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The article focuses on Title IX's purpose of protecting students from sexual harassment and assaults in school in the U.S. Topics include schools' interventions that blame and punish survivors directly cause students to undergo secondary traumas as well as institutional betrayals; the U.S. Supreme Court case Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District on harassment; and deliberate indifference standard and legal presumption related to the same.

The 50th commemoration of the 2 October 1968 massacre of students and bystanders in the Plaza de Tlatelolco included performances that forced spectators to confront the nagging legacy of 1968 and to think collectively about what a future Mexico could look like if nothing is done to change the course of its history. Auxilio: Au secours by TeatroSinParedes and El pasado nunca se muere by Lagartijas Tiradas al Sol share a mix of genres, a tripartite structure, and spatiotemporal dislocations that oblige the audience to leave their seats, to connect the dots, and, ultimately, to determine for themselves the meaning of each work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nexus between migration and crime has been studied over nearly a century across many countries from all continents. Research has concentrated on comparisons of migrants (or their offspring) with natives. Comparisons between migrants and comparable samples from their countries of origin have not been undertaken so far, however, because data were usually limited to the host country. The International Self-Reported Delinquency Study (ISRD-3, Enzmann et al., 2018) allows this gap to be overcome. In Switzerland, with its large immigrant minority – one student in two has roots in a foreign country – migrants of different backgrounds can be compared with native Swiss and with students who attend schools in ex-Yugoslavia where many migrants are from. We compare data on self-reported offences and victimization in the family collected through interviews with some 4000 juveniles in Switzerland and more than 6000 students of the same age in four countries of ex-Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia). Native-born youths in Switzerland report fewer offences than their immigrant peers, including those from ex-Yugoslavia. Although differences between students from ex-Yugoslavia and other foreign countries are relatively small, juveniles in ex-Yugoslavia report far lower offending rates than immigrants of the same age in Switzerland. Their rates are similar or lower than among native Swiss students. Further, rates of physical punishment and maltreatment are higher among immigrants than among non-migrants in Switzerland and in ex-Yugoslavia. We conclude that cultural background is unrelated to delinquency and parental punishment, but the experience of migrating goes along with violence within the family and self-reported offending. Differences exist between various family constellations, students born or with at least one parent born in Switzerland committing fewer offences and experiencing less parental violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nontraditional and commuter students, including Hispanic minority members and immigrants, are increasing within university enrollment. Although there is a national focus on sexual harassment, the dilemmas faced by these often-older students can include intimate partner violence (IPV). Research on risk and protective factors of IPV is a building block but incomplete for understanding and responding to IPV among Hispanic nontraditional university students. This study fills the gap by examining IPV victimization among a group of Hispanic students. The findings reveal that alcohol and drug use were significant risk factors of IPV victimization and offending, while a good family relationship served as a protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the social-ecological approach, this study examined the link between cyberbullying victimisation and the intention to drop out of school among school-aged adolescents in South Korea. This study used self-reported data from 11,132 students aged 10–19 who had participated in the 2016 Korean Children and Youth Rights Study. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to investigate the relationship between cyberbullying victimisation, social-ecological variables, and school dropout intention. In Step 1, cyberbullying victimisation was positively associated with students' intention to drop out. All family factors (Step 2) and peer/school factors (Step 3) were significantly associated with the intention to drop out, except for peer victimisation. In Step 4, higher levels of peer/teacher support were found to buffer the association between cyberbullying victimisation and dropout intention. Findings from the study suggest that specific prevention and intervention programmes should be developed and implemented to improve adolescents' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

