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Purpose: With the rise of mandating climate-related disclosures (CRD), this paper aims to investigate how energy and agriculture markets are exposed to climate disclosure risk. Design/methodology/approach: Using the multivariable simultaneous quantile regression and data from 1 January 2017 to 29 February 2024, the authors examine daily and monthly responses of energy and agriculture markets to climate disclosure risk, energy risk, market sentiment, geopolitical risk and economic policy risk. The sample covers the global market, Australia, Canada, European Union (EU), Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, the UK and the USA. Findings: The results show that climate disclosure risk creates both positive and negative shocks in the energy and agriculture markets, and the impacts are asymmetric across quantiles in different economies. The higher the climate disclosure risk, the greater impact of crude oil future on the energy sector in North America (Canada and the USA) and Europe (EU and the UK), but no greater effects in Asia Pacific (Australia, New Zealand and Singapore). The agriculture sector can hedge against economic policy and geopolitical risks, but it is highly exposed to climate disclosure and energy risks. Originality/value: This study timely contributes to the modest literature on the asymmetric effects of climate disclosure risk on the energy and agriculture markets at the global and national levels. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers and investment practitioners in understanding financial effects of mandating CRD to diversify risks depending upon market conditions and policy uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of allergic diseases such as Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma is steadily increasing globally, with pollen allergy being one of the most significant sensitizing factors. However, the cross-reactivity of different pollen allergies remains unclear, posing challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with multiple sensitivities. In this study, the Component Resolved Diagnosis technique was performed to simultaneously measure the specific IgE concentrations of 52 patients against Art v and its components (Art v 1), Phl p and its components (Phl p 1, Phl p 4, Phl p 5, Phl p 6, Phl p 7, Phl p 12), Bet v and its components (Bet v 1, Bet v 2), Amb a and its component (Amb a 1), and Amb p. Additionally, sIgE inhibition tests were conducted by Art v, Phl p, and Bet v extracts. Among Art v-positive patients, 64.6% showed positivity for Art v 1. In Phl p-positive patients, Phl p 12 had the highest positivity rate (75.0%). Among Bet v-positive patients, 75.6% exhibited positivity for Bet v 2, whereas for Amb a and Amb p-positive patients, 23.7% and 29.0% respectively showed positivity for Amb a 1. The sIgE inhibition assays results revealed that Art v extract had inhibition rates greater than 73.2% against Phl p and its component Phl p 12, as well as Bet v and its component Bet v 2. Simultaneously, Phl p extract showed inhibition rates of 80.70–89.87% against Phl p 12, Bet v and Bet v 2. Bet v extract showed inhibition rates ranging from 21.9 to 59.8% against Phl p and Bet v 2, with a better inhibition rate (76.80%) against Phl p 12. In conclusion, Art v 1 is identified as the principal component of Art v. The profilin proteins of Phl p and Bet v (Phl p 12 and Bet v 2), are implicated as potential cross-reactive elements contributing to polysensitization in patients with respiratory allergies in the Northwest region of China. This cross-reactivity leads to a shared sensitization mechanism among pollen allergens such as Art v, Phl p, and Bet v. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The prevalence of allergic diseases such as Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma is steadily increasing globally, with pollen allergy being one of the most significant sensitizing factors. However, the cross-reactivity of different pollen allergies remains unclear, posing challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with multiple sensitivities. In this study, the Component Resolved Diagnosis technique was performed to simultaneously measure the specific IgE concentrations of 52 patients against Art v and its components (Art v 1), Phl p and its components (Phl p 1, Phl p 4, Phl p 5, Phl p 6, Phl p 7, Phl p 12), Bet v and its components (Bet v 1, Bet v 2), Amb a and its component (Amb a 1), and Amb p. Additionally, sIgE inhibition tests were conducted by Art v, Phl p, and Bet v extracts. Among Art v-positive patients, 64.6% showed positivity for Art v 1. In Phl p-positive patients, Phl p 12 had the highest positivity rate (75.0%). Among Bet v-positive patients, 75.6% exhibited positivity for Bet v 2, whereas for Amb a and Amb p-positive patients, 23.7% and 29.0% respectively showed positivity for Amb a 1. The sIgE inhibition assays results revealed that Art v extract had inhibition rates greater than 73.2% against Phl p and its component Phl p 12, as well as Bet v and its component Bet v 2. Simultaneously, Phl p extract showed inhibition rates of 80.70–89.87% against Phl p 12, Bet v and Bet v 2. Bet v extract showed inhibition rates ranging from 21.9 to 59.8% against Phl p and Bet v 2, with a better inhibition rate (76.80%) against Phl p 12. In conclusion, Art v 1 is identified as the principal component of Art v. The profilin proteins of Phl p and Bet v (Phl p 12 and Bet v 2), are implicated as potential cross-reactive elements contributing to polysensitization in patients with respiratory allergies in the Northwest region of China. This cross-reactivity leads to a shared sensitization mechanism among pollen allergens such as Art v, Phl p, and Bet v.

