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Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article from the Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, a study is presented on the fungus Fusarium solani, which causes rot and necrosis in the roots and stems of Cedrela odorata and Swietenia macrophylla trees. Samples of affected plants were collected in Yucatan, Mexico, and laboratory tests were conducted to identify the fungus and evaluate its sensitivity to fungicides. The results showed that Procloraz and Mancozeb were the most effective fungicides for controlling Fusarium solani. The article also mentions previous studies on diseases caused by fungi in different plants and the efficacy of fungicides against Fusarium species. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agroindustrial Science is the property of Agroindustrial Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To study the diversity of cicadellidae in maize, and to determine the effectiveness of systemic insecticides to prevent stunt damage. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted in maize plantation of landrace Nal-Tel in Conkal, Yucatan. Cicadellidae was collected by beating net in three sites: maize plants, crop edges and grass area adjacent to the maize plantation. The individuals were identified by morphology through taxonomic keys. Four insecticide treatments: flonicamid, pymetrozine, cyantraniliprole and flupiradifurone were evaluated in the crop to suppress cicadellidae density and prevent stunting damage. Results. A total of 1 556 individuals was collected, which were represented by 37 species of Cicadellidae. The cicadellidae species with the highest relative abundance in maize plants were Empoasca sp. (22.44%), Ponana citrina (14.67%) y Dalbulus maidis (10.73%); in the crop borders were Hortensia similis (28.42%), Empoasca sp. (14.74%) y Ponana citrina (14.74%); and in adjacent area with grasses were Hortensia similis (49.64%), Draeculacephala soluta (35.32%), Empoasca sp. (4.63%). In maize plants, the application of flonicamid, pymetrozine and ciantraniliprole suppressed in more than 50 % the population density of cicadellidae and 25-35% the incidence of plants with maize stunting symptoms. Conclusion. The diversity of cicadellidae in the maize included 37 species. The application of systemic insecticides suppressed the population density of cicadellidae and the incidence of maize plants with maize stunt symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciências Agrárias is the property of Sociedade de Ciencias Agrarias de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciências Agrárias is the property of Sociedade de Ciencias Agrarias de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se evaluó el efecto de 11 programas de aplicación de fungicidas (PAF) con diferentes modos de acción junto a un testigo en intervalos de aplicación de 15 a 18 días, en dos épocas de siembra (S): temprana (S1) y tardía (S2) en las Colonias Naranjito e Yguazú, Paraguay, sobre la severidad de la roya asiática (RAS), la eficacia de control (EC) y el rendimiento de granos. Se utilizó el diseño en bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 2×12 con tres repeticiones. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y la prueba de Tukey al 5%. La interacción PAF×S influyó sobre la severidad en Naranjito. Sin embargo, solo los efectos simples de S y los PAF influyeron el rendimiento en Naranjito. De la misma forma los efectos simples de S y PAF fueron significativos sobre la severidad de RAS en Yguazú, pero solo S influyó en el rendimiento. La severidad fue mayor en S2 en ambas localidades. Los PAF redujeron la severidad entre 4 y 22% en S1 y 8 y 17% en S2 en Naranjito y entre 1 y 17% en la S1 y entre 21 y 28% en la S2 en Yguazú. La EC fue menor en S2. Se encontraron PAF con baja EC (

