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Introduction: Canine parvovirus is a viral disease associated with the infection with the canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). Virus-attenuated or inactivated vaccines are commonly used as prophylaxis; still, novel formats such as peptide-based vaccines are a promising alternative due to their safety and capacity to induce an adequate immune response. However, selected peptides must be evaluated in vivo to test their ability to induce immune response and potential side effects. Materials and Methods: Four peptides derived from the structural and non-structural proteins of CPV-2 were chemically synthesized and used to evaluate the immunogenicity in Balb/C mice. Serum samples were collected and used for the evaluation of humoral immune response. We performed Indirect ELISA and Dot blot to detect antibodies against the peptides. Finally, to evaluate the potential side effects of peptides, we conducted a urinalysis (before sacrifice) and a complete blood count (day 200 since the first inoculation). Results: From the four used peptides, we detected the presence of IgM and IgG subclasses against all the peptides. The complete blood count showed changes in the levels of hemoglobin, the count of granulocytes and lymphocytes, and the numbers and parameters of platelets between the control and experimental groups. The Dot blot confirmed the peptides’ immunogenicity and the recognition of the native antigen in the commercial vaccine. Conclusion: The in vivo evaluation in Balb/c mice showed that the peptides derived from the CPV-2 are immunogenic and safe for administration, which can contribute to developing effective and safe vaccines against parvovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is a gastrointestinal virus that affects dogs, causing bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, with the most severe symptoms occurring in canines. Since its emergence, three CPV-2-derived genotypes, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have been described; these arise from mutations in the VP2 protein at residue 426, and their pathogenic effect is compounded. The present study identifies the presence of CPV-2, in 78.47% of the positive samples, with CPV-2b identified as the predominant genotype at 84.54%, using qPCR assays as a method of identification and quantitation of viral particles in infected dogs with gastroenteririts in Ecuador. The sequences of the VP2 region on the three genotypes were obtained using SANGER sequencing, and the presence of mutations in the amino acids of this protein related to the pathogenicity of genotypes 2b and 2c was identified in residue 297. The control of infectious diseases in domestic animals is necessary to safeguard the survival of these animals, so it is necessary to perform constant monitoring to determine the epidemiological status of these pathogens in order to be able to take appropriate containment measures. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus in canines, and it is mostly spread by touching infected feces. Dogs of all ages can catch it, but puppies are more likely to suffer from it. Severe signs include vomiting, diarrhea with blood, feeling tired, and not drinking enough water. There are three different types of the original CPV-2 that have been found so far, which are CPV-2a, 2b, and 2c. The genome of CPV-2 is about 5.2 kb long and has two open reading frames (ORFs), namely the VP region and the NS region. Based on changes in amino acids at position 426, the VP2 protein distinguishes the gene apart in the VP region. Using a molecular method, this study contemplated the presence of CPV-2 and its variants in dogs that had gastroenteritis, as well as other infections. There were 511 samples tested, and 401 (78.47%) of them were positive for CPV-2. Of these, 144 (25.91%) were positive for the original genotype, 258 (64.34%) for genotype 2a, 343 (85.54%) for genotype 2b, and 167 (41.65%) for genotype 2c. Using the multiplex qPCR for genotyping, CPV-2a and CPV-2b were determined as the most frequent co-infections (16.45%). The three genotypes (2a, 2b, and 2c) were found in the samples examined based on the amino acids at position 426 of the VP2 protein, as demonstrated by the VP2 gene sequencing. Furthermore, it was discovered that in certain samples, a genetic modification at position 297 was connected to the virus's pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive description of the clinical course of a fatal parvovirus infection in a vaccinated dachshund puppy, along with the first identification of a new CPV-2 variant in Slovakia, elucidated through molecular amino acid analysis of the VP2 gene. The dog exhibited clinical signs such as apathy, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. After confirming CPV-2 infection with a commercial snap test, intensive therapy was initiated. The dog succumbed within 48 h of admission. A rectal swab sample was collected, CPV-2 was examined using the PCR method, and sequenced. The virus detected in the patient was related to strains of CPV-2c of Asian origin and unrelated to European CPV-2b strains. The sequence had genetic signatures typical of Asian strains (VP2: 5Gly, 267Tyr, 324Ile, 370Arg, and 440Thr). Phylogenetic analysis classified this strain as similar to Asian strains of CPV-2c. It is believed to be derived from an Asian strain similar to CPV-2c that acquired the 426Asp mutation. With this finding, we present the first evidence of an Asian-like CPV-2b strain in the territory of Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the detection and differentiation of Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) strains in India using High Resolution Melt (HRM) curve analysis. CPV-2 is a highly contagious virus causing acute haemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in dogs, with a high mortality rate. A total of 45 faecal swab samples were collected from suspected CPV cases, out of which 20 tested samples were positive for CPV using PCR targeting the VP2 gene. These positive samples were further analyzed using HRM, which predicted them to belong to the CPV2a strain based on their melting temperature (71.4° or less). Two CPV2a positive samples were sequenced, they were found to belong to CPV2b strains, indicating a discrepancy between HRM prediction and sequencing results. Single nucleotide polymorphic variations were observed at positions 4062 and 4064, confirming their classification as CPV2b strains. Phylogenetic analysis of VP2 capsid gene showed that these field samples were closely related to CPV2c strains, suggesting potential genetic diversity among circulating CPV strains in India. The study highlights the importance of developing geographically specific CPV strain primers for accurate detection and differentiation using HRM. It raises concerns about potential co-infections or the emergence of new strains, indicated by varying melting temperatures in field samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) poses a significant threat to dogs globally, leading to both illness and death. Examining biomarkers may enhance early detection of the disease, gauge hospital stay duration, increase disease severity, and estimate patient prognosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of diagnostic (hematological and biochemical) and prognostic biomarkers (Citrulline, serum amyloid A (SAA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon (IFN)) in CPV infection. Blood samples were collected from CPV-positive dogs (Experimental Group, n=20) and healthy dogs (Control Group, n=20) included in the study. Consequently of laboratory analyses, it was observed that citrulline, TNF-α, and SOD levels were significantly increased in CPV-positive animals compared to healthy animals, while IL-6 and SAA levels decreased. Also, leukocyte (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), thrombocyte (THR), pH, chloride (Cl), lactate (Lac), glucose, sO2, and HCO3 levels were lower in CPV-positive dogs compared to the healthy ones (P<0.05). As a result, it was interpreted that the inflammatory and oxidative response changes can be measured with the investigated parameters and thus the animals can be in the recovery period despite the clinical symptoms. It was concluded that the measured biomarkers can provide important information in terms of the prognosis of CPV infection when measuring in different periods of the disease or in experimental infection model studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus in canines, and it is mostly spread by touching infected feces. Dogs of all ages can catch it, but puppies are more likely to suffer from it. Severe signs include vomiting, diarrhea with blood, feeling tired, and not drinking enough water. There are three different types of the original CPV-2 that have been found so far, which are CPV-2a, 2b, and 2c. The genome of CPV-2 is about 5.2 kb long and has two open reading frames (ORFs), namely the VP region and the NS region. Based on changes in amino acids at position 426, the VP2 protein distinguishes the gene apart in the VP region. Using a molecular method, this study contemplated the presence of CPV-2 and its variants in dogs that had gastroenteritis, as well as other infections. There were 511 samples tested, and 401 (78.47%) of them were positive for CPV-2. Of these, 144 (25.91%) were positive for the original genotype, 258 (64.34%) for genotype 2a, 343 (85.54%) for genotype 2b, and 167 (41.65%) for genotype 2c. Using the multiplex qPCR for genotyping, CPV-2a and CPV-2b were determined as the most frequent co-infections (16.45%). The three genotypes (2a, 2b, and 2c) were found in the samples examined based on the amino acids at position 426 of the VP2 protein, as demonstrated by the VP2 gene sequencing. Furthermore, it was discovered that in certain samples, a genetic modification at position 297 was connected to the virus’s pathogenicity.

Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common diseases affecting dogs. The disease has been reported worldwide including Egypt causing both acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in the infected dogs. Two distinct parvoviruses are incriminated in the disease occurrence CPV-1 and CPV-2. However, the CPV-2 is the most pathogenic and includes three antigenic variants namely, CPV2a, CPV2b and CPV2c. Since the molecular characterization of CPV is critical for future disease prevention and control, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of CPV-2 in dogs in Giza governorate, Egypt, and molecular characterization of circulating CPV-2. A total of 300 stool samples were collected from dogs with clinical signs suggestive of canine parvovirus from different veterinary hospitals and clinics in Giza governorate, during the period from January 2022 to December 2022. The overall prevalence of CPV-2 in dogs was 72.67% and it was significantly associated with breed, sex and age of examine dogs. In addition, the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of circulating CPV-2 based on VP2 gene revealed that the circulating strain is CPV-2c. The present findings suggest that the failure of vaccination may be attributed to the use of CPV-2b commercial vaccines in areas where CPV-2c is prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a virus with worldwide spread causing canine gastroenteritis. New strains of this virus have unique characteristics and are resistant to some vaccine strains. Therefore, understanding the root causes of resistance has proven to be of increasing concern to many scientists. This study collected 126 whole genome sequences of CPV-2 subtypes with specific collection dates from the NCBI data bank. The whole genome sequences of CPV-2 collected from different countries were analyzed to detect the new substitutions and update these mutations. The result indicated 12, 7, and 10 mutations in NS1, VP1, and VP2, in that respective order. Moreover, the A5G and Q370R mutations of VP2 are the most common changes in the recent isolates of the CPV-2C subtype, and the new N93K residue of VP2 is speculated to be the cause of vaccine failure. To summarize, the observed mutations, which are increasing over time, causes several changes in viral characteristic. A comprehensive understanding of these mutations can lead us to control potential future epidemics associated with this virus more efficiently.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious viral disease and the most significant intestinal pathogens affecting dogs as well as puppies, making these infections a real danger on dog population worldwide. Therefore, this study was to elucidate and detect canine parvovirus strains circulating in Palestine. This was achieved by molecular analyzing of VP2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the current study, a total number of 25 dogs suffered from severe watery bloody diarrhea, vomiting and lethargy were examined serologically to confirm parvovirus antigens. Complete Blood count (CBC) was also involved to assess the effects of the virus on the hematological parameters of each dog. The PCR positive samples were evaluated by Sanger's sequencing method to characterize the virus and to obtain the essential information about the genotypes and nucleotide polymorphisms of CPV strains circulating in Palestine. The partial nucleotide sequences of VP2 gene were compared with reference VP2 gene sequences of CPV recorded in GenBank database. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that 24/25 (96%) of the sequences belonged to serotype CPV-2c and 1/25 (4%) belonged to serotype CPV-2b. The current obtained sequences were registered at the GenBank database under the following accession numbers: OQ924950-OQ924974. To our knowledge, this report is considered the first one to investigate the molecular characterization of CPV-2 in Palestine. This finding could be useful for commercial vaccine companies to select the suitable strains of CPV that include the prevalent antigenic types of the field virus, to enhance the immunity against CPV in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variability has been one of the hallmarks of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) since its discovery, and several lineages and antigenic variants have emerged. Among these, a group of viruses commonly called Asian CPV-2c has recently been reported with increasing frequency in different regions. Currently, its global epidemiology and evolution are essentially unknown. The present work deals with this information gap by evaluating, via sequence, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic analyses, all the complete coding sequences of strains classified as Asian CPV-2c based on a combination of amino acid markers and phylogenetic analysis. After its estimated origin around 2008, this lineage circulated undetected in Asia until approximately 2012, when an expansion in viral population size and geographical distribution occurred, involving Africa, Europe, and North America. Asia was predicted to be the main nucleus of viral dispersal, leading to multiple introduction events in other continents/countries, where infection establishment, persistence, and rapid evolution occurred. Although the dog is the main host, other non-canine species were also involved, demonstrating the host plasticity of this lineage. Finally, although most of the strains showed an amino acid motif considered characteristic of this lineage, several exceptions were observed, potentially due to convergent evolution or reversion phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a virus with worldwide spread causing canine gastroenteritis. New strains of this virus have unique characteristics and are resistant to some vaccine strains. Therefore, understanding