School shootings are mediated by ways of sensing—through seeing bloodless, distant photographs and hearing retroactive eyewitness accounts. Yet at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, students' cell phones offered a more immediate and immersive experience. This new way of seeing and hearing created a unique rhetoric situation. In the immediate aftermath, Emma González, a student and survivor of the Parkland shooting, seized upon this perspective to invent a new figure, the "Parkland Kid," a generational stakeholder in the gun debate. The new subject position of the "Parkland Kid" expanded the range of thinkable thoughts, opened novel discursive strategies, and moved the intractable gun debate forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education is the property of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One important dimension of the quality of individuals' life is represented by their personal degree of comfort and security regarding any dangers and risks generated by violent acts, aggression and deceits committed against their physical integrity and their assets. Criminality is a serious and dangerous phenomenon because it violates the most important values and social relations that protects the social order, safety, health, people`s belongings and their fundamental rights and freedoms. Also it represents a potential menace for the structure and cohesion of social groups and institutions, generating feelings of insecurity and fear feelings among various population categories. According with the European resolutions the victims should benefi t of unrestrained access to justice and receive a fair treatment. The administrative and judicial mechanisms should allow them to obtain some compensations by formal or informal procedures that should be expeditious, fair, inexpensive and accessible. The victims should be treated with compassion and respect their self-dignity. The main goals of the present study are to identify and explain elements of the victimization risk factors in order to try to diminish and prevent them and to evaluate several programs and policies utilised by the social control institutions. In this paper we analyse statistics off ered by the Police, Public Prosecutor`s Offi ce, Courts and surveys made by the National Institute of Statistics regarding the risk of victimization, as well as studies conducted by the Research and Crime Prevention Institute. These data are further interpreted in the context of the social harm of criminality and issues regarding victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a campus-wide prevention program, the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC) implemented a cross-sequential survey on sexual violence. In this article, we report data from the first wave (2018; N = 2,046) from three cohorts of undergraduates (Year 1, n = 792; Year 2, n = 601; Year 3, n = 653). We found an overall twelve-month prevalence for victimization experiences of 18.7 percent (4.3 percent by force or threat of force; 12.9 percent while unable to resist; 7.1 percent by verbal pressure; multiple responses allowed). Women (22.9 per - cent) were victimized more frequently than men (9.7 percent). Among women, victimization rates were highest for Year 1 students (25.7 percent), intermediate for Year 2 (22.3%), and lowest for Year 3 (19.8 percent). Only 10.9 percent of reported incidents happened in a university context. In most cases, perpetrators were male (88.9 per - cent) and known to the victim (72.1 percent); 24.4 percent were partners, 35.5 percent were friends. We present additional data on risk factors and attitudinal correlates. We also discuss our findings in relation to previous research suggesting higher prevalence rates at Chilean universities, considering differences in methodology and implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. South Africans experience high levels of contact crime, including assault, robbery and hijacking. Emergency medical services (EMS) are frequently called to the scene of such incidents. Their presence in these potentially hostile environments increases the risk of South African (SA) paramedics and paramedic students becoming victims of crime and violence. A 2015 study showed that ~66% of SA EMS staff reported being assaulted while on duty. During a 10-month period in 2016, Western Cape Province recorded >40 incidents of physical violence against their EMS personnel. Questions are being asked about how well prepared EMS staff are to operate in potentially hostile environments. Objectives. To explore emergency medical care (EMC) students' experiences of violence and crime and their views on the need for hostile environment awareness training (HEAT) as part of their undergraduate degree programmes. Methods. A self-designed, non-validated, cross-sectional online survey questionnaire was used to document the experiences, views and opinions of 113 undergraduate EMC students from 4 SA universities. The questionnaire consisted of 24 closed-ended questions with pre-set Likert scale options focusing on documenting participants' experiences, views and opinions regarding hostile environments and the need for HEAT. Results. A high percentage of participants (92%) indicated feeling unsafe while engaging in clinical learning shifts; 63% specified that they had personally witnessed violence against EMS crews, and 32% indicated that they had been assaulted while on duty. Unsurprisingly, 81% of the respondents felt that there is a need for inclusion of HEAT in the undergraduate curriculum. Conclusions. Participation in clinical learning shifts in the current SA prehospital EMS environment increases the risk of exposure to potentially hostile environments. Consequently, students feel unsafe and support the inclusion of HEAT as part of their undergraduate degree programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research explores factors shaping those policies and actors involved in state-level sex and labor trafficking prevention. This study examined the organizational, political, and normative dynamics that influenced implementation of Texas House Bill 1272 (HB 1272, 2013), which included educators in trafficking prevention. Part of a larger study that used feminist critical policy analysis and multifocal theory as overarching guideposts, findings highlight important factors bound up with policy actor enactment and normative roadblocks to successful long-term curriculum and training implementation. This study fills a gap in the educational research literature both in its unpacking of the normative politics involved in eliminating youth commercial and sexual violence experienced and thick qualitative research findings, neither of which would be possible through one theoretical or methodological device. Implications