this study aimed to examine the presence of the 5Cs of PYD (competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring) and its difference in gender and prediction to contribution, specifically social engagement among family, peers, schools, and community. The sample size consisted of Nigerian youth in University (N = 394, Mage = 18.42, SD = 1.02). The PYD framework served as the theoretical perspective underpinning the study. Questionnaires were administered using the 5Cs model of PYD and contribution items. Data were analysed for descriptive, correlations, and hierarchical regression to examine the predictors of contribution while controlling for demographics. The results showed greater scores in competence, connection, and character for women. Competence and connection (β = 0.56, p < 0.05) specifically had significantly independent associations with community volunteerism. While the findings highlight the Cs experienced and predictive values among each variable in the Nigerian context, future research could consider how each domain of the 5Cs holistically promotes contribution equally in males and females among diverse Nigerian youth. The research has implications for research, policy, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objective was to explore occupational well-being of brick kiln workers. The impetus of this research is to improve the brick kiln laborers' well-being. The study's population of concern included the four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Two districts selected from the South, Punjab, Multan and Jhang, and two from east of the Punjab are Sialkot and Kasur. The in-depth interviews (qualitative) & interview schedule (quantitative) methods were used to collect data. For the qualitative part, 10 stakeholders were selected purposively for in-depth interviews. For quantitative part, the convenient sampling technique was used for data collection. Both, qualitative data and quantitative data were analyzed through diverse statistics procedures as per requirements of study. Results show that occupational well-being was moderately positively correlated with theoretical model of Keyes. The findings are based on qualitative part with theme interpretation, and next quantitative part is divided into two distinct segments, namely descriptive data analysis and inferential data analysis. Data was analyzed by using SPSS & smart PLS-SEM, which are main tools used to scrutinize structural equation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syaykh Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah (1917-1997) is famous as a contemporary hadith scholar who has contributed so much in the field of hadith expertise and knowledge. However, the researcher was inspired by his work entitled Qimah alZaman 'Inda al-Ulama by analyzing his methodology and contribution in gathering the inspirational and unique stories of the scholars of the past throughout their life journey in developing expertise in the field of Islamic knowledge. Therefore, in this article the researcher analyzes the methodology of Qimah al-Zaman 'Inda al-Ulama's work and his contribution to Islamic scholarship in the field of hadith. This qualitative study uses the method of collecting bibliographic data from written sources such as journal articles and written materials related to the topic of the study. The findings of the study found that the value of time is so valuable and the earnestness of the figures of the past scholars throughout their lives in ensuring that the expertise in the field of Islamic knowledge can be utilized by the current generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract available.

Physician associate/assistant (PA) leaders are essential to healthcare and are critical to a healthcare organization's success. This article, the first of a two-part series on PA leadership, summarizes the importance of PA leaders and the benefits of PAs serving in administrative and leadership roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, research has focused on positive youth development (PYD) amidst the deficits of youth. However, little is known about PYD and its potential to predict social engagement. Thus, this study aimed to examine the presence of the 5Cs of PYD (competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring) and its difference in gender and prediction to contribution, specifically social engagement among family, peers, schools, and community. The sample size consisted of Nigerian youth in University (N = 394, Mage = 18.42, SD = 1.02). The PYD framework served as the theoretical perspective underpinning the study. Questionnaires were administered using the 5Cs model of PYD and contribution items. Data were analysed for descriptive, correlations, and hierarchical regression to examine the predictors of contribution while controlling for demographics. The results showed greater scores in competence, connection, and character for women. Competence and connection (β = 0.56, p < 0.05) specifically had significantly independent associations with community volunteerism. While the findings highlight the Cs experienced and predictive values among each variable in the Nigerian context, future research could consider how each domain of the 5Cs holistically promotes contribution equally in males and females among diverse Nigerian youth. The research has implications for research, policy, and practice.