The genetic improvement of soybean cultivars over the years has focused on increasing the yield potential and tolerance to some abiotic and biotic factors. However, during the transfer of genes of interest, some genes responsible for a lower tolerance to herbicides can be integrated into the genome of the new cultivar. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicide associations applied in the postemergence period of three soybean cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a randomized completely block design, with four replications. The selected cultivars were M7110 IPRO®, Foco IPRO®, and Bônus IPRO®. The herbicides and the respective doses (g a.i. ha-1) used were glyphosate (1176), glyphosate + bentazon (1176 + 600), glyphosate + fomesafen (1176 + 175), glyphosate + lactofen (1176 + 120), glyphosate + imazethapyr (1176 + 100), glyphosate + chlorimuron (1176 + 10), glyphosate + cloransulam (1176 + 39.5), and a control without herbicide application. The visual note of intoxication was evaluated for each treatment. The components of growth and yield evaluated were height, stand, weight of one hundred grains, and yield. The application of postherbicide herbicides did not alter the plant stands of soybean cultivars. Additionally, these herbicides did not reduce the yield of the M7110 IPRO® and Foco IPRO® cultivars. Glyphosate isolated and in association with lactofen or imazethapyr reduced the grain yield of the Bônus IPRO® cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lolium multiflorum Lam. (raigrás anual) es una especie de maleza problemática, especialmente en los sistemas de labranza cero en el sur de Buenos Aires (Argentina). El aumento de los casos de resistencia a los herbicidas ha exacerbado el problema, requiriendo opciones de control alternativas basadas en un enfoque de manejo integrado de malezas (MIM). Los experimentos a campo se llevaron a cabo en el área sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires durante 2017-2019 con el fin de evaluar tanto el efecto supresor de Vicia villosa (vicia villosa) sobre raigrás cuando se combinan con herbicidas residuales y la tolerancia de la vicia villosa a tales herbicidas. La densidad de plantas y la biomasa al final del raigrás anual se redujeron del 2 al 98% en respuesta al cultivo de vicia villosa combinado con los tratamientos con herbicidas. Entre las mejores opciones químicas, se debe mencionar a pyroxasulfone, acetochlor y S-metolachlor, alcanzando valores de control de biomasa de raigrás del 97, 81 y 76%, respectivamente. La vicia villosa se vio parcialmente afectada por los herbicidas con una reducción del stand de implantación de ≤ 48%. No se observó ningún efecto significativo sobre la biomasa en el momento de terminación del cultivo, excepto con diflufenican y trifluralina. La inclusión de vicia villosa como cultivo de cobertura combinado con herbicidas residuales podría ser una práctica de MIM para la supresión de poblaciones de raigrás anual resistentes a los inhibidores de ACCase, ALS y EPSPS.

Thrips are serious pests of several kinds of crop plants throughout the world. Their attack leads to loss in plant production. Common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), and red-banded thrips, Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) (both Thysanoptera: Thripidae), are serious insect pests attacking various plants, such as tomato (Solanum esculentum Miller [Solanaceae]), mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus [Anacardiaceae]), avocado (Persea americana Miller [Lauraceae]), and lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [Nelumbonaceae]). Currently, basic thrips control relies on synthetic insecticides. However, the toxicity of each existing insecticide for control of some specific pest species still has not been well established. This study evaluated and reported the toxicity of 6 insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, carbosulfan, fipronil, abamectin, and spinetoram) for control of the 2 thrips species mentioned above. The evaluation was done by exposing 10 thrips to a bean dipped in insecticide, and mortality was recorded after 24 h of exposure under laboratory conditions. Spinetoram was the most toxic to F. schultzei with an estimated LC50 of 0.05 ng per µL. For red-banded thrips, S. rubrocinctus, the most toxic insecticides were abamectin, spinetoram, and fipronil, with LC50 values of 1.67, 1.85, and 4.23 ng per µL, respectively. On the other hand, the least toxic insecticide to common blossom thrips and red-banded thrips was chlorantraniliprole, with LC50 values of 270.51 and 641.08 ng per µL, respectively. Overall, among the tested chemicals, spinetoram was the most effective in controlling these pests. The findings from this study will benefit developers of insecticide management strategies in thrips control programs. Los trips son plagas importantes de varios tipos de plantas de cultivo en todo el mundo. Su ataque conduce a