the root causes of resistance has proven to be of increasing concern to many scientists. This study collected 126 whole genome sequences of CPV-2 subtypes with specific collection dates from the NCBI data bank. The whole genome sequences of CPV-2 collected from different countries were analyzed to detect the new substitutions and update these mutations. The result indicated 12, 7, and 10 mutations in NS1, VP1, and VP2, in that respective order. Moreover, the A5G and Q370R mutations of VP2 are the most common changes in the recent isolates of the CPV-2C subtype, and the new N93K residue of VP2 is speculated to be the cause of vaccine failure. To summarize, the observed mutations, which are increasing over time, causes several changes in viral characteristic. A comprehensive understanding of these mutations can lead us to control potential future epidemics associated with this virus more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is an important transcription factor that activates the type I interferon (IFN-I) response and plays a vital role in the antiviral immune response. Although IRF1 has been identified in several mammals, little information related to its function in canines has been described. Results In this study, canine IRF1 (CaIRF1) was cloned. After a series of bioinformatics analyses, we found that the CaIRF1 protein structure was similar to that of other animal IRF1 proteins, including a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), an IRF-association domain 2 (IAD2) domain and two nuclear localization signals (NLSs). An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed that CaIRF1 was mainly distributed in the nucleus. Overexpression of CaIRF1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) induced high levels of interferon β (IFNβ) and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activation and induced interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Subsequently, we assayed the antiviral activity of CaIRF1 against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) in MDCK cells. Overexpression of CaIRF1 effectively inhibited the viral yields of VSV and CPV-2, while knocking down of CaIRF1 expression mildly increased viral gene copies. Conclusions CaIRF1 is involved in the cellular IFN-I signaling pathway and plays an important role in the antiviral response.

The species Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 includes viruses, e.g. canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), which are among the most relevant for pets, causing extremely severe clinical signs and high fatality rate in dogs and cats. Moreover, a broad range of wild hosts, including endangered ones, were proven to be susceptible. Currently, no data on CPV-2 molecular epidemiology and strain characterization are available in Ethiopia, also considering the frequent contacts between domestic and wild populations. In the present study, a molecular epidemiology survey was performed on 92 fecal samples collected from domestic (n = 84) and stray (n = 8) dogs in southwestern Ethiopia in 2021. Approximately, 10% of the samples tested positive and the complete VP2 sequences of 5 strains were obtained, classified within the CPV-2a (n = 1) and CPV-2c (n = 4) antigenic variants. In most instances, the closest genetic relatives were strains of Chinese origin, which is fully compatible with the intense relationships that have been developing between the two countries, involving human being travels and their pets as well. Considering the clinical relevance of this infection and the risk it poses to local domestic and wild carnivore populations, especially endangered ones, much stronger monitoring and surveillance activity on foreign incoming animals should be performed. More strict constraints on animal introduction, e.g. compulsory vaccination, should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Canine parvoviral enteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in young dogs worldwide. Systemic inflammatory response as well as the loss of endogenous anticoagulant, and the vascular endothelial damage, often predispose dogs to a hypercoagulable state. In the present study, the standard coagulation parameters and the relationship between them and clinical variables were measured in nine dogs affected by parvoviral enteritis. All the dogs included in the study presented alterations of the standard coagulation parameters. Moreover, the study evidenced a linear relationship between the activated partial thromboplastin time and clinical score, underlining the importance of assessing the coagulation parameters in canine parvoviral enteritis. Hemostatic alterations have been documented in dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis. This study's aims were to measure the standard coagulation parameters, and to assess the relationship between them and the clinical variables in dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis. Nine client-owned dogs with a canine parvoviral infection were included in a prospective, observational clinical study. Clinical score and coagulation status were assessed at admission. All nine dogs showed alterations of three or more standard coagulation variables. A correlation analysis evidenced a significantly high positive correlation between the activated partial thromboplastin time and clinical score. The present study concurs that dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis have coagulation disorders that are detectable by measuring the standard coagulation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the genetic makeup of carnivore parvoviruses currently circulating in New Zealand; to investigate their evolutionary patterns; and to compare these viruses with those detected during the previous New Zealand-based survey (2009-2010)., Methods: Faecal samples from dogs (n = 40) with a clinical diagnosis of parvovirus enteritis were voluntarily submitted by veterinarians from throughout New Zealand. In addition, one sample was collected from a cat with comparable clinical presentation. The samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR amplification of viral protein 2 (VP2) of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). All samples produced amplicons of the expected sizes, which were then sequenced. The viruses were subtyped based on the presence of specific amino acids at defined locations. In addition, VP2 sequences were analysed using phylogeny and molecular network analysis., Results: The majority (30/40; 75%) of CPV-2-infected dogs were younger than 6 months and 8/40 (20%) were aged between 9 months and 1 year. Most (39/41; 95%) parvoviruses were subtyped as CPV-2c, and one as the original CPV-2. The faecal sample from a cat was positive for feline panleukopenia virus. The majority (37/39; 95%) of New Zealand CPV-2c viruses were monophyletic. The remaining two New Zealand CPV-2c viruses clustered with Chinese and Sri Lankan CPV-2c viruses, separately from the main New Zealand clade., Conclusions: There has been an apparent replacement of the CPV-2a viruses with CPV-2c viruses in New Zealand between 2011 and 2019. The source of the current CPV-2c viruses remains undetermined. The monophyletic nature of the majority of viruses detected most likely reflects a country-wide spread of the most successful genotype. However, an occasional introduction of CPV-2 from overseas cannot be excluded., Clinical Relevance: Current vaccines appear to be protective against disease caused by the CPV-2c viruses currently circulating in New Zealand. Vaccination and protection from environmental sources of CPV-2 until the development of vaccine-induced immunity remains the cornerstone of protection in young dogs against parvovirus enteritis. Ongoing monitoring of the genetic changes in CPV-2 is important, as it would allow early detection of variants that may be more likely to escape vaccine-induced immunity.