Samah Tawil,1,2 Shafiul Haque,1,3,4 Pascale Salameh1,2,5 1Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; 2Institut National de Santé Publique d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon; 3Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia; 4Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 13306, United Arab Emirates; 5Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, 2417, CyprusCorrespondence: Samah Tawil, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon, Tel +9619547254, ext. 3466, Fax +9611867098, Email samah.tawil@lau.edu.lbAbstract: Increases in mental health problems have been observed during COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this topic of research became a priority, especially at the academic level. The objectives of this review were to summarize academic contribution to mental health research during the era of COVID-19. A scoping review of studies conducted at different academic institutions and examining alterations in mental health during the pandemic during the last three years was conducted. Fifty-five studies were included. These focused on different mental health changes that occurred in the era of COVID-19 such as changes in work habits or existing psychological conditions, COVID-19-related fear depression, anxiety and stress. Most of the included studies were observational (76.7%). The majority of the publications were published in Scimago Journal Rank Q1 journals (57.1%). The average number of citations per publication was 15.3 ± 30.13 [0– 125]. The number of citations was higher in papers with international collaboration of authors (p = 0.031). Publications with COVID-19 as a main objective were more cited than papers not directly related to this subject (25.9 ± 39.45 vs 4.14 ± 3.2; p = 0.044). Mental health problems are a common response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The contribution of academic universities to different mental health research studies that took place during COVID-19 outbreak have underlined this reality. However, more representative research from other institutional settings will be needed, particularly in vulnerable populations.Keywords: mental, health, research, contribution, evaluation, COVID-19

The victory of the Vietnamese resistance war against the United States, which saved the country, was the result of a combination of subjective and objective factors, both domestic and international, as well as people and periods. Nearly 50 years after the successful end of the resistance war against the United States to save the country, we look back and see more clearly, fully, and thoroughly the reasons for the Vietnamese people’s magnificent victory. One of them was the significant help from friends across five continents, from socialist bloc nations in general, and especially the great and effective help from China in particular. The anti-American war in Vietnam from 1954 to 1975 had a considerable influence on the strategic interests and relationships of the main powers, China, the United States, and the Soviet Union, as well as shaping the direction of the globe in the latter half of the 20th century. In this article, the author presents an outline of the aid that China gave to Vietnam throughout the country’s resistance war against the United States (1954–1975).

Abstract Background The caregiver contribution to self-care plays an important role in improving the health outcomes of chronic patients, which needs urgent attention. However, it has been hindered by the lack of a tailored instrument that assesses the caregiver contribution to self-care of stroke. Objectives To test the psychometric characteristics of the caregiver contribution to self-care of stroke Inventory (CC-SCSI) in health care practice. Methods Participants were recruited in Henan Province from March 2021 to October 2022, utilizing a multicenter stratified sampling approach. A 23-item self-report CC-SCSI with 3 separate scales measuring caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance of stroke, caregiver contribution to self-care monitoring of stroke and caregiver contribution to self-care management of stroke was tested for validity through discriminant validity, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity and convergent validity. The reliability was tested by Cronbach’s α coefficient and test-retest reliability. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. A STROBE checklist was used. Results The three scales of the CC-SCSI exhibited good discriminant validity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of the Caregiver Contribution to Stroke Self-Care Maintenance and Management scales and the one-factor structure of the Caregiver Contribution to Stroke Self-Care Monitoring scale. The moderate correlation between the CC-SCSI and the Self-Care of Stroke Inventory indicated acceptable concurrent validity. The moderate correlation between the CC-SCSI and the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory indicated acceptable convergent validity. Cronbach’s αs for the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care Maintenance, Self-Care Monitoring, and Self-Care Management scales ranged from 0.876 to 0.974. Test-retest reliability showed average ICC values ranging from 0.828 to 0.903 (P

Gambier productivity in Pesisir Selatan District is low, affecting gambier farmers' household income. Furthermore, the price of gambier fluctuates, especially between 2019 and 2022. This study aims to describe gambier cultivation carried out by farmers in Pesisir Selatan and analyze the contribution of gambier income to farmers' household income in Pesisir Selatan. This descriptive study used the survey approach on two districts of gambier-producing centers in Pesisir Selatan, namely Koto XI Tarusan and Sutera Sub-district. The sample size is sixty farmers, who were chosen using a purposive sampling strategy based on the criteria of farmers who have harvested their gambier. The data gathered include gambier farming activities, markets, production, revenue, costs, gambier income, and household income. The findings revealed that weeding and pest spraying were done three times each year on average. Farmers fertilize their crops between two and four times every year. Harvesting was also done 2-4 times a year. Gambier production averaged 899.83 kg each period, or 2,384.56 kg per year. The gambler's average selling price was Rp. 41,250, -/kg. The average gambier revenue each year was Rp 98,363,031.25, -. The annual income from the gambier business was Rp. 21,656,558.34, - or Rp. 1,804,713.19, - per month. Farmers' total annual revenue was Rp. 59,911,051.33, - or Rp. 4,992,587.61, - per month. Gambier contributed 36% of the total household income in Pesisir Selatan. Gambier farmers in Pesisir Selatan do not just grow gambier for a living. Rice farming and oil palm plantations provide additional household income.