Aims: The aim of this was to isolate Escherichia coli from broilers infected with chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and investigate the prevalence of outer membrane protein T (ompT) and increased serum survival (iss) genes. Methodology and results: Fifty trachea and lung samples were cultured for isolation of E. coli and molecular confirmation was done for these isolates using conventional PCR. Multiplex PCR technique was used to detect the existence of ompT and iss genes of E. coli. Results showed that the percentage of E. coli isolation reached 42% from all trachea and lung samples by using conventional procedures. However, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis method recorded 28% when using the uidA gene (genus-specific gene) for E. coli. Neither virulence genes (ompT and iss) were detected in all E. coli isolated in this study. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Escherichia coli is the principal causative agent of CRD infections, which can bear different combinations of virulence genes that play significant roles in the pathogenicity of bacteria. All isolates in the existing study underwent APEC strains that didn't contain virulence genes like ompT and iss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out to know the effect of different chemicals on seed germination of marking nut. The research was conducted at Sri Krishnadevaraya College of Horticultural Sciences, Ananthapuramu during the year 2022 and 2023. Experimental treatments comprised of ten treatments replicated thrice in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) viz., Control, Scarification, Gibberellic acid, Humic Acid, Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Vermiwash, Hot water treatment, Thiourea and Potassium nitrate (KNO3). The treatment of using H2SO4 for 5 minutes reduced number of days taken for germination (21.00), increased germination percentage (81.77 %), germination vigour index (0.64), number of primary roots per plant (28.38), number of secondary roots per plant (55.16), length of the root (25.50 cm), plant height (19.72 cm) at 180 days after sowing, fresh weight of the root (31.07 g), fresh weight of the shoot (9.29 g) and minimum was recorded in control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic respiratory disease is famous in poultry farming, mainly in broiler farms. The disease is caused by Mycoplasma species in participation with E. coli. Our study was conducted on CRD of broiler chickens to isolate and determine the resistance of Escherichia coli Seventy-four swabs of the internal organs of broilers (severe respiratory signs) were collected from different areas of Mosul from September 2021 to March 2022. MacConkey agar was used with cefotaxime (1 μg/ml) to grow the isolates, and they were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Colonies were identified according to standard bacteriological methods. The cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates underwent DNA extraction. The polymerase chain reaction of Escherichia coli isolates was used for confirmation. The results of the existing study revealed that 61 samples appeared positive for bacterial isolation from 74 (82.4%). All isolates were resistant to an arsenal of antibiotics when testing their sensitivity to antibiotics, including azithromycin, levofloxacin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol…ext. Molecular detection of resistance genes showed that all isolates contained the CTX-M gene by 100%. In comparison, the TEM gene appeared in 52 isolates (85.25%), and only 9 (14.75%) isolates showed the SHV gene. In conclusion, our results shed light on the serious problem in poultry fields, which showed that Escherichia coli isolates contain genes with high resistance to antibiotics, which are the most widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections in these farms, which means the demand for introducing more novel antibiotics in the cure of poultry health problems.

