Search

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Largely because of its vast copper reserves, Chile's exports are highly concentrated on this low complexity product and this is often cited as a major drawback of its economic policy framework. However, its exogenous copper abundance conceals the country's success in developing non-mineral and complex exports. This achievement is remarkable considering its remoteness from the large international economic centers, which limits its integration to global value chains. As suggested in this paper, this accomplishment reflects Chile's strength in policy areas that foster non-mineral exports (including complex exports), making the country a role model in export diversification policies among emerging market countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is an essential and inexhaustible resource that significantly contributes to the development of countries. It embodies a valuable and cost-effective asset rooted in human creativity and innovation. Societies that prioritize human capital and intellectual capacity over reliance on natural resources tend to achieve greater long-term success. This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth in Iran through the lens of a growth model. Utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method, the analysis encompasses data from 1980 to 2022. The results indicate that various indices of entrepreneurship exert a positive and significant influence on Iran's economic growth during the specified period. The findings underscore the need for implementing advanced strategies to accelerate growth and align more closely with the Schumpeterian framework. Policymakers are encouraged to emphasize the promotion of innovative entrepreneurial activities to enhance economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The informal sector has become the bedrock for employment creation. However, its capacity for growth and production of goods and services remains doubtful. This study investigated the growth path of businesses in the informal sector and factors that sustain this growth trajectory in Enugu State, Nigeria. A sample of 500 respondents was chosen from two communities in each of the two local government areas from the three senatorial zones within Enugu State. The sampling techniques employed were purposive and stratified random sampling. Survey and quantitative research techniques were adopted. Results did not confirm a vertical growth trajectory of informal sector businesses but confirmed that economic, demographic, and environmental factors drive the informal sector horizontal growth trajectory in Enugu State. Therefore, we recommend a paradigm shift that curbs corruption, allows the gains from growth to trickle down, creates access to finance, and provides critical infrastructure to facilitate the vertical integration of informal sector businesses with the formal sector for improved productive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El estudio analiza el impacto la violencia del crimen en el crecimiento económico en México. Se adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo con corte transversal en 2022. Se emplearon modelos de regresión lineal múltiple y logística multinomial para evaluar cómo el gasto de gobierno, la formación bruta de capital, la inversión extranjera directa y los homicidios afectan el Producto Interno Bruto per cápita y la clasificación de los estados en niveles de ingreso alto, medio y bajo. En un escenario base de 796.8 homicidios promedio, la probabilidad de ingresos medios es del 51.28%, bajos del 23.13% y altos del 25.57%. Un aumento a 1000 homicidios incrementa la probabilidad de ingresos bajos a 33.48% y reduce las de ingresos medios a 48.95% y altos a 17.55%. Una disminución a 100 homicidios reduce la probabilidad de ingresos bajos a 4.08% y aumenta la de ingresos altos a 58.20%. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de políticas efectivas para reducir la violencia y mejorar la seguridad pública, favoreciendo el desarrollo económico y el bienestar social.

La corrupción global genera desconfianza, distorsiona la competencia y obstaculiza el crecimiento económico. Actos como el soborno y el nepotismo benefician a quienes participan, limitando las oportunidades y desalentando la ética empresarial. En este sentido, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo profundizar la comprensión de la relación entre la corrupción y la inversión privada en el Perú. Metodológicamente, se trató de una revisión bibliográfica, de tipo narrativo, donde se utilizaron las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo y Dialnet para la búsqueda de documentos, utilizando las palabras clave "corrupción" e "inversión privada", sobre publicaciones entre 2010-2020. Las categorías fueron preestablecidas para el análisis documental, siendo estas: a) Impacto económico de la corrupción; b) Marco legal y medidas anticorrupción y c) Buenas prácticas y casos de éxito; El resultado más relevante sugiere que la corrupción genera desconfianza entre los inversionistas, limitando las oportunidades de negocios éticos y transparentes, desacelerando así el crecimiento económico y la innovación en el país. Las conclusiones destacan que la falta de confianza generada por la corrupción dificulta la toma de decisiones de inversión y reduce la disposición de los inversionistas a comprometer sus recursos en proyectos en el país.