The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of the informal market of village chickens to sustainable livelihoods. The study was conducted in Durban and Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Central Business District (CBD). A questionnaire was administered to village chicken vendors in the CBD. A total of 50 village chicken vendors were selected and interviewed. In both Durban (100%) and Pietermaritzburg (77%), the majority of village chicken vendors were women (P0.05) and the purpose was income generation (100%). None (0 %) of the village chicken vendors were exposed to chicken farming training on village chickens in Durban and 11% in Pietermaritzburg have been exposed to training (P

Comme on le sait bien, face à la mondialisation et à la concurrence, les écoles privées cherchent de plus en plus à appliquer des principes et des outils de marketing inspirés des affaires pour mieux répondre aux pressions extérieures et fonctionner de manière plus efficace. C’est pourquoi, la présente réflexion tente d’esquisser la contribution du marketing au sein des écoles privées de la commune de Lingwala à Kinshasa

Background The quick sequential [sepsis-related] organ failure assessment (qSOFA) acts as a prompt to consider possible sepsis. The contributions of individual qSOFA elements to assessment of severity and for prediction of mortality remain unknown.Methods A total of 3974 patients with community-acquired pneumonia were recruited to an observational prospective cohort study. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), odds ratio, relative risk and Youden’s index were employed to assess discrimination.Results Respiratory rate ≥22/min demonstrated the most superior diagnostic value, indicated by largest odds ratio, relative risk and AUROC, and maximum Youden’s index for mortality. However, the indices for altered mentation and systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≤100 mm Hg decreased notably in turn. The predictive validities of respiratory rate ≥22/min, altered mentation and SBP ≤100 mm Hg were good, adequate and poor for mortality, indicated by AUROC (0.837, 0.734 and 0.671, respectively). Respiratory rate ≥22/min showed the strongest associations with SOFA scores, pneumonia severity index, hospital length of stay and costs. However, SBP ≤100 mm Hg was most weakly correlated with the indices.Conclusions Respiratory rate ≥22/min made the greatest contribution to parsimonious qSOFA to assess severity and predict mortality. However, the contributions of altered mentation and SBP ≤100 mm Hg decreased strikingly in turn. It is the first known prospective evidence of the contributions of individual qSOFA elements to assessment of severity and for prediction of mortality, which might have implications for more accurate clinical triage decisions.

Aim: To explore family caregivers' experiences of contributing to self‐care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design: A qualitative description study. Methods: Individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted face‐to face, by telephone or video calls in a purposive sample of 17 family caregivers of patients with COPD recruited in Italy, and analysed through content analysis. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ) checklist was used for study reporting. Results: Ten subcategories were derived from 106 codes grouped into three main categories: family caregiver contributions to maintaining disease stable and ensuring a normal life for patients; family caregiver contributions to disease monitoring; and family caregiver contributions to coping with disease exacerbations. Family caregivers provided practical and emotional support, and their contribution was essential to improve treatment adherence, to enable the patient to continue living a normal life, and to have access to the healthcare services. Family caregivers were constantly vigilant and monitored patients daily to detect worsening conditions, and they managed exacerbations especially when patients were unable to do it due to their critical conditions. Conclusion: This study broadens knowledge of family caregivers' contributions to patients' self‐care in COPD, describing the different ways family members provide daily care to patients and the many responsibilities they take on. Impact: Family caregivers perform a variety of behaviours when supporting patients with COPD in self‐care, especially when patients are more dependent and the disease more severe. Nurses should acknowledge the various contributions provided by family caregivers and develop educational interventions aiming to support them in patient care and improve patient outcomes. Patient or Public Contribution: Researchers shared the draft study report with participants for validation and feedback. This helped to strengthen the study design and results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]