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The real world is vague, unclear and full of ambiguity, and are inevitable. The classical statistics disregards the extreme, aberrant, uncertain values, and hence a new appropriate tool had to surface. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method is used to compare the response variable's means between several groups that are specified by the factor variable. Another method of data analysis offered by ANOVA is one that is based on statistics and is experimental design-driven, or Design of Experiment (DOE). In DOE, there are single and two-factor experimental designs depending on, observing the effect of number of factor(s) on output variable as a primary interest. Among all the single factor experimental designs, Completely Randomized Design (CRD) is the simplest and flexible design. In this design, treatments are randomly allocated to the experimental units over the entire experimental material. Each treatment is repeated to increase the efficiency of the design. CRD is more appropriate to use when the data is homogenous. The objective that deals with the preparation and analysis of experiments is experimental design. The treatments are apportioned to the exploratory units at random in the fully randomized experimental design. When the observed data are fuzzy observations rather than precise numerical values, the CRD is expanded in this study. In this paper, an innovative Triangular Fuzzy Number (TFN) in the fuzzy Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) analysis statistical method for evaluating CRD model hypotheses on fuzzy data is presented. To convert the fuzzy totally randomized design model into two crisps CRD models using the suggested way, and then convert to lower and upper models are used in fuzzy hypothesis. Determine the fuzzy hypothesis for the fuzzy CRD model based on the hypotheses of the two crisp CRD models using the decision rules. The fuzzy test appears to be a competitive tool in circumstances with ambiguous data, particularly linguistic ambiguity because it is more adaptable than the conventional test of significance. This paper presents and illustrates a novel fuzzy triangular number-based approach to fuzzy CRD analysis. This paper also explores how flexible a CRD may be when handling uncertain elements. This study provides an example of a new method for fuzzy CRD analysis employing TFN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both iodine concentration and protein intake are important nutritional factors that may influence the development of depressive symptoms. However, there are no studies on the effect of protein intake on the relationship between iodine concentration and the risk of depression. The study aimed to explore the relationship between iodine and the risk of clinically relevant depression (CRD) according to protein intake. This study analyzed the adults (≥18 years) who participated in the 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Cross‐sectional Survey (N = 10,462). CRD was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Protein intake was assessed using two 24‐h dietary recalls and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured using inductively coupled plasma dynamic response cell mass spectrometry. Weighted multivariate logistic regression and restrictive cubic splines were performed to assess the relationship between UIC and CRD according to protein category (low protein intake <0.8 g/kg/day; high protein intake: ≥0.8 g/kg/day). After controlling for sociodemographic, behavioral, chronic diseases, and dietary factors, a positive correlation was observed between UIC (log10) and CRD (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.026, 1.795). Low UIC (<100 μg/L) was associated with a lower prevalence of CRD (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.533, 0.995) in high protein intake individuals, whereas this relationship did not exist in those with low protein intake. Moreover, restrictive cubic splines confirmed a near L‐shaped relationship between UIC and CRD in the low‐protein group (nonlinear p =.042) and a linear relationship between them in the high‐protein group (nonlinear p =.392). This study illustrates that protein intake affects the relationship between UIC and CRD. Combining lower UIC and high protein intake may help reduce the prevalence of CRD, which would have significant implications for managing patients with depressive CRD in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article examines the constitutionality of an Israeli bill that criminalizes the use of PA systems in prayer houses, punishable by a fine of 5000–10,000 NIS (the Muezzin Law).  The Bill was presented to the Israeli Parliament (the Knesset) as a religiously-neutral environmental law.  This Article asserts that a careful reading of the Bill’s language reveals that it is specifically tailored to apply precisely to Muslim prayer houses, thus criminalizing the Muslim call for prayer (the adhan), especially the call occurring between dawn and sunrise (the Fajer adhan).  As such, we perceive the Muezzin law as violating the right to equality and the right to dignity of the Muslim minority in Israel, as well as infringing upon its religious feelings.  Additionally, we contend that the Muezzin Law is not truly driven by environmental concern, but rather that it represents a conflict with religious dimension (a CRD)—namely, the perception that the adhan, as a Muslim symbol, poses a threat to the identity of Jews in Israel.  Examining the constitutionality of the Muezzin Law introduces a crucial question relating to the interplay between constitutional law and criminal law.  Our assertion is that in any constitutional democracy, in order for the legislature to validly classify conduct as a crime, such criminalization must befit the values of constitutional democracy, serve a proper purpose, and be proportionate.  The requirement for proportionality consists of three subtests: (a) the rational connection test; (b) the necessity test; and (c) the balancing benefits test.  It is our contention that the Muezzin Law comprises an unconstitutional criminalization of the Fajer adhan.  It stands in contrast with the basic values of constitutional democracy, primarily that of tolerance towards a religious minority, particularly, the Muslim community.  Additionally, we assert that the Muezzin Law’s purpose is improper as it aims at infringing upon the religious feelings of the Muslim minority in Israel, holding that the value of protecting religious feelings is a constitutional value.  Finally, we view such criminalization as provided in the Muezzin Law as being unproportionate.  In this latter regard, we hold the view that our CRD analysis provides a more delicate, proper, and proportionate solution to the question at stake.