El objetivo es diseñar el primer Mapeo Sistemático de la Literatura relacionado con la Capacidad de Absorción y el crecimiento económico durante el período 2000 a 2022. Mediante una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura (RSL) de la base de datos Web of Science, se aplican cuatro fases: identificación, planificación, selección y evaluación. Se recopilan 342 documentos y aplicando criterios rigurosos de inclusión, se seleccionan 195 publicaciones. Los datos se procesan con herramientas analíticas como Graphext, Biblioshiny y VosViewer. Los resultados indican que el año 2022 aparece como la cúspide de la producción científica, China destaca en número de publicaciones y de citas. El análisis semántico, facilitado por Graphext, organiza el contenido en grupos denominados: capacidad social, capacidad tecnológica, capacidad medioambiental, capacidad financiera, capacidad de políticas públicas, capacidad empresarial, capacidad humana y capacidad económica. Se concluye que este mapeo sistemático facilita una comprensión matizada de las variables exploradas en el marco de las Capacidades Nacionales de Absorción, ofreciendo evidencia convincente de las ocho capacidades asociadas al crecimiento económico. La principal limitación es que sólo se consideró la revisión de la base de datos Web of Science, abarcando hasta el año 2022.

Las exportaciones de un país son clave para su economía. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar sobre la contribución de las exportaciones no tradicionales al crecimiento económico del Paraguay a través del caso del sector alimenticio, durante el periodo 2011-2020. Para tal efecto, se planteó un diseño metodológico bibliográfico-documental, en el que se recurrió a un modelo econométrico que vinculaba el Producto Interno Bruto con las exportaciones tradicionales y no tradicionales del sector alimenticio junto con otras variables, para verificar sus efectos. Entre los principales resultados cabe señalar el efecto positivo de las exportaciones no tradicionales en el crecimiento de la economía y su potencial para diversificar la canasta exportadora del país.

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates how governance and infrastructure moderate the effect of natural resource rents on economic growth using a sample of 110 countries from 2000 to 2018. The empirical evidence is based on panel smooth transition regressions (PSTR). The nexus between economic growth and natural resources is not linear and the underlying non‐linearity is contingent on existing infrastructural and governance levels. Evidence of a "natural resource curse" is apparent in countries with extremely low levels of governance and infrastructural development. The favorable effect of natural resources on economic growth requires a governance threshold of −1.210 and an infrastructure threshold of 2.583, indicating that countries with governance and infrastructure levels higher than these values tend to benefit much more from the wealth of natural resources. Countries identified below the established thresholds are mainly from Africa. Policy implications are discussed with specific emphasis on African countries. Related Articles: Ali, Hamid E., and Shahjahan Bhuiyan. 2022. "Governance, Natural Resources Rent, and Infrastructure Development: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa." Politics & Policy 50(2): 408–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12451. Asiegbu, Martin F., Okey Marcellus Ikeanyibe, Pius Otu Abang, Okwudili Chukwuma Nwosu, and Chuka Eugene Ugwu. 2024. "Natural Resource Fund Governance and the Institutionalization of Rent Seeking in Nigeria's Oil Sector." Politics & Policy 52(1): 169–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12579. Ikeanyibe, Okechukwu M. 2018. "Bureaucratic Politics and the Implementation of Liberalization Reforms in Nigeria: A Study of the Unbundling and Reorganization of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation." Politics & Policy 46(2): 263–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12249. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este artículo se analizan los logros de Colombia en materia de crecimiento económico desde comienzos del siglo XX, la evolución de las políticas públicas que contribuyeron a alcanzarlos y los principales efectos sobre el desarrollo social y las desigualdades regionales. El desempeño económico se divide en tres períodos: 1905-1929, 1930-1980 y 1981-2023. El primero se caracterizó por la expansión cafetera, un auge de la inversión en infraestructura física y el comienzo de la explotación petrolera. En el segundo se consolidó el desarrollo industrial y se diversificaron la producción agrícola y las exportaciones. El último se caracterizó por la combinación de un Estado con mayor prestación de servicios sociales e impulsor de la descentralización, y la liberalización del comercio exterior y del sistema financiero. Sus resultados en materia económica fueron la desindustrialización, la reprimarización exportadora, cuyo principal producto fue el petróleo, y la mayor volatilidad macroeconómica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El financiamiento se ha convertido en la alternativa de la recuperación económica y crecimiento de las empresas. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar principalmente el efecto del nivel de gastos financieros que mantienen las empresas sobre los ingresos operacionales de las medianas y grandes empresas del sector de la Construcción en el Ecuador. La metodología aplicada se basa en los modelos de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y de Fortin, Lemiux y Firpo. Entre los principales resultados se evidencia que, los gastos financieros tienen una relación directa significativa con los ingresos operacionales, el número de personal ocupado y el consumo intermedio para las grandes empresas; sin embargo, no se destaca un efecto significativo para las medianas. En cuanto a los ingresos operacionales, las variables que marcan las diferencias según tamaño de empresa son el número de personal y el consumo intermedio, siendo una tendencia bastante marcada para las grandes empresas