Background: Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is an important transcription factor that activates the type I interferon (IFN-I) response and plays a vital role in the antiviral immune response. Although IRF1 has been identified in several mammals, little information related to its function in canines has been described. Results: In this study, canine IRF1 (CaIRF1) was cloned. After a series of bioinformatics analyses, we found that the CaIRF1 protein structure was similar to that of other animal IRF1 proteins, including a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), an IRF-association domain 2 (IAD2) domain and two nuclear localization signals (NLSs). An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed that CaIRF1 was mainly distributed in the nucleus. Overexpression of CaIRF1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) induced high levels of interferon β (IFNβ) and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activation and induced interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Subsequently, we assayed the antiviral activity of CaIRF1 against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) in MDCK cells. Overexpression of CaIRF1 effectively inhibited the viral yields of VSV and CPV-2, while knocking down of CaIRF1 expression mildly increased viral gene copies. Conclusions: CaIRF1 is involved in the cellular IFN-I signaling pathway and plays an important role in the antiviral response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The illegal trade of animals poses several health issues to the global community, among which are the underestimated risk for spillover infection and the potential for an epizootic in both wildlife and domestic naïve populations. We herein describe the genetic and antigenic characterization of viruses of the specie Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 detected at high prevalence in puppies illegally introduced in North Eastern Italy and compared them with those circulating in wild carnivores from the same area. We found evidence of a wide diversity of canine parvoviruses (CPV-2) belonging to different antigenic types in illegally imported pups. In wildlife, we found a high circulation of feline parvovirus (FPV) in golden jackals and badgers, whereas CPV-2 was observed in one wolf only. Although supporting a possible spillover event, the low representation of wolf samples in the present study prevented us from inferring the origin, prevalence and viral diversity of the viruses circulating in this species. Therefore, we suggest performing more thorough investigations before excluding endemic CPV-2 circulation in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is responsible for hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs worldwide. High genomic substitution rates in CPV-2 contribute to the progressive emergence of novel variants with increased ability to evade the host immune response. Three studies have analyzed the genomic mutations of CPV-2 variants in Thailand. These investigations were independently conducted at different timepoints. Thus, a retrospective integrated analysis of CPV-2 genomic mutations has not been fully performed. Our study aimed at evaluating the evolutionary changes in CPV-2 in Thailand from 2003 to 2019. Two hundred and sixty-eight Thai CPV-2 nucleotide sequences were used for multiple amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses. From 2003 to 2010, CPV-2a and -2b were the only variants detected. CPV-2c, emerged in 2014, replacing CPV-2a and -2b, and has become a major variant in 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the proposed mutation pattern of VP2 amino acid residues could help distinguish Thai CPV-2 variants. This comprehensive examination provides insight into the genomic evolution of CPV-2 in Thailand since its first reporting in 2003, which may facilitate the surveillance of the potential genetic alteration of emergent CPV-2 variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is an infectious agent relevant to domestic and wild carnivorans. Recent studies documented the introduction and spread of CPV-2c strains of Asian origin in the Italian canine population. We investigated tissue samples from a puppy collected during necropsy for the presence of viral enteropathogens and all samples tested positive only for CPV-2. The full coding sequence of a CPV-2b (VP2 426Asp) strain was obtained. This virus was related to CPV-2c strains of Asian origin and unrelated to European CPV-2b strains. The sequence had genetic signatures typical of Asian strains (NS1: 60Val, 545Val, 630Pro; VP2: 5Gly, 267Tyr, 324Ile) and mutations rarely reported in Asian CPV-2b strains (NS1: 588N; VP2: 370Arg). Phylogenetic analyses placed this strain in well-supported clades, including Asian CPV-2c-like strains, but always as a basal, single-sequence long branch. No recombination was observed for this strain, and we speculate that it could have originated from an Asian CPV-2c-like strain that acquired the 426Asp mutation. This study reports the first evidence of an Asian-like CPV-2b strain in Italy, confirming the occurrence of continuous changes in the global CPV-2 spread. Since positive convergent mutations complicate data interpretation, a combination of phylogenetic and mutation pattern analyses is crucial in studying the origin and evolution of CPV-2 strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1978, canine parvovirus type 2 originated from spillover of a feline panleukopenia–like virus, causing a worldwide pandemic of enteritis and myocarditis among canids. In 2020, the virus was identified in pigs in South Dakota, USA, by PCR, sequencing, in situ hybridization, and serology. Genetic analysis suggests spillover from wildlife.