Tallow is a less economical and underutilized animal's fat. In fact, tallow comprises triglycerides from several fatty acids which support skin protection by increasing moisture and preventing dryness. The use of tallow in soap manufacturing will gain its interest and enhance its value added. In this study, solid soaps are prepared using tallow as raw materials by adding kefir curd from goat milk. This study analyzed the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the particular soaps by developing a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The kefir curd gradually increased its proportion in soap manufacturing and observed its effect on pH, moisture content, degree of foaming, and foam stability. Organoleptic tests for both hedonics and hedonic qualities were also performed and analyzed by Kruskal Wallis's nonparametric analysis. The statistical analysis reported a significant difference of 6% curd addition on pH (p0.05).

Introduction/Aims: Complex repetitive discharges (CRDs) are spontaneous electromyography (EMG) waveforms often associated with chronic neurogenic or myopathic diseases, but incidentally identified CRDs have also been described. In this study we describe the distribution and possible significance of incidentally seen CRDs in otherwise normal electrodiagnostic studies. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with CRDs incidentally documented on otherwise normal electrodiagnostic studies at Mayo Clinic from January 2013 through December 2020. Each patient's clinical symptoms, referral reason, electrodiagnostic report, and imaging studies were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Ninety‐four patients (86 females; mean age, 62 years; range, 20 to 86 years) and 107 CRDs were studied. The most common neuromuscular reasons for electrodiagnostic referrals included radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. Mean symptom duration was 43 months (range, 1 to 312 months). Eighty‐five patients had a CRD identified in one muscle (range, in all patients, one to five muscles). CRDs were identified most frequently in tensor fasciae latae (n = 21), biceps brachii (n = 16), and gluteus maximus (n = 9). Of the 58 patients in whom imaging was available, 46 (79%) had abnormalities that corresponded to the myotome in which the CRDs were visualized, most commonly L5 (n = 19) and C6 (n = 12). Of these 46 patients, 28 (61%) were referred for radicular or limb pain. Discussion: CRDs can be incidentally noted on otherwise normal electrodiagnostic studies, most commonly in L5 and C6 myotomes. The mechanism of CRDs in the absence of electrodiagnostic features of axon loss or remodeling is unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cone–rod dystrophies (CRDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) characterized by cone photoreceptor loss, that is followed by subsequent rod photoreceptor impairment. Case presentation: A 49-year-old man complaining of diminution of vision in both eyes (OU) was referred to our outpatient clinic. He reported visual loss for 5 years, but it was most progressive during the last few months. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation was 0.4 in the right eye (RE) and 1.0 in the left eye (LE). Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) revealed granular hyperfluorescence in the macula and concomitant areas of capillary atrophy. Flash full-field electroretinography (ffERG) showed lowering of a and b waves as well as prolonged peak time in light-adapted conditions. However, outcomes of dark-adapted ERGs were within normal limits. Based on the constellation of clinical, angiographic, and electrophysiological tests findings, a diagnosis of IRD was suspected. Genetic testing showed a homozygous, pathogenic c.783G>A mutation in the cadherin-related family member 1 (CDHR1) gene, which confirmed CRD type 15 (CRD15). Conclusions: We demonstrate the clinical characteristics, retinal imaging outcomes, and genetic test results of a patient with CRD15. Our case contributes to expanding our knowledge of the clinical involvement of the pathogenic mutation c.783G>A in CDHR1 variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD), caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), is one of the important diseases which affects chickens and other fowls. MG antibodies were screened from field cases of CRD in 20 commercial broiler farms in South Luzon, Philippines using the hemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serological results were also compared with the presence of clinical signs (RCS) and lesions (RLS) upon necropsy of submitted birds. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the correlation of RCS and RLS to the results of ELISA and HI tests (p<0.05). Among the 57 broiler chickens tested, 8 (14.03%) and 11 (19.2%) were seropositive in the ELISA and HI tests, respectively. The HI test was able to detect more positive reactors than ELISA. Sneezing and air sac lesion were the common signs observed upon necropsy. The correlation of RCS (p=0.1738) and RLS (p=0.8424) with the HI test titers were not statistically associated. The ELISA results were statistically associated with the RCS (p=0.0201) and RLS (p=0.0357). This is the first report on the use of the HI test for MG antibody detection in the Philippines which is beneficial to the poultry practitioners and farmers in monitoring MG to control CRD in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Sulawesi Province in Indonesia has great potential for horticultural commodities, namely local red onion Palu. In the current climate change, local farmers are still watering plants in the conventional way. The automatic watering system simplifies the work of local farmers. This device uses a soil moisture sensor as a soil moisture detector and Arduino as a program brain. This study aims to determine the position of soil moisture sensor, the optimal length of watering time and analyze the quality of data stored. The experiment was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The position of the soil moisture sensor was analyzed by Profile Analysis. The optimal length of watering time was determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD). The quality of data stored was determined by a number of missing values and frequency of watering. The results showed that in soil planting media the position of soil moisture sensor had no significant effect, while in others planting media (water and combination of water and soil) the position of the sensor had a significant effect. The optimal watering time was 3 seconds. The stored data has low quality in terms of missing values and lack of consistency.

Galectin-8 is a small soluble lectin with two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). N- and C-terminal CRDs of Gal-8 differ in their specificity for glycan ligands. Here, we wanted to find out whether oligomerization of individual CRDs of galectin-8 affects its biological activity. Using green fluorescent protein polygons (GFPp) as an oligomerization scaffold, we generated intrinsically fluorescent CRDs with altered valency. We show that oligomers of C-CRD are characterized by significant cell surface affinity. Furthermore, the multivalency of the resulting variants has an impact on cellular activities such as cell signaling, heparin binding and proliferation. Our data indicates that tunable valence is a useful tool for modifying the biological activity of CRDs of galectins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several engineering practices have shown that the excavation of shallow-buried tunnels beneath major roads, as well as the selection of appropriate engineering measures and construction methods, has a significant impact on road surface settlement. Therefore, field monitoring and numerical simulation are adopted in this study to analyze the effect of the cross diaphragm (CRD) excavation method on surface settlement for the under-construction Yüan 1 railroad tunnel. The findings show that during the excavation of the four divisions of the CRD excavation method for shallow-buried tunnels, the amount of surface settlement caused by the excavation of part 1 accounts for 40% of the total surface settlement, followed by the excavation of part 3, accounting for 30% of the total surface settlement, and the difference between the excavation of parts 2 and 4 is insignificant, with part 2 slightly larger than part 4. The main influence of the CRD method on surface settlement for shallow-buried tunnels is 0.64–0.86 times the cavity diameter from the tunnel median, within which the final surface settlement caused by excavation is within the same horizontal range, and beyond which the surface settlement is prone to dramatically decline. By applying advanced grouting and adjusting the construction method of CRD based on the monitoring data, the effect of the CRD excavation method on surface settlement can be controlled.