pérdidas en la producción vegetal. El trips común de las flores, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), y el trips de bandas rojas, Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) (ambos Thysanoptera: Thripidae), son insectos plaga de graves que atacan a varias plantas, como el tomate (Solanum esculentum Miller [Solanaceae]), el mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus [Anacardiaceae]), aguacate (Persea americana Miller [Lauraceae]) y laflor de loto (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [Nelumbonaceae]). Actualmente, el control básico de los trips se basa en insecticidas sintéticos. Sin embargo, aún no se ha establecido bien la toxicidad de cada insecticida existente para el control de algunas especies de plagas específicas. Este estudio se evaluó y se informa sobre la toxicidad de 6 insecticidas (clorantraniliprol, cipermetrina, carbosulfán, fipronil, abamectina y spinetoram) para el control de las 2 especies de trips mencionadas anteriormente. Se realizó la evaluación exponiendo 10 trips a un frijol sumergido en insecticida y se registró la mortalidad a las 24 horas de exposición en condiciones de laboratorio. El espinetoram fue el más tóxico para F. schultzei con un valor CL50 estimada de 0,05 ng por µL. Para el trips de banda roja, S. rubrocinctus, los insecticidas más tóxicos fueron abamectina, spinetoram y fipronil, con un valor de CL50 de 1,67, 1,85 y 4,23 ng por µL, respectivamente. Por otro lado, el insecticida menos tóxico para el trips común de las flores y el trips de banda roja fue el clorantraniliprol, con un valor de CL50 de 270,51 y 641,08 ng por µL, respectivamente. En general, entre los productos químicos probados, el spinetoram fue el más efectivo para controlar estas plagas. Los hallazgos de este estudio beneficiarán a los desarrolladores de estrategias de manejo de insecticidas en los programas de control de trips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La roya asiática (RAS) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) es la enfermedad más importante de la soja en Paraguay. Este patógeno ocasiona grandes pérdidas de la producción si no se toman las medidas adecuadas. Las primeras epidemias de RAS en Paraguay (2002-2004) eran manejadas con fungicidas sistémicos y sitio-específicos. El inadecuado manejo de la enfermedad provocó la pérdida de eficacia de control (EC) de los fungicidas al patógeno, llevando que nuevas moléculas se introduzcan al país para mejorar el control. Igualmente, con el transcurso de los años, estos perdieron EC de la RAS. En 2014 se introdujeron carboxamidas y triazolintionas y en 2015 el mancozeb (fungicida protector y multisitio) para aplicar junto a fungicidas sitio/específicos, aumentando el costo de producción de la soja. Paraguay no tiene una red de ensayos cooperativos para determinar la EC de fungicidas de manera anual, la cual podría generar información útil para productores, técnicos e investigadores. Además, la perdida de EC no solo obedece a la naturaleza de las moléculas, sino a las prácticas de manejo. Normalmente se sigue un calendario para realizar aplicaciones, pero se ha observado, desde la temporada 2017/2018, que el inóculo de RAS aparece en momentos distintos, por lo que el criterio calendarizado para aplicar fungicidas puede generar fallas en el control o aplicaciones innecesarias. Por el impacto económico que tiene la RAS en el país, sería beneficiosa la creación de una red nacional de monitoreo de la EC de los fungicidas en función a la presión de inóculo en distintos puntos del país.

La chinche Triatoma infestans (conocida en Argentina como “vinchuca”) y cuatro especies de mosquitos (Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis y An. darlingi) son los principales insectos vectores de enfermedades en el territorio argentino. Desde 1977, el Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas de Argentina (CIPEIN) investiga a estos insectos y desarrolla productos para controlarlos con un bajo impacto para la salud humana y el ambiente. Reconocido como Centro de Referencia por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el CIPEIN fue pionero en el desarrollo de productos insecticidas en América Latina. El objetivo de este artículo es reseñar la situación de la problemática sanitaria que involucra a vinchucas y mosquitos en Argentina, y describir los principales aportes del CIPEIN en su estudio y control.