Cats are susceptible to panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) infection. FPV has been recognized as relatively conservative in genetic evolution compared to CPV‐2, but information regarding FPV variations in cats is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular prevalence of FPV and CPV‐2 variants among cats in China. From April 2019 to December 2021, 193 diarrheal faecal samples of cats were collected from Southwest China and 127 (65.80%) samples tested positive to Carnivore protoparvovirus 1. FPV, CPV‐2 and some their genomic variants were identified from positive samples, indicating a heterogeneous Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 circulation in the cat population in China. Among FPV strains, an A91S FPV mutant reached the detection rate of 39.37%, which showed that this FPV genomic variant has been prevalent in the tested cats. Moreover, 7 strains of A91S FPV variants were isolated and purified successfully using F81 cells, and the genomes were sequenced. Phylogenetic trees based on the nearly complete genomic sequences, VP2 and NS1 nucleotide sequences showed that the A91S FPV variants were located in the FPV clade, but all clustered into a separate branch. Structural prediction showed that A91S mutation in VP2 protein extended the random coil of aa residues from 92–95 to 91–95. Moreover, the analysis of all complete VP2 sequences of FPV and CPV‐2 available in the GenBank database revealed that the A91S FPV variant has been prevalent in China since 2017 and has reported in four other countries in cats. Thus, our study revealed that heterogeneous Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 are circulating in the cat population in China, and first reported the prevalence and genomic characteristics of the A91S FPV variant, which contributed to a better understanding of the molecular prevalence and genetic evolution of FPV in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study is to compare sensitivity and specificity rates of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatographic assay (IC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests which are widely used to diagnose CPV-2 infections of dogs with severe gastroenteritis symptoms. Materials and Methods: The stool samples were collected from 100 unvaccinated dogs with gastroenteritis symptoms. They were analyzed by ELISA and IC test kits for CPV-2. Also, the samples were investigated by PCR assay using the CPV-2 primer set amplify partial of VP2 gene to determine sensitivity and specificity of the tests. Results: The sensitivity of IC was 36,6% and of ELISA was 24,2% compared to the PCR test. Also, both tests had 100% specificity. The IC test, and ELISA results were determined statistically different according to PCR (p Conclusion: The ELISA and IC assays had low sensitivity. Therefore, the tests can give false negative results in puppies with gastroenteritis symptoms and this situation can increase the spread of the disease. In conclusion, the negative determined samples by IC and ELISA methods should be verified by PCR and detailed studies should be carried out to increase the sensitivity of these tests.

Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a highly contagious disease, infecting dogs mainly from six weeks to six months. In this study, one hundred and fifty well-structured questionnaires were used to assess the clinical management of Canine Parvoviral Enteritis (CPE) among Consultants, Clinicians and dog owners/breeders. The study revealed that 78 % of the cases were managed in clinics/hospitals, with 59.3% hospitalization and with a success rate of 58.6 %. The study also revealed that younger dogs 1-6 months were more affected and both sexes are susceptible to CPE. Exotic breeds were mostly affected by CPE (96.6%). Most clinicians (73.3%) did not know the CPV-2 strain most prevalent in their area of practice while 52. 6% were not aware of CPV-2 strain in the vaccine they use for their practice. We therefore, recommend that vaccines containing the predominant antigenic CPV-2 variant circulating in a geographical area be used to vaccinate dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) is a worldwide distributed virus considered the major cause of viral gastroenteritis in dogs. Studies on Italian CPV-2 are restricted to viruses circulating until 2017. Only one study provided more updated information on CPV-2 but was limited to the Sicily region. No information regarding the circulation and genetic characteristics of CPV-2 in Northeast Italy has been made available since 2015. The present study investigated the genetic characteristics of CPV-2 circulating in the dog population of Northeast Italy between 2013 and 2019. The VP2 gene of 67 CPV-2 was sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify patterns of distribution. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis highlighted unique characteristics of Northeast Italian CPV-2 and interestingly depicted typical genetic clustering of the Italian CPV-2 strains, showing the existence of distinct CPV-2 genetic groups. Such analysis provided insights into the origin of some Italian CPV-2 genetic clusters, revealing potential introductions from East European countries and the spread of CPV-2 from South/Central to North Italy. This is the first report that describes the genetic characteristics of recent Italian CPV-2. Tracking the genetic characteristics of CPV-2 nationally and globally may have impact on understanding the evolution and distribution of CPV-2, in particular in light of the current humanitarian emergency involving Ukraine, with the massive and uncontrolled movement of people and pet animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a pathogenic virus that infects dogs, causing a highly infectious disease. Monitoring CPV-2 spread is an important part of prevention; however, the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CPV-2 have not been systematically evaluated and analyzed in mainland China. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CPV-2 in domestic dogs in mainland China. Methods In this study, Chinese and English literature on CPV-2 epidemiology published between January 2006 and December 2019 was evaluated. Regarding meta-analysis, the random-effect model was employed by forest plot with 95% of confidence interval. The number of CPV-2 infections was identified and the pooled prevalence of infection, as well as the epidemiological characteristics, was calculated using meta-analysis. Results A total of 39 studies (data from 137,844 dogs) met the evaluation criteria and were used in our study. The pooled prevalence of CPV-2 infection in mainland China was 36%. CPV-2 infection were associated with age, breed, sampling season and immunization status, but not with gender, publication time and diagnostic methods. Conclusions Our results indicated that CPV-2 is prevalent among dogs in China. It is therefore necessary to carry out continuous surveillance and epidemiological studies of CPV-2. In addition, accordingly, effective measures should be taken to prevent the transmission and spread of CPV-2 among the Chinese dog population.

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), a highly contagious virus, affects dogs worldwide. Infected animals present severe and acute gastroenteritis which may culminate in death. CPV-2 VP2 protein is responsible for important biological functions related to virus-host interactions. Herein we obtained VP2 full-length gene sequences from Brazilian dogs with bloody diarrhea (n=15) and vaccine strains (n=7) produced by seven different laboratories and marketed in Brazil. All wild sequences and one vaccine strain were classified as CPV-2b and six vaccines were the classic CVP-2. Mutations in VP2 protein from vaccine and wild strains obtained in Brazil and worldwide were analyzed (n=906). Amino acid sequences from vaccine strains remarkably diverge from each other, even that classic CPV-2. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP2 gene and conducted with sequences displaying mutations in epitope regions previously described shows that vaccine strains are distantly related from the wide range of wild CPV-2. The impact of amino acid mutations over VP2 protein structure shows that vaccine and wild strains obtained in this study diverge in loop 3, an epitope region that plays a role in the CPV-2 host range. This is the first analysis of CPV-2 VP2 from commercial vaccine strains in Brazil and wild ones from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and the first detailed attempt to vaccinal VP2 molecular and structural analyses.