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an economically important soil-borne disease that threatens Brassicaceae crops worldwide. In recent years, the incidence area of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) clubroot disease has increased, which severely affects the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage. The resistance of varieties harboring the single clubroot-resistance (CR) gene is easily broken through by P. brassicae pathotypes. CRa and CRd, genetically identified in B. rapa, are CR genes known to be highly resistant to different P. brassicaea pathotypes. In our study, we perform the gene pyramiding of CRa and CRd in Chinese cabbages through marker-assisted selection (MAS), and develop homozygous pyramided lines. The newly generated pyramided lines exhibit greater resistance to six different pathotypes than that of two parental lines carrying a single CR gene. This study provides new CR-gene-pyramided lines for the development of clubroot-resistant Brassica varieties for future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted in one of the private nurseries to find out the effect of organic and biological mixtures on the growth and medically active substance of rosemary plants, as two factors (compost and biohealth) were used in the experiment, and each factor had four levels, the first factor being compost (30, 20, 10% of the weight of the anvil), and the second factor Biohealth (15,10,5) g.l-1 in addition to the control treatment. The experiment was designed according to a Completely randomized design (CRD) and for three replicates. Each replicate contained three plastic pots and one plant for each pot. The L.S.D test was adopted to determine the level of significance among the experimental treatments. The results showed that the interaction between compost and Biohealth treatment was superior to all treatments if the treatment gave 30% compost and Biohealth 10 g.l-1, the highest significant increase in the characteristics of the leaves content of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and the medically active substance caffeic acid was 0.028, 0.523, 1.496, 0.927, 2.158 respectively, while the treatment of Compost 30% and Biohealth 15 g.l-1 gave the highest significant increase in the leaf content of the active substance rosmarinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is easy to induce complex problems such as excessive deformation of surface and support structure by underground excavation in water-rich sand-viscose composite stratum. Based on a cross center diaphragm(CRD) tunnel construction project of Beijing metro line 17, after on-site monitoring of surface settlement, pore water pressure, surrounding rock pressure and internal force of primary branch during construction process, the change law and overall situation of each monitoring object were obtained. The results show that the surface settlement caused by the concealed excavation construction of the new tunnel is large. Although the vault settlement and the convergent deformation rate and the amount of deformation of the pilot tunnel meet the design requirements, the stability value is close to the limit and the surplus is small. The pore water pressure after stabilization is small, about 5 kPa, which is basically consistent with the height of geological exploration head. Due to the influence of the excavation of the advanced standard line, the surrounding rock pressure of the new tunnel presents the phenomenon of asymmetric distribution from left to right, and the surrounding rock pressure decreases in turn along the tunnel circumference in the order of arch bottom → arch waist → arch foot → arch top → arch shoulder. The distribution of reinforced stress along the tunnel after stabilization is basically consistent with the surrounding rock pressure, and its maximum value appears at the left arch waist. Based on the above research, the results of research can provide a certain reference for the design and construction of undercut tunnels in the same type of water-rich sand-viscous composite stratum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canker is the most devastating threat of citrus being caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). A trail was conducted in the citrus pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Nine antibiotics Levofloxacin, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, kanamycin, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Amoxicillin were tested against Xac by using inhibition zone technique under Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Three concentrations (300, 500 and 700 ppm) were tested. Out of these nine, Levofloxacin expressed best result by producing 14.22 mm mean inhibition zone followed by Ciprofloxacin (13.18), Ampicillin (6.89), Kanamycin (6.64), Clarithromycin (6.01), Azithromycin (5.24), Streptomycin (4.98), Amoxicillin (4.79), Erythromycin (4.29) mm respectively. In interaction between treatments and concentrations, Ciprofloxacin expressed maximum inhibition zone (15.06 mm) at 700 ppm while in interaction between treatments and time, levofloxacin exhibited maximum inhibition zone (15.00 mm) after 36 hours. In conclusion, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin expressed best results at 700 ppm after 36 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proximally located in the membrane, oncogenic Ras dimers (or nanoclusters) can recruit and promote Raf dimerization and MAPK (Raf/MEK/ERK) signaling. Among Ras isoforms, KRas4B is the most frequently mutated. Recent data on the binary KRas4B–Raf-1 complex suggested that Raf-1 CRD not only executes membrane anchorage, but also supports the high-affinity interaction of Raf-1 RBD with KRas4B catalytic domain. For a detailed mechanistic picture of Raf activation at the membrane, we employ explicit MD simulations of the quaternary KRas4B–Raf-1 complex. The complex contains two active GTP-bound KRas4B proteins forming a dimer through the allosteric lobe interface and two tandem RBD-CRD segments of Raf-1 interacting with the effector lobes at both ends of the KRas4B dimer. We show that Raf-1 RBD-CRD supports stable KRas4B dimer at preferred interface and orientation at the membrane, thereby cooperatively enhancing the affinity of the KRas4B–Raf-1 interaction. We propose that a Ras dimer at the membrane can increase the population of proximal Raf kinase domains, promoting kinase domain dimerization in the cytoplasm. Collectively, the dynamic Ras–Raf assembly promotes Raf activation not by allostery; instead, Ras activates Raf by shifting its ensemble toward kinase domain-accessible states through enhanced affinity at the membrane.