This research study assessed the efficacy of applying the nematicide fluensulfone to control the pathogenic nematode Globodera pallida that infects potato crops (Parda Suprema variety) in the municipality of Aldana, Nariño State (Colombia). A randomized complete block experimental design with four replications was established in a lot with a history of high nematode infestations. The treatments consisted of different doses and application times of fluensulfone, commercial doses of cadusafos, and a control. The results showed that, for nematode population and yield (t ha-1), the fluensulfone treatments (0.5 and 1.5 l ha-1) applied 20 and 40 days after planting were statistically equal to the application of cadusafos (9 kg ha-1), but surpassed the control by more than 6 t ha-1 of first-category tuber production. It is concluded that fluensulfone can be used to control G. pallida by reducing its population, resulting in higher yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of thermal fogging of a mixture of flupyrafirudone (26.3 g/L) and transfluthrin (52.5 g/L) against dengue, Zika y chikungunya Aedes mosquito vectors. Materials and methods. Groups of 15 caged Ae. aegypti (susceptible and pyrethroid resistant) mosquitoes were placed in living room, kitchen and bedroom inside houses, after which a dose of 2 and 4 mg/m3 of flupyradifurone and transfluthrine, respectively, was applied as thermal fog. After one hour of exposure mosquitoes were transferred to the laboratory and mortality was recorded after 24 h. Results. The mixture killed 97 to 100% of mosquitoes from the strains and the efficacy was similar independently of their place within the premises. Conclusions. The mixture of flupyrafirudone and transfluthrin applied as thermal fog is a promising tool to control Aedes mosquito populations independently of the pyrethroid-insecticide resistance status.

The maize crop is affected by the "army worm" Spodoptera frugiperda and the severity of the damage it causes to the plants negatively affects both their growth and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using different probiotics and agrochemicals for its control. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a split plot arrangement with three replications. The large plots were the chemical products: Chlorpyrifos (Ch) and Emamectin benzoate (Eb) in doses of 0.625 and 0.150 L ha-1, respectively, more the control, and the small plots were the probiotics Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb) in doses of 0.512 kg ha-1 and 0.750 L ha-1, respectively, more the control. The treatment with Be was positive due to the result of a lower percentage of infested plants (PIP) and a reduced severity of damage (SD) produced by S. frugiperda, in addition to an increase in both plant vigor and crop yield grain, with values of 24.6%, 4.5 and 6.8 ton ha-1, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the Bt and Bb probiotics in grain yield, but it was higher than that obtained in each of the probiotics compared to the control. The decrease in PIP and SD, due to the pest, were more evident in the first 75 days after sowing (DAS), and from this number up to 90 days, the vigor and growth of the plant showed higher rates of increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banderita (Bouteloua curtipendula), produces abundant and appetizing forage for cattle under extreme arid conditions. The demand for its seed in Mexico is a direct function of the potential for the establishment of pastures and therefore, the sanitary quality of this is fundamental. Phytopathogenic fungi affect the seed and establishment of prairies. The objective was to evaluate in vitro the effect of six agrochemicals and one biological against fungi associated with Banderita seed, to reduce losses caused by these. Treatments were carried out in PDA culture medium combined with Captan, Thiophanate-methyl, Mancozeb, Benomil, Prochloraz, Thiabendazole and Bacillus subtilis at concentrations according to the case of 0 (control), 0.005, 0.001, 0.05, 0.01, 0.5, 0.1, 1.5, 10, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg L-1, against Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris cynodontis and Fusarium incarnatum. The bi-directional colony diameter was measured every 48 h. The effective concentration of 50% was estimated by a non-linear regression model; in relation to the percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth. Bacillus subtilis presented higher mycelial inhibition 97% (P <0.05), followed by Thiophanate-methyl (96%), Prochloraz (94%), Captan (93%) and Mancozeb (92%). Benomyl and Thiabendazole showed low inhibition of fungi with 46 and 37%. B. subtilis and Thiophanate-methyl are the products with the greatest possibility of controlling pathogens associated with