Hemostatic alterations have been documented in dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis. This study’s aims were to measure the standard coagulation parameters, and to assess the relationship between them and the clinical variables in dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis. Nine client-owned dogs with a canine parvoviral infection were included in a prospective, observational clinical study. Clinical score and coagulation status were assessed at admission. All nine dogs showed alterations of three or more standard coagulation variables. A correlation analysis evidenced a significantly high positive correlation between the activated partial thromboplastin time and clinical score. The present study concurs that dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis have coagulation disorders that are detectable by measuring the standard coagulation parameters.

Enteritis caused by CPV-2 antigenic variants (CPV-2a, 2b, and 2c) is frequently reported in dogs worldwide leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we describe about a simple, single-step, ARMS-PCR strategy targeting the mutant 426 amino acid of VP2 to differentiate CPV-2 antigenic types. A total of 150 fecal samples were subjected to ARMS-PCR of which 18 were typed as CPV-2a, 79 were typed as CPV-2b, and 6 were typed as CPV-2c. The ARMS-PCR results were validated by randomly sequencing partial VP2 gene of 14 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of partial VP2 gene sequencing of each of the CPV-2 variants revealed that CPV-2a and CPV-2b isolates formed a separate clade of Indian lineage, while CPV-2c shared common evolutionary origin with Asian lineage. The developed technique is first of its kind, one-step, rapid, sequencing independent method for typing of CPV-2 antigenic variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haematological changes, oxidative stress markers and electrolyte alterations were evaluated in puppies infected with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) that were presented to veterinary hospitals and clinics in South Eastern, Nigeria. Fifty-one dogs were used for the study and they were assigned into three groups. Group I consist of 21 diarrhoeic dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus, groups II, were 15 diarrhoeic dogs uninfected with canine parvovirus and group III, were 15 apparently healthy dogs which served as the control. Immunochromatographic (IC) test was used to screen the dogs for canine parvovirus type 2 infections. The mean red blood cell (RBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (HB) concentrations were significantly lower in the diarrhoeic infected than diarrhoeic non-infected and the control groups. The mean catalase (CAT) of diarrhoeic non-infected group was significantly lower than diarrhoeic infected group and the control. The mean malondialdehyde (MDA) of both diarrhoeic infected and diarrhoeic non-infected groups were significantly higher than the control. The mean serum sodium (Na+) level of the diarrhoeic non infected group was significantly lower than the diarrhoeic infected group. The mean serum potassium (K+) level was significantly lower both in diarrhoeic infected and diarrhoeic non-infected groups compared to the control groups. It was therefore concluded that the levels of oxidative stress and electrolyte alterations may not be affected by the origin or aetiology of a disease (CPV-2), but on the severity of the infection.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is responsible for hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs worldwide. High genomic substitution rates in CPV-2 contribute to the progressive emergence of novel variants with increased ability to evade the host immune response. Three studies have analyzed the genomic mutations of CPV-2 variants in Thailand. These investigations were independently conducted at different timepoints. Thus, a retrospective integrated analysis of CPV-2 genomic mutations has not been fully performed. Our study aimed at evaluating the evolutionary changes in CPV-2 in Thailand from 2003 to 2019. Two hundred and sixty-eight Thai CPV-2 nucleotide sequences were used for multiple amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses. From 2003 to 2010, CPV-2a and -2b were the only variants detected. CPV-2c, emerged in 2014, replacing CPV-2a and -2b, and has become a major variant in 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the proposed mutation pattern of VP2 amino acid residues could help distinguish Thai CPV-2 variants. This comprehensive examination provides insight into the genomic evolution of CPV-2 in Thailand since its first reporting in 2003, which may facilitate the surveillance of the potential genetic alteration of emergent CPV-2 variants.

Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is currently considered one of the major leading causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) was first isolated in 1978, ever since then the virus has mutated to CPV-2a, CPV-2b and recently CPV-2c, which has made the control and eradication of disease seemingly impossible. The disease has been reported in several parts of the world including; USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Taiwan, and Tunisia, South Africa and Nigeria. The identification of the strains of CPV-2 that are currently circulating in the canine population is very essential for the understanding of viral evolution and the development of measures to control its spread. This review therefore, focuses on the current trends and antigenic variants of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) circulating in Nigeria. Methods: Previous literatures were reviewed on the status of canine parvovirus type 2 in Nigeria. The emphasis was on the antigenic variants of CPV-2 circulating in Nigeria and strains of the virus in the vaccines, and out breaks of infections. Results: Control and prevention of canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) has remained a global challenge, and relies mainly on extensive vaccination. Sequence analysis of CPV-2 has revealed the presence of the three antigenic variants in Nigeria. CPV-2c is now predominantly in Nigeria and as such with so many countries of the world, without corresponding vaccines with the variants. Hence understanding the antigenic variants of CPV-2 virus circulating within a geographical area is very essential in controlling the infection. Conclusion: CPE infection is endemic in Nigeria and mainly infects dogs less than six months of age. The disease is of serious socio-economic importance to dog owners and breeders, as a number one killer disease of dogs. The three stains of the canine parvovirus type 2, (2a, 2b and 2c) exists in Nigeria, with predominantly 2c. The current vaccines mainly used in Nigeria are original CPV-2, 2a or 2b, and do not protect dogs against CPE due to 2c infections. We therefore, recommend that 2c be incorporated in CPV-2 vaccines presently used in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A parvovirose canina é causada pelo parvovírus canino tipo 2 (CPV-2) e consiste em uma enfermidade mundialmente conhecida na medicina de cães, uma vez que é altamente contagiosa, caracterizada principalmente por episódios de hematoquezia, vômitos e desidratação. No Brasil, milhares de animais são infectados todo ano, sendo a via oronasal a principal forma de contágio. A mortalidade é relativamente grande já que a doença possui apenas tratamento sintomático e os animais chegam ao ambulatório em estágio crítico. Sabe-se que a vacinação reduz drasticamente a incidência da doença, porém, a evolução do vírus ainda levanta questões sobre a eficácia de algumas vacinas já que alguns animais, mesmo vacinados, acabam desenvolvendo a virose. A presente revisão aborda aspectos relacionados à parvovirose canina como: seu histórico, grupos de risco, fontes de infecção, sinais clínicos, dados epidemiológicos, métodos de diagnóstico, vacinação e tratamento.