Background: Cone–rod dystrophies (CRDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) characterized by cone photoreceptor loss, that is followed by subsequent rod photoreceptor impairment. Case presentation: A 49-year-old man complaining of diminution of vision in both eyes (OU) was referred to our outpatient clinic. He reported visual loss for 5 years, but it was most progressive during the last few months. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation was 0.4 in the right eye (RE) and 1.0 in the left eye (LE). Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) revealed granular hyperfluorescence in the macula and concomitant areas of capillary atrophy. Flash full-field electroretinography (ffERG) showed lowering of a and b waves as well as prolonged peak time in light-adapted conditions. However, outcomes of dark-adapted ERGs were within normal limits. Based on the constellation of clinical, angiographic, and electrophysiological tests findings, a diagnosis of IRD was suspected. Genetic testing showed a homozygous, pathogenic c.783G>A mutation in the cadherin-related family member 1 (CDHR1) gene, which confirmed CRD type 15 (CRD15). Conclusions: We demonstrate the clinical characteristics, retinal imaging outcomes, and genetic test results of a patient with CRD15. Our case contributes to expanding our knowledge of the clinical involvement of the pathogenic mutation c.783G>A in CDHR1 variants.

In Pakistan the poultry sector is an important and vibrant segment of agriculture in Pakistan with a significant contribution to the national GDP (1.3%). Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) causes avian mycoplasmosis and is only controlled through mass vaccination. Antibody response of birds to inactivated MG vaccine is poor. On 7th day of age (broilers: n=40) each bird of group A, B, C and D (n=8) was vaccinated (subcutaneous: 0.3ml) with G-MG, O-MG, G-MG+NDV (New castle Disease Virus) and O-MG vaccines, respectively. Serum samples were collected on 21, 28 and 35 days post vaccination for anti-MG-ELISA antibody titer. Cumulative mean anti-MG-ELISA antibody titer of birds to G-MG, O-MG, G-MG+NDV, O-MG+NDV and control was 80.30, 137.49, 91.59, 169.76 and 0.15 units respectively on 35 days post-vaccination. It is concluded that NDV has insignificant immunomodulatory effect on antibody response of birds to the MG vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cats are the major source of indoor inhalant allergens after house dust mites. The global incidence of cat allergies is rising sharply, posing a major public health problem. Ten cat allergens have been identified. The major allergen responsible for symptoms is Fel d 1, a secretoglobin and not a lipocalin, making the cat a special case among mammals. Main body Given its clinical predominance, it is essential to have a good knowledge of this allergenic fraction, including its basic structure, to understand the new exciting diagnostic and therapeutic applications currently in development. The recent arrival of the component-resolved diagnosis, which uses molecular allergens, represents a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the disease. Recombinant Fel d 1 is now available for in vitro diagnosis by the anti-Fel d 1 specific IgE assay. The first part of the review will seek to describe the recent advances related to Fel d 1 in terms of positive diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. In daily practice, anti-Fel d 1 IgE tend to replace those directed against the overall extract but is this attitude justified? We will look at the most recent arguments to try to answer this question. In parallel, a second revolution is taking place thanks to molecular engineering, which has allowed the development of various forms of recombinant Fel d 1 and which seeks to modify the immunomodulatory properties of the molecule and thus the clinical history of the disease via various modalities of anti-Fel d 1-specific immunotherapy. We will endeavor to give a clear and practical overview of all these trends.