Este artículo estudia la teoría económica que se encuentra detrás de los análisis y la política pública sobre la informalidad. Para esto se realizará un repaso por la teoría hegemónica (marginalista-neoclásica) buscando comprender dicho marco teórico y su relación con la política económica. De esta manera, se presentará la principal corriente del pensamiento económico, con sus implicaciones sobre la política pública y el tratamiento de la informalidad, y se le criticará de manera profunda y concisa, hallando sus principales falencias teóricas y pretendiendo demostrar su incapacidad para describir cualquier sistema económico de forma lógica y coherente. Con esto en mente, se discutirán nociones alternativas para comprender el fenómeno de la informalidad y el desempleo, partiendo de la propuesta de la economía popular del profesor César Giraldo y continuando con la teoría de la demanda efectiva de Keynes. De aquí se desprenderán condicionantes para una política pública que pretenda, por un lado, la reducción del desempleo y, por el otro, el reconocimiento del sujeto social de la economía popular.

La Balanza de Pagos en Ecuador representa uno de los instrumentos relevantes a nivel de la economía nacional, el cual registra detalladamente cada transacción llevada a cabo durante el año programado. El objetivo consiste en analizar la incidencia de los componentes de la balanza de pagos (importaciones, exportaciones e inversión extranjera directa) en la productividad nacional, a través del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB). La metodología incluye fundamentos teóricos y la aplicación de ecuaciones econométricas, como la regresión logarítmica. Este enfoque permite presentar nueva información estadística que ofrece un panorama preciso y actualizado validando su función como catalizadores de la actividad productiva. Los resultados presentados indican que las exportaciones y la inversión extranjera directa tienen un efecto positivo y estadísticamente significativo en la economía del país. Sin embargo, las importaciones han mostrado un impacto negativo lo que plantea la necesidad de gestiones más estratégicas.

La presente investigación analiza cómo influyen en México las características del individuo (ámbito de origen, color de piel, estatus económico de origen y educación) y los factores estructurales (crecimiento económico y apertura comercial) en las oportunidades de obtener un nivel de bienestar económico alto. Por medio de un modelo probit, estimado en dos etapas con variables instrumentales en un contexto de muestras complejas, se identifica que las personas nacidas en hogares con estatus económico bajo, originarias de localidades rurales y de piel morena, tienen menores probabilidades éxito económico con respecto a las personas de estatus de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Los hallazgos también revelan que el crecimiento económico y el logro escolar aumentan las probabilidades de obtener un estatus económico alto, pero el incremento de probabilidades no es homogéneo, sino que favorece en mayor medida a personas de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Finalmente, se identifica que, a través de las distintas tasas de crecimiento y logro escolar, las diferencias en el bienestar económico se amplían, lo que indica aumento de la desigualdad entre grupos privilegiados y no-privilegiados. La ruta de investigación es innovadora ya que no solo analiza el efecto del crecimiento económico y el logro académico en la movilidad social, sino que también aporta un método empírico que indaga el efecto del crecimiento y el logro académico en la desigualdad de oportunidades de ascenso socioeconómico. Los resultados indican la existencia de barreras de movilidad irracionales basadas en criterios sobre los que el individuo no tiene control.