Nowadays one of the major challenges facing herders, dog owners, or working dog training centers is canine parvovirus (CPV-2). The virus has split into several types over the years since it discovered and resulted to genetic and amino acid changes that threaten a wide range of carnivorous around the world. The best way to avoiding the consequences of this disease is vaccination. This stirdy were designed, due to the lack of suflicient stiidies on the distribution and prevalence of different types of this virus, which may be a prominent cause of vaccine errors, also because of high involvement of Iranian dogs with CPV. Molecular stiidy and phylogenetic comparison of Iranian types compared to other types through the world showed that the dominant type of CPV-2 existed in Iran is CPV-2a with a prevalence of 24% and genetic differences in several points of VP2 gene with other types. We are probably facing to a new version of this virus in our county. In addition, based on the drawn phylogenetic tiee, it was found that Iranian isolates on the other side have a relatively high topological difference compared to the origin types and conventional vaccines strain, which supports the initial hypothesis of this stiidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaphamaparvoviruses, a divergent group of parvoviruses(family Parvoviridae) infect both domestic and wild mammalian and avian species, including bats, chickens and pigs. They have recently been identified using metagenomic analysis from tissue and stool samples of healthy and sick animals. Here, dogs (60 healthy and 43 diarrheal) were investigated for the presence of canine chaphamaparvovirus, canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine adenovirus (CAV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) by rectal swabs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For chaphamaparvovirus, all the healthy dogs tested negative whereas three of the diarrheal dogs tested positive (3 /103; 2.9%). CPV-2 was also detected in diarrheal dogs (28/43; 65%) but no other viruses were found in the rectal samples of the sick dogs. The three chaphamaparvovirus-positivedogs were also positive for CPV-2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the chaphamaparvoviruses were all related to American strains, forming a separate clade in the mammalian group. Amino acid sequence comparisons demonstrated that the Turkish strains had one substitution at743 (Ser→Gly) and substitutions at 688 (Ser→Leu), 716 (Asp→His) and 743 (Cys→Ser/Gly) compared to the American strains. This study provides the first report of chaphamaparvovirus in Turkey. It also documents, for the first time, co-circulation of chaphamaparvovirus and CPV-2 in Turkey's dog population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1978, canine parvovirus type 2 originated from spillover of a feline panleukopenia-like virus, causing a worldwide pandemic of enteritis and myocarditis among canids. In 2020, the virus was identified in pigs in South Dakota, USA, by PCR, sequencing, in situ hybridization, and serology. Genetic analysis suggests spillover from wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has spread and mutated globally over the past 40 years. In the present study, 206 samples from dogs suspected of CPV-2 infection were collected from five veterinary clinics in Shanghai city, China. The average positive rate for CPV-2 was detected to be 40.78% using the PCR method. Using an F81 cell (feline kidney cell) culture, the isolates of three CPV-2c strains were obtained. The near full-length genome sequences of the isolates were determined and submitted to GenBank: CPV-SH2001 (MW650830), CPV-SH2002 (MW811188), and CPV-SH2003 (MW811189). By comparing the amino acid sequences of 12 CPV strains with those of 48 related strains retrieved from GenBank, all of the CPV strains from Shanghai were typed as belonging to a relatively new CPV-2c variant spreading in Asia, with typical amino acid residues (5Gly, 267Tyr, 324Ile, and 370Arg) in the VP2 protein. The divergence time of this new CPV-2c clade was estimated by the phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood and RelTime with Dated Tips (RTDT) approaches. Our results indicate that the 426 and 324 VP2 amino acid residues are under strong selection pressure with a posterior probability of 0.966 and 0.943, respectively. Therefore, this study provides insight into the phylogenetic characteristics of the current CPV-2c variant in Shanghai city, China.

The aim of the study was to identify canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) subtypes circulating among a selected population of domestic dogs and cats in Sri Lanka and to investigate the evolutionary patterns among Sri Lankan viruses in the context of contemporary global CPV-2 sequences. Altogether, 40/61 (65.6%) samples tested were positive for CPV-2 DNA, including 31/48 (64.6%) dogs and 9/13 (69%) cats. All three subtypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c) were detected, with CPV-2a being most common. International median joining haplotype network of 291 CPV-2 sequences suggested that there was little barrier for CPV-2 moving between different geographical regions worldwide, including Sri Lanka, and that there was no correlation between the genetic structure within the molecular network and the decade of sample collection. By contrast, there was correlation between CPV-2 subtype and genetic structure, both within the international network and within the network built from 31 Sri Lankan CPV-2 sequences only. The structure within the latter was not correlated with the location of the veterinary clinic where the samples were submitted, the age or species of the host. Altogether, we have shown that there is considerable variability of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Sri Lanka, which is likely driven by both local evolution and introduction from other countries. The similarity of CPV-2 obtained from cats and dogs suggests that cats may play a role in the epidemiology of CPV-2 in Sri Lanka.