Banderita grass seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the most important crops in Louisiana and Texas, USA. It is subjected to various insect pests throughout the growing season. Lepidopteran stem-boring pests including the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), are increasing in economic importance as insect pests in rice production, particularly in southwest Louisiana, USA. Field trials were conducted in Louisiana and Texas to examine the efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides (chlorantraniliprole and the pyrethroids ζ-cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin) and chlorantraniliprole seed treatment for control of rice stemborers during 2018 and 2019. Furthermore, a diet incorporation assay assessed the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole to laboratory-reared E. loftini. Results of field experiments in Louisiana showed foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole, at 22 to 35 d after permanent flood was established, reduced stemborer injury to rice by 57.9 to 96.5% in 2018 and 73.9 to 87.5% in 2019 compared to nontreated or pyrethroid-treated field plots. However, rice yields in 2019 did not vary among insecticide-treated and nontreated plots. In the Texas field experiments, chlorantraniliprole applied as seed treatment reduced stemborer injury, but was not effective in reducing injury when sprayed directly to soil after planting or when applied at permanent flood. The LC50 and LC90 (lethal concentration that produced 50% and 90% mortality, respectively) of chlorantraniliprole on third-instar E. loftini were 0.09 ± 0.03 and 0.53 ± 0.17 µg a.i. mL-1, respectively, at 6 d after exposure. At 10 d after exposure, LC50 and LC90 were 0.04 ± 0.02 and 0.16 ± 0.04 µg a.i. mL-1, respectively. In addition to chlorantraniliprole seed treatment, foliar application of chlorantraniliprole in rice could provide a new tool for management of damaging stemborer infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Aedes aegypti es el principal vector de dengue, chikunguña, fiebre amarilla y zika en el mundo; el control químico es el más utilizado para su prevención, atacando la reproducción del mosquito vector, principalmente mediante la aplicación de insecticidas sintéticos en sus lugares de cría. Sin embargo, el uso de insecticidas sintéticos ha generado resistencia en los mosquitos y diversos problemas ecológicos. Los extractos naturales de plantas con función insecticida son utilizados como alternativa para el control de vectores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la actividad larvicida del extracto de vaina de Acacia farnesiana contra larvas de cuarto estadio de Ae. aegypti. Método: el estudio fue desarrollado en el Laboratorio del Instituto Tecnológico Superior de San Pedro, Coahuila, y en el ejido Mayran, San Pedro, Coahuila, México. Para la elaboración del extracto se utilizó la metodología propuesta por INIFAP-CENID-RASPA 1997. Los productos extractados se utilizaron en los bioensayos con larvas de cuarto estadio de Ae. aegypti durante 168 horas. Se transfirieron grupos de 20 larvas en vasos plásticos con 50 mL de agua, luego se aplicó 1 mL de cada uno de los tratamientos de fruto de Acacia farnesiana con concentraciones finales de 15 % (T1), 25 % (T2), 35 % (T3) y 70 % (T4). Para el control químico se utilizó Abate® 1SG (Temefos) al 25 %. Al testigo no se aplicó ningún tratamiento. Para comparar la mortalidad se realizó un análisis de varianza de un factor para cada uno de los estudios (laboratorio y campo) y un análisis de medidas repetidas en el tiempo para la fase de campo. Se desarrolló una prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey. Los análisis se realizaron usando el programa computacional estadístico IBM.SPSS 18, con un nivel de significancia de P ≤ 0.05. Resultados: en el laboratorio, el extracto de A. farnesiana al 35 % de concentración mostró mayor toxicidad contra las larvas de Ae. aegypti obteniendo una mortalidad media de 15.66 (78.3 %), transcurridas las 72 horas después de la aplicación del tratamiento (P ≤ 0.05). De igual forma, en condiciones de campo, el tratamiento al 35 % resultó ser el más efectivo, alcanzando una media de 19.04 (95.2 %) larvas muertas. Discusión o Conclusión: el extracto de A. farnesiana mostró actividad insecticida contra larvas de Ae. aegypti, siendo más efectivo a una concentración de 35 % en condiciones de laboratorio y campo. El efecto larvicida del extracto de A. farnesiana puede ser utilizado como una alternativa factible y sustentable para el control Ae. aegypti en zonas rurales. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar más estudios para identificar los ingredientes activos y el mecanismo de acción presente en las vainas de A. farnesiana para el control de vectores.