Las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito constituyen instituciones alternativas de intermediación financiera, que favorecen la inclusión. El propósito de este estudio estimar la incidencia del desarrollo financiero del sector cooperativista de los segmentos 1, 2 y 3; evaluados en el periodo 2016-2022 en el crecimiento económico del Ecuador, calculado a través del Producto Interno Bruto. La metodología empleada contempla el modelo de datos de panel bajo la consideración por efectos fijos. Los resultados indican una relación positiva del volumen de colocación de microcréditos con la variación del PIB; mientras que variables como el riesgo de crédito, el volumen de inversiones y la rentabilidad tienen una incidencia negativa en el crecimiento económico.

La inclusión financiera ha cobrado prominencia como un área crucial para impulsar el crecimiento económico, reducir la pobreza y mejorar la movilidad social. Para los inmigrantes latinoamericanos, al igual que otros grupos, existen desafíos significativos para una inclusión plena, como lo son el acceso limitado a servicios financieros, barreras lingüísticas y culturales. Para las mujeres, dentro de estas comunidades, se suman obstáculos adicionales relacionados con las desigualdades de género, como la menor alfabetización financiera y las oportunidades laborales restringidas [Abokyi, 2023; Akeju, 2022; Demir et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2022; Ogunleye, 2017]. La investigación sobre inclusión financiera entre poblaciones migrantes ha sido principalmente cuantitativa, con poca atención a las experiencias individuales. Por tanto, surge la necesidad de investigaciones cualitativas que profundicen en los factores que contribuyen a las diferencias en la inclusión financiera entre estos grupos. Este estudio se enfoca en las experiencias de mujeres mexicanas emprendedoras en Francia, explorando cómo utilizan los servicios financieros para administrar sus negocios. Se emplea un enfoque cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas para recopilar datos en profundidad sobre sus perspectivas y experiencias. Guiado por un marco teórico basado en determinantes sociales, el estudio identifica factores individuales, comunitarios y estructurales que influyen en la inclusión financiera. Se resalta el enfoque conservador hacia el crédito, prefiriendo la autofinanciación y el ahorro, así como las barreras culturales y de género que enfrentan en el emprendimiento, como la discriminación en negociaciones con proveedores y la apertura de cuentas bancarias comerciales.

In this article, different ideas of sustainable development are reviewed showing that they rest on ways of recognizing and assigning values. Despite its importance, this feature has not received the attention it deserves. The dominant valuation perspective is anthropocentric, which turns to behave as a conditionality that subordinates ecological imperatives and is functional to economic growth. Radical different perspectives are South American Andean-Amazonian alternatives based on a biocentric posture that recognizes intrinsic values in nature. Ecuador offers a case study of that perspective. It is argued that it represents a more powerful option because is an alternative beyond any variety of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are introducing an analysis of the micro and macroeconomic factors associated with the textile industrial decline in the canton of La Maná. Ecuador, unlike similar studies, based on the decline of important industries, we tried to explain the negative factors to execute the Development and Territorial Planning Plan, which aspired for the takeoff of an industry that barely reached 2% participation. We analyzed not considered factors in planning, according to the new data. In the internal component, we particularly observed a management system based on traditional paradigms that did not foster innovation. We concluded about the importance of incorporating into public planning social and cultural programs that promote entrepreneurship, flexibility and the management of social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación Económica is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensayos - Revista de Economía is the property of Ensayos Revista de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polisemia is the property of Corporacion Universitaria Minuto de Dios and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economía (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán) is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)