aim of this study was to investigate the molecular sensitization patterns to major pollen allergens (Bermuda grass, Mugwort and Timothy grass) and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) in Bermuda grass sensitized patients in southern China. Methods: Serum specific IgE (sIgE) levels of Bermuda grass allergen components (Cyn d 1 and Cyn d 12), Timothy grass allergen components (Phl p 1, Phl p 4, Phl p 5, Phl p 7 and Phl p 12), Mugwort allergen components (Art v 1, Art v 3 and Art v 4) and CCD were detected in 78 patients sensitized to Bermuda grass via EUROBlotMaster system. Results: Compared with CCD-positive patients, those with negative CCD results had significant higher positive rates of Cyn d 1 (47.8% vs 14.5%), Phl p 1 (26.1% vs 7.3%), Phl p 12 (21.7% vs 3.6%) and Art v 4 (26.1% vs 3.6%) (all p < 0.05). Patients < 18 years old had the highest positive rate of Cyn d 1 (40.7%). Additionally, rhinitis patients had the highest positive rate of Cyn d 1 (60.0%), and all patients with Cyn d 12 sensitization (17.2%) were asthmatic patients. Optimal scale analysis showed that Phl p 1 and Cyn d 1 were closely related (Cronbach's alpha = 85.1%). Conclusion: The highest positive rate of pollen allergen components was Cyn d 1 in Bermuda grass sensitized patients in southern China. Most patients were sensitized to CCD alone, and CCD may have less interference in the detection of Cyn d 1, Art v 4, Phl p 1 and Phl p 12. The sensitization patterns of pollen allergen components varied in different ages and diseases, and the diagnostic strategy of pollen allergen needs to be considered in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with a characteristic carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) in the extracellular portion, mediate crucial cellular functions upon recognition of glycosylated pathogens and self-glycoproteins. CLEC4A is the only classical CLR that possesses an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), which possibly transduces negative signals. However, how CLEC4A exerts cellular inhibition remains unclear. Here, we report that the self-interaction of CLEC4A through the CRD is required for the ITIM-mediated suppressive function in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Human type 2 cDCs (cDC2) and monocytes display a higher expression of CLEC4A than cDC1 and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) as well as B cells. The extracellular portion of CLEC4A specifically binds to a murine cDC cell line expressing CLEC4A, while its extracellular portion lacking the N -glycosylation site or the EPS motif within the CRD reduces their association. Furthermore, the deletion of the EPS motif within the CRD or ITIM in CLEC4A almost completely impairs its suppressive effect on the activation of the murine cDC cell line, whereas the absence of the N -glycosylation site within the CRD exhibits partial inhibition on their activation. On the other hand, antagonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CLEC4A, which inhibits the self-interaction of CLEC4A and its downstream signaling in murine transfectants, enhances the activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived immature DCs upon stimulation with a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand. Thus, our findings suggest a pivotal role of the CRD in self-interaction of CLEC4A to elicit the ITIM-mediated inhibitory signal for the control of the function of cDCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents a chronic skin disorder seriously affecting patients' QoL and is often associated with immunological imbalance, disorders of the skin barrier function and environmental factors. Objective: We extensively studied the proteomic IgE sensitization profile in a large AD Mediterranean cohort. Methods: A total of 588 individuals with moderate‐severe (70.6%) or mild and/or history of (29.4%) AD were evaluated in comparison to 1285 unselected atopic controls (AC) with a history of adverse reactions to foods, allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma by means of ImmunoCAP ISAC112® and Allergy Explorer‐ALEX® microarray analysis. Results: The olive tree pollen β‐1,3‐glucanase rOle e 9 and the manganese superoxide dismutase from Aspergillus rAsp f 6 were the molecules most significantly associated with AD occurrence and allowed to discriminate among the moderate and severe forms of disease. An IgE hyper‐reactivity to cypress, grasses, olive tree, house dust mites (including rDer p 11), and to all cross‐reactive components except profilin and polcalcin was observed. About 60% of adults with severe AD were sensitized to nsLTPs. Cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) IgE was found in about one‐third of AD participants. Hen eggs nGal d 1 IgE sensitization was more prevalent in the paediatric population, whilst rAsp f 6 and rOle e 9 reactivity was found particularly in older patients. Despite the status of widespread IgE sensitization to both environmental and food allergens, a reduced frequency of patient‐reported severe reactions to food or of asthma was observed in AD patients compared to AC, particularly in case of concomitant Ole e 9 reactivity. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Testing IgE reactivity to a large panel of molecular components unveils important associations between IgE reactivity profiles and AD clinical presentation, highlights the allergens useful for a precise AD signature and allows the detection of interesting sensitisations patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]