Recientemente se reportó a Curvularia eragrostidis (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes) como el agente causal de la Mancha Foliar de la Piña (híbrido MD2) en el Pacífico Centro de México. Por lo tanto, se evaluó la efectividad in vitro de cinco fungicidas químicos (System Cu®, Tilt® 250 CE, Volley® 88OL, Tecto 60® y Mancozeb® 80WP) a cuatro concentraciones (1,0%, 0,5%, 0,25% y 0,125%) sobre C. eragrostidis, a través de bioensayos dosis-respuesta. La tasa de crecimiento diaria (TCD) del hongo en el control (sin fungicida) fue de 1,5 cm/día, mientras que los fungicidas Volley® y Tilt®, en las cuatro concentraciones, no permitieron el crecimiento de C. eragrostidis. La TCD más baja para System Cu®, Mancozeb® 80WP y Tecto® 60 se encontró en la concentración al 1,0% con 0,13, 0,0 y 0,39 cm/día, respectivamente. Los porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento micelial (%ICM) para Volley® y Tilt® 250 CE fueron del 100% en todas las concentraciones evaluadas. Para System Cu®, Mancozeb® 80WP y Tecto® 60, el %ICM osciló en un rango de 65,2% (0.125%) – 78, % (1,0%), 62,9% (0,125%) – 100,0% (1,0%) y 57,0% (0,125%) – 62,0% (1,0%), respectivamente. Un modelo Probit sugirió una concentración efectiva media (CE50) de 0,025%, 0,067% y 0,076% para System Cu®, Mancozeb® 80WP y Tecto® 60, respectivamente. En conclusión, los fungicidas Volley® y Tilt® son altamente efectivos contra C. eragrostidis; por otra parte, se reportan por primera ocasión las CE50 para System Cu®, Mancozeb® 80WP y Tecto® 60 contra C. eragrostidis.

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Entomología is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nova Scientia is the property of Nova Scientia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los moscos fungosos negros, Lycoriella ingenua y Bradysia impatiens son insectos que afectan significativamente la producción de plántulas de Pinus montezumae en algunos viveros e invernaderos forestales que se ubican en el centro de México. En los meses desde la primavera hasta el otoño, las condiciones ambientales de alta humedad y temperatura son adecuadas para que la población aumente rápidamente y sea abundante en pocas semanas. Para ofrecer una alternativa de control de ellos, en el vivero forestal de Temamatla se probaron cinco insecticidas químicos: oxamil, espirotetramat, imidacloprid, carbofuran, clorpirifos, y el bioplaguicida Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (BTI). Estos productos se aplicaron en tres dosis, durante cuatro meses. La eficacia de los tratamientos se evaluó en porcentaje de plantas sin daño. De los tratamientos, el imidacloprid en dosis alta y media generó una protección de 100 %. Después, oxamil y espirotetramat en dosis alta, a 96.17 % y 95.75 % de la planta tratada. En cambio, la dosis media de clorpirifos lo hizo a 95.74 %, mientras que la dosis baja de imidacloprid, a 95.29 %. Ocho tratamientos protegieron de 91.5 % a 79.43 %, pero cuatro tratamientos no fueron diferentes al control. Los resultados sugieren que no todos los productos evaluados, en sus diferentes dosis, son efectivos para el control del mosco fungoso negro. Sin embargo, algunos pueden serlo para controlarlo en plántulas de P. montezumae.

Chloris elata is an important weed for grain and sugarcane crops. In addition to its aggressiveness, it may show resistance to glyphosate herbicide. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of glyphosate formulations, isolated or in association with ACCase inhibitors, in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate) at different developmental stages. Four experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of glyphosate application under different formulations with ACCase inhibitors, isolated or in mixtures. Applications were carried out at the stages of four fully expanded leaves in Experiment I, four tillers in Experiment II, and at regrowth of the four-tiller plants in Experiments III and IV. Applications of glyphosate isopropylamine salt associated with sethoxydim or clethodim showed to be among the best treatments in Experiments I, II, and III, presenting control scores equal to or greater than 90%. However, not even these treatments could provide successful control in Experiment IV. Moreover, and regardless of the formulation, isolated glyphosate, showed 85% (Experiment III) and 50% (Experiment IV) maximum controls. Associations between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides showed to be effective in controlling C. elata, especially at early developmental stages. In general, isolated herbicides provided lower percentages of control, as well as higher values of dry matter. Sole herbicide applications were not effective in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate), regardless of the developmental stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Rice-field rats are one of the most important pests because it can give large losses in all planting seasons including the storehouse. Synthetic rodenticide is the most commonly used of chemical technique for controlling