Canine parvovirosis is a very contagious, severe and often lethal infectious disease of dogs caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). Parvoviruses are very resistant to several disinfectants while are sensitive to halogens such as sodium hypochlorite which is often used for decontamination of veterinary clinics and animal housing facilities due to its broad spectrum of activity. If compliance with vaccination programmes and with proper disinfection plans is ensured, there should be no continuous, nor frequent, CPV-2 outbreaks in kennels and veterinary clinics. However, a continuous spread of CPV-2 infections is observed, even in kennels where an appropriate vaccination programme is applied, and this imposes a re-evaluation of disinfection protocols using sodium hypochlorite. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of concentration, contact time and presence of organic matter on the virucidal activity of sodium hypochlorite against several CPV-2 strains. A sensitive in vitro assay capable of measuring the infectivity of CPV-2 was employed to determine the efficacy of three different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. The data indicate that using a 0.75% sodium hypochlorite solution for a short contact time (1 min) can reduce significantly the CPV-2 titres and that even lower concentrations, i.e. 0.37%, can efficiently inactivate the viruses provided that the contact time is extended to 15 min. Results also confirm the importance of cleaning before disinfection since the presence of organic matter totally abrogated the virucidal activity of sodium hypochlorite solutions against the three CPV-2 strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The study on Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection was carried out in South Eastern Nigeria using Immunochromatographic (IC) test. Methods Three states namely Enugu, Abia and Anambra were randomly selected for the study, using simple random sampling method. Six major Veterinary clinics and six kennels (two per state) were also selected by purposive sampling method. The risk factors considered in this study were; age, breed, sex, vaccination status and location. A total of 300 dogs were sampled using purposive sampling method, to select suspected cases of CPV-2 (diarrhoeic) and exposed dogs. Results The survey showed overall prevalence of 37.3% among the dogs studied in the area. There was no association between the occurrence of CPV-2 and location, sex and vaccination status. According to location the prevalence, was 43%, 38% and 31% in Enugu, Abia and Anambra states, respectively (p>0.05). Sex-related prevalence was 38.0% and 36.6% for male and female, respectively (p>0.05). According to vaccination status, the prevalence was, 36.8%, 34.0%, and 48.7% for vaccinated, unvaccinated and incomplete vaccinated dogs, respectively (p>0.05). The result of the survey showed association (p<0.05) with the occurrence of CPV-2 and age, breed and mortality rates. According to age, the prevalence was, 42.9%, 30.6%, and 17.0% for 0-6 months, 7-12 months and one year and above, respectively (p<0.05). Breed-related prevalence showed Rottweiler (63.4%), Pit bull (50.0%), Toy breeds (50.0%), Great dane (40.0%), Bull mastiff (39.4%), Alsatian (36.0%), Boerboel (36.0%), Caucasian (35.8%) and Mongrel (11.1%) respectively, (p<0.05). Case mortality rate of 72% was also recorded. Conclusions This study showed, that canine parvovirus is endemic in study area and most prevalent in dogs less than six months of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A visible and equipment-free recombinase polymerase amplification assay combined with a lateral flow strip (LFS RPA) was developed to detect canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), which is the etiological agent of canine parvovirus disease. The CPV-2 LFS RPA assay was developed based on the VP2 gene and is performed in a closed fist using body heat for 15 min; the products are visible to the naked eye on the LFS within 5 min. The assay could detect CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c, and there was no cross-reaction with the other viruses tested. Using the standard CPV-2 DNA as a template, the analytical sensitivity was 1.0 × 10 2 copies per reaction, which was the same result as that of a real-time PCR. The assay performance was further evaluated by testing 60 canine fecal samples, and CPV-2 DNA was detected in 46 samples (76.7%, 46/60) by LFS RPA, which was the same result as that of the real-time PCR assay and higher than that of the SNAP method (48.3%, 29/60). The novel CPV-2 LFS RPA assay is an attractive and promising tool for rapid and convenient diagnosis of CPV disease, especially cage side and in underequipped laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracing the temporal dynamics of pathogens is crucial for developing strategies to detect and limit disease emergence. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is an enteric virus causing morbidity and mortality in dogs around the globe. Previous work in Australia reported that the majority of cases were associated with the CPV-2a subtype, an unexpected finding since CPV-2a was rapidly replaced by another subtype (CPV-2b) in many countries. Using a nine-year dataset of CPV-2 infections from 396 dogs sampled across Australia, we assessed the population dynamics and molecular epidemiology of circulating CPV-2 subtypes. Bayesian phylogenetic Skygrid models and logistic regressions were used to trace the temporal dynamics of CPV-2 infections in dogs sampled from 2007 to 2016. Phylogenetic models indicated that CPV-2a likely emerged in Australia between 1973 and 1988, while CPV-2b likely emerged between 1985 and 1998. Sequences from both subtypes were found in dogs across continental Australia and Tasmania, with no apparent effect of climate variability on subtype occurrence. Both variant subtypes exhibited a classical disease emergence pattern of relatively high rates of evolution during early emergence followed by subsequent decreases in evolutionary rates over time. However, the CPV-2b subtype maintained higher mutation rates than CPV-2a and continued to expand, resulting in an increase in the probability that dogs will carry this subtype over time. Ongoing monitoring programs that provide molecular epidemiology surveillance will be necessary to detect emergence of new variants and make informed recommendations to develop reliable detection and vaccine methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive clinical outcomes of a group of surviving puppies from a litter affected by parvoviral myocarditis are detailed in this case report. Past reports focus on the negative outcomes of littermates of puppies who have died of parvoviral myocarditis. In this case, two puppies in a shelter setting, from a litter exposed to parvovirus, died suddenly with parvoviral myocarditis diagnosed at necropsy. The other seven puppies were screened for cardiac health with echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and cardiac troponin I prior to adoption. All seven puppies had normal echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and normal initial and recheck cardiac troponin I results. At recheck 2 years after the initial round of testing, two of the puppies were screened and continue to have normal cardiac diagnostics. All seven dogs are alive and thriving at 5 years old in homes with adopters who were given a complete medical history on the dogs prior to adoption. In summary, the outcomes for puppies in litters affected by parvoviral myocarditis are variable but they do not have to be grave. The use of cardiac diagnostics including echocardiogram, electrocardiogram and cardiac troponin I may serve as a prognostic basis for assessing the potential outcomes for the surviving puppies in affected litters., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Dines, Kellihan, Allen, Loynachan, Bochsler and Newbury.)