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This article investigates the use of gendered discourse in Upper Creek negotiations with the British in the late eighteenth-century Southeast. It employs gunpowder and related discussions of masculinity as a tool for understanding how Native and European leaders communicated with one another to achieve their respective goals following the Seven Years' War. The lens of gunpowder, an exclusively male commodity that could only be produced in Europe, allows ethnohistorians to explore how Upper Creek men dealt with the problem of dependence while attempting to retain power and authority during a period of significant sociopolitical change. An analysis of gunpowder highlights the challenges associated with accessing important foreign goods in an era where certain manufactures functioned as more than simple commodities. Possession and use of gunpowder held the potential to determine individual status as well as one's ability to fulfill community responsibilities. It also shaped notions of gender, revealing how dependence on important, yet unstable, goods could threaten traditional Creek conceptions of masculine leadership. Gunpowder, therefore, illuminates the ways in which Creek leaders used European concepts of gender against British officials to cement their own authority on Indigenous terms, allowing them to maintain conventional avenues toward power and leadership within the confederacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the environmental law implications of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in McGirt v. Oklahoma that a portion of eastern Oklahoma was an Indian reservation of the Muscogee Creek Nation. Topics discussed are framework of environmental regulation between the federal government, Muscogee Nation and Oklahoma, impact of the case on the tribe's relationship with the state government, and paths for the Muscogee Nation to regulate environment in light of jurisdictional conflicts.

The article focuses on the therapeutic benefits of artifact hunting in natural settings, particularly walking creeks and ditches, as a way to alleviate stress and anxiety in today's fast-paced world. Topics include the geological characteristics of ideal artifact hunting areas, the impact of weather conditions on artifact visibility, and the author's personal experience of finding ancient artifacts during a creek walk after heavy rain.

The article focuses on the U.S. Supreme Court's 2020 decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma illustrates the confusing state of tribal law and ruling held the Muscogee Reservation, and by implication the other reservations encompassing eastern Oklahoma, had never been disestablished. It mentions individual Indians held intellectual property rights to songs, spells, dances, and images and tribes recognized the torts of trespass.

The article focuses on racialized slavery in Creek country at the turn of the 19th century. Topics include how Creek women and their positions within matrilineages shaped this slavery, the relationships that developed between Creek women and slave owners, and how practices of marriage and adoption impacted the community.

On July 9, 2020, the United States Supreme Court held by a five-four vote that the borders of the 1866 Muscogee (Creek) Nation Reservation in Oklahoma remain intact. The decision landed like a bombshell. Overnight, the Muscogee (Creek) Reservation was reaffirmed and recognized as covering 3.25 million acres. The entire area is once again recognized as "Indian Country," as defined by federal law. One million Oklahomans discovered that they now live on an Indian reservation, including 400,000 people in the city of Tulsa. The United States, Oklahoma, and Oklahomans will now have to deal with numerous and complex issues involving Muscogee (Creek) Nation jurisdiction over an enormously larger expanse of land and population than was previously assumed. This case has crucially important implications that will involve the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, other tribes in Oklahoma, and tribes across the country in future negotiations, lawsuits, and perhaps legislative efforts to address the issues that will arise. McGirt v. Oklahoma is likely the most significant Indian law case in well over 100 years. In this Article, we examine McGirt in-depth and we then focus our attention on its future ramifications for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, federal Indian law, the United States, Indian nations in Oklahoma, the State of Oklahoma, and Indian nations and peoples across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Native peoples in Central America were subjected to enslavement, torture, and complete annihilation as the European Spanish male military seized Native lands and resources. It mentions decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Mcgit v. Oklahoma on the grounds that the alleged conduct occurred on the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Reservation. It also mentions Congress under the U.S. Constitution's Commerce Clause and cited to the U.S. Constitution's Supremacy Clause.

The author discusses the legal relationship between Native Americans and the U.S. government in the early Federal period. He mentions the European concept of international law and how it applied to both groups, the interactions with the Creek and Iroquois peoples, and the question of U.S. imperialism.

The article focuses on the relationship between Cherokee and Creek Native Americans during the 18th century. The author explores the relations between Cherokee Kings and Creek Kings within the region of Georgia, examines their intra-Indigenous connections and interactions, and explores how these relationships were viewed by Europeans.

The article examines the functioning of joint-stock companies, covered bonds, and municipal bonds that were utilized in order to move capital and economic value to foreign investors with the goal of dispossessing Native American groups such as the Creek Nation and Chickasaw Nation that had resided in Southern U.S. states during the early-to-mid-19th century.

The article discusses the political aspects of the U.S. government's legal recognition of refugees from the period following American Revolutionary War through the end of the 19th century. An overview of Canadian refugees in the U.S., refugees from Nova Scotia, Creek refugees and African American freed slaves as refugees is provided.