rice-field rats. The application of these materials indirectly causes negative impacts; one of them is for the environment. As an alternative for controlling rice-field rats, natural materials can be used as a repellent. Objective: to examine the effects of methanol extract of Plumeria rubra leaves on metabolism, daily activity patterns, and its potency as a repellent of the rice-field rat. Methods: The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Pests, Universitas Padjadjaran involves choice test (T-maze arena), and the Laboratory of Rats, Indonesian Center for Rice Research involves no-choice test (metabolic cage) from February until May 2019. The observations including food (g), water consumption (ml), feces production (g), urine production (ml), body weight (g), and its changes (%), also the daily activities (time spent for locomotion, foraging, and resting).The treatment was done with three replications for twelve mature male and twelve mature non-pregnant females. Data experiments analysis followed by a T-test. Results: Rice-field rats on the T-Maze arena avoided consuming food and beverage that close to methanol extract of Plumeria rubra leaves treatment. The treatment of methanol extract of Plumeria leaves in metabolic cage caused metabolic disorder of rice-field rat, which was significantly indicated by the decrease of the average consumption of food by 2.28 g and excretion of feces by 0.34 g, and also the increase of average consumption of beverage by 3.89 ml, excretion of urine by 3.15 ml, and body weight by 6.67 g. The treatment also caused daily activity patterns disorder of rice-field rats, which was significantly indicated by the increase of the average percentage of time for movement activities (locomotion) by 7.64% and the decrease of time for eating and drinking activities (foraging) by 16.46%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Plumeria leaves affects a repellent for the rice-field rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Table grapes are the most widespread fruit species in Chile, requiring a large amount of agrochemical products. Due to this large requirement, agrochemicals such as herbicides need to be applied precisely and in an environmentally safe manner in order to achieve the desired target. Weeds are a limiting factor in vine nurseries, where Cyperus rotundus, Sorghum halepense, and Cynodon dactylon are the hardest species to control. In this case, application though nozzles is of vital importance for a correct herbicide distribution and dosage over the target. However, the use of herbicides in vine nurseries has not been widely practiced and literature on the subject is very scarce. In this project, a comparative study between conventional extended range flat spray (XR) and drift effect nozzles (TT turbo teejet; DG drift guard; AI air injection) was conducted. Weed control with glyphosate and phytotoxicity in Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless self-rooted nursery plants were evaluated, under wind drift conditions of 5.8 km h-1. This wind drift and the low angle of elevation of the nozzle (35 cm) caused the herbicide to reach the vine, generating the same visual plant toxicity damage regardless of the nozzle type used, with an increasing damage from day 7 to 28 after application (DAA). A gradual decrease was observed from 36 DAA onwards. Although no differences between the nozzles with respect to drift damage were detected, the use of the DG nozzle resulted in a lower percentage of sprouting weeds. This may be due to the DG nozzle having significantly reduced drift compared to conventional or standard nozzles, and, in turn, generating smaller droplets than AI, favoring their retention on the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed control in the sesame crop (Sesamum indicum L.) is a fundamental practice that ensures high grain yield. Choosing adequate control methods is a crucial step to reduce costs and reach success in weed management. Among these methods, application of chemicals shows high efficiency and low cost for farmers. However, the use of this method in sesame crops is limited because there is a restricted number of herbicides registered for pre- and post-emergence applications. Considering the importance of chemical methods for weed management, the objective of this research was to select herbicides to be applied in pre-emergence that could be used to control weeds in the sesame crop. Two experiments were carried out, one to determine the efficiency and another to determine the selectivity of herbicides applied in pre-emergence. The experiments were performed in a randomized complete block design (CBD) with four replicates. The treatments consisted of seven herbicides, a mixture of herbicides applied in pre-emergence, and two control treatments, one weed-free and one with weeds. Diuron and flumioxazin were found to be selective for pre-emergence. Metribuzin exhibited high toxicity to sesame, but it was effective to control several weed species, and metolachlor did not provoke high phytotoxicity in sesame, but