This essay uses the textual record produced in East and West Florida during William Augustus Bowles's final filibuster campaign. Bowles, a British adventurer, sought to break the Panton, Leslie & Company trade monopoly and establish the "State of Muscogee," with himself as its "Director General." This article, however, focuses on his indigenous allies who used Bowles to further their respective agendas. The Mikasukis and their leader, Kinache, protested against the Creek National Council, the Spanish, and the United States for their respective roles in the delineation of the Florida-Georgia border across their homeland. An ensuing Mikasuki-Spanish war lasted over two years and included extensive raiding of East Florida plantations. The Alachua Seminoles and their leader, Payne, made their own geopolitical calculations and decided to help the Spanish appeal to the Creek National Council for assistance. The Creeks suppressed the Mikasuki insurgency and apprehended Bowles. Nonetheless, the conflict demonstrated that the Mikasukis and the Alachuas, who were once Creek colonists in Florida, conducted independent foreign policies, an essential step in their eventual ethnogenesis as Seminoles. Lastly, this work implements a Native borderlands framework that focuses on inter- and intra-indigenous relations as these groups grappled with the forces of Euro-American colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite intensive study by John R. Swanton, in the early twentieth century, of social organization in the towns of the early Creek Confederacy, we are left with certain puzzling features. The article outlines two of them. First, despite the remarkable attention paid to clans and clanship, the nature of local, corporate kin groups was never clearly resolved. Second, despite evidence of a strong separation between the matrilineal organization, on the one hand, and the town council on the other, Swanton gives numerous examples where the two seem impossibly commingled. The article offers thoughts toward resolving both puzzles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores how Native peoples like the Creek (Muscogee) Indians invested colonized spaces in early American society with their own material, commercial, political, and spiritual meanings and importance. In particular, Creek Indians from the town of Coweta transformed Silver Bluff, the plantation of the trader and merchant George Galphin, into a "white ground," as a place connected to Creek Country by a "white path," and as a space where Creek and British leaders congregated to conduct business and negotiate politics. For it is no coincidence that the treaties of Augusta in 1763 and 1773, peaceful resolutions agreed to by the Creeks with the British Empire in 1760, 1764, 1773, 1774, and 1776, the negotiations over boundary lines in 1768 and 1774, and several other instances of cross-cultural dialogue all unfolded, started, or ended at Silver Bluff. The Creeks thereby enfolded occupied spaces like Silver Bluff--and the peoples who inhabited or congregated at such places--into their own worlds and according to their own understandings of those spaces. This process of spatial assimilation by the Creeks was as much collaborative as it was contested with Europeans throughout the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relation of sovereignty to the 1789 Yazoo land sale by the state of Georgia. Topics include efforts by white Georgians to undermine the sovereignty of Native American tribes over land, Creek treaties with the state, and Spanish claims to the land in relation to the construction of Fort Nogales in the area.

The article offers information on U.S. 7th Military District Major General Andrew Jackson, Red Stick warrior Savannah Jack, and the first Seminole War in the Alabama territory. Topics covered include the Red Stick flight to West and East Florida, General Jackson's invasion of Florida in the First Seminole War of 1818, and the murder of a Spanish cow keeper outside of Pensacola.

Historic documents are a useful tool in understanding post-contact archaeological sites. Documents can show different forms of interaction between Europeans and Native Americans and chronicle events that are invisible in the archaeological record. Using interactions between the Lower Creek and Westerners as a case study, a sample of 300 historic documents, written between 1620 and 1840, were analyzed and quantified. Results indicate that this method of quantification reflects historic events seen both in the documents and archaeological records and measures the level of interaction between Native Americans and colonialist through time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apalachicola was a Hitchitee community that was considered the capital of the Creek Nation during the seventeenth and eighteenth century in the Southeastern United States. The role of this community in the formation of the southeastern political and cultural geography is paramount because of their coalescence with emigrant Muscogee people. In this article, I synthesize 10 years of research at the site and clarify the population history of this community. The research demonstrates the formation of the Creek culture area in the material record. Pottery surface decoration becomes measurably homogenous and I interpret this pattern as a result of that cultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The article discusses the study on Koasati tribe and the supernatural beings that are not part of the normal human and animal world. Topics mentioned include the refer of Ilhoscobá to supernatural beings which means great one lost in the woods, the humanoid being named Ihosá in the mythology of Creek Indians that lost the hunters in the woods, and the comparison of the old days with the present where the supernatural beings are gone.

The article discusses the 1796 treaty negotiations between Creek Indians, representatives of the U.S. Federal government during the administration of President George Washington, and representatives of the government of the state of Georgia held at the federal post of Coleraine, Georgia. Notable people discussed include Georgia Governor George Mathews, U.S. Secretary of War Timothy Pickering, and Indian agent James Seagrove. Topics include Creek-federal relations, Federalist Indian policies, tribal relations among Creeks, and competing treaties between Native Americans, states, and the federal government.