reduced yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Regional Control Areas (RCAs) have been implemented in Mexico as a strategy to delay the spread of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal bacterium of the disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB). The implementation of an effective management of the vector insect, Diaphorina citri in the RCAs requires the knowledge, acceptance and coordinated engagement of small agricultural producers. This research assessed the perception and knowledge of 62 citrus growers regarding the operational, sociocultural and environmental factors influencing chemical control of D. citri in four RCAs within Veracruz State. According to their responses, the following factors have been identified as the operational factors with the highest influence on the effectiveness of insecticides against D. citri within RCAs: the lack of knowledge about the use of surfactants, application speed, poor calibration of sprayers and incorrect water quality. The most significant sociocultural factors are the general unawareness of the pest and the safe and proper application of pesticides. The most relevant environmental factors during application: temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Sociocultural index correlated with the perception of effectiveness. Therefore, it becomes necessary to consider differences among citrus growers in each region and setting out the most appropriate strategies for vector and disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La alta incidencia de plagas en el cultivo de chile ha causado un alar- mante aumento en el uso de productos químicos para su control. Con el objetivo de identificar los plaguicidas y programas de control de pla- gas utilizados en la zona y calcular el impacto que ejercen sobre el medio ambiente y los riesgos contra la salud humana, se aplicaron encuestas a productores de chile de la zona Jiménez-Villa López en los ciclos agrícolas 2001 y 2002. Se determinó el cociente de impacto ambiental (CIA) para cada plaguicida y se calculó el impacto ambiental en campo (IAC). Se identificaron 16 diferentes programas de control de plagas y 48 productos plaguicidas, de los cuales 26 fueron insectici- das/acaricidas, 20 fungicidas/bactericidas y 2 herbicidas. El impacto ambiental generado por fungicidas/bactericidas es mayor al generado por insecticidas/acaricidas. De los insecticidas/acaricidas, endosulfan (82.3% de la superficie cultivada) y clorpirifos (49%) son los más em- pleados en la producción de chile. En el caso de los fungicidas, oxicloruro de cobre (66.3% de la superficie) y mancozeb (64.6%) son los que más se emplean. El 37.5% de los programas de manejo ejerce una fuerte presión ambiental (IAC > 550); el 25% un IAC entre 300 y 500, y el 37.5% un IAC

El primer reporte de la roya asiática de la soya (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) en México fue en el 2005. Las pérdidas de rendimiento por la enfermedad oscilan entre el 25 y el 80 %, por lo que el uso del control químico constituye la estrategia principal para reducir el riesgo. Tamaulipas produce la mayor parte de soya en el país, pero también posee el período más largo con condiciones climáticas favorables para la infección del cultivo por el patógeno. Dado que todas las variedades de soya que se cultivan en México son susceptibles a la roya asiática, el costo por la aplicación de fungicidas es elevado. La siembra de variedades de soya resistentes a la roya asiática se considera la estrategia más rentable para su manejo. El presente trabajo muestra los avances en el estudio de la roya asiática de la soya en México, considerando los puntos: descubrimiento y dispersión de la roya asiática de la soya, sintomatología y condiciones para el desarrollo del patógeno, estrategias de manejo para su control y estudios de patogenicidad y resistencia genética a P. pachyrhizi.

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The mango crop is attacked by various pests, in Arcelia, Tierra Caliente, Guerrero, Mexico. Scale insects (Hemiptera) and thrips (Thysanoptera) were identified, the pesticides imidacloprid, spinosad, sulfur and mineral oil were tested against them, as well as their effect on fruit quality, using pest action thresholds. The thrips Frankliniella invasor appeared in the highest populations, but F. difficilis, F. occidentalis, F. fortissima, F. cephalica, Leptothrips macconnelli, L. bifurcatus and L. theobromae were also found. It was observed that mineral oil maintained the lowest populations and least damage in fruit; thrips species did not cause significant damage because they were seasonal pests that only occur when soft tissue is available in plants and once this tissue becomes unavailable populations diminish without the need of insecticides. The mite Cisaberoptus kenyae was identified, which in high populations can cause crop damage; for its control sulfur yielded better results. The scale Milviscutulus mangiferae was present in very low populations. Treatment with mineral oil resulted in the highest quality fruits.