of and recommendations for educational research and practice are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Authoritative School Climate theory, a school environment perceived with high levels of support and disciplinary structure can be a protective factor against violence. Therefore, the current study aimed to understand how support and disciplinary structure affected peer victimization among Brazilian students. Participants were 420 students from Brazil, between 7 and 14 years old (mean=10.02; S.D. = .91); 51.5% of the participants were boys. Measures were obtained from a self-report questionnaire with measures of victimization, authoritative school climate and sociodemographic data. Using multilevel modeling between individual and same-sex peer group analyses, 89.86% of the victimization variability was at the individual level. Results indicated a negative association between the student's perception of support and reports of victimization, but no gender differences as predictors of victimization. Younger students who reported lowers perceptions of support also could be more victimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have examined theoretical predictors of cyberstalking victimization and offending. The current study, guided by self-control theory and a feminist framework, analyzed predictors of cyberstalking victimization and offending among undergraduate college students (N = 662). College women were at increased risk of cyberstalking victimization, but were also more likely to report having engaged in cyberstalking perpetration. Higher levels of self-control reduced the likelihood of cyberstalking victimization and offending. While Greek life membership and holding adversarial heterosexual beliefs did not affect cyberstalking victimization and offending, gender stereotyping decreased the odds of experiencing cyberstalking victimization. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author provides information on an idea he developed for an artistic project in spring 2017 to criticize U.S. President Donald Trump's presidency. The project involved artists, sculptors, and designers who created a space that informs students about the complexities of the U.S.-Mexico border. The author considers his project as a way to protect vulnerable students from state-sanctioned violence or hostile racist environments.

Sexual objectification can be defined as an imprecise cognitive process which produces inaccurate evaluations according to gender. Moreover, sexual objectification restricts evaluation to a single aspect of people: appearance (Langton in Future Philos 285-303, 2004; Langton in Sexual solipsism: philosophical essays on pornography and objectification, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009). So far, no studies have assessed the impact of sexual objectification on teachers’ perceptions and evaluations of students. The present study was aimed at investigating the impact of gender and sexual objectification in the domain of education. Specifically, we examined whether gender and objectification changed how teachers perceived and evaluated students. The sample comprised 164 female teachers ages 32-70 years (mean 48.3 ± 7.5) from randomly selected middle schools in Sardinia, Italy. Statistical analysis revealed that teachers ascribed more behaviours that precluded learning to students who were sexually objectified than students who were not sexually objectified. This effect was not dependent on students’ gender. Teachers should acknowledge the important role of sexual objectification in student assessment and be informed of best practices to reduce the negative outcomes of sexual objectification and self-objectification in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on an increase of sexual assault cases among female undergraduate students in college campuses in the U. S., addressing of the issue of rape culture publicly, and the impact of journalism on the prevention of rape. Topics include the role of media in the exposure of rape cases, the use of community structure theory, and the importance of newspapers.

Our goal with this qualitative case study was to explore the relationship between gang membership/presence of gangs in a middle school on the experiences of sexual harassment from the perspectives of both bullies and victims. This study sought to explore the characteristics of sexual harassment taking place in one middle school with a gang presence, the relationship of gang membership/presence to the types of sexual harassment experienced or witnessed, and student perceptions of the influence of gangs on sexual harassment. Thompson Middle School enrolls approximately 440 students. The surrounding community has more than 20 gangs with 2000 known gang members. Data were collected from 10 student interviews and unstructured observations from researcher field notes to capture experiences from one middle school. Analysis was performed using a modified van Kaam approach. Resulting themes centered on what students knew about sexual harassment, the types of sexual harassment they witnessed at their school, and reasons why they thought sexual harassment was occurring with such frequency. Sexual harassment appears to be heightened when there is a gang presence and visible gang activity. Incidents appear to happen more in the ‘open’ rather than hidden. The pressure to give into sexual advances by gang members appears to be especially heightened for girls. The types of sexual harassment acts described by the students as highly invasive with many classified as same-sex acts as initiated by the gang members. Sexual harassment prevention programs in schools with a gang presence need to incorporate discussions related to gang influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Woman Studies is the property of Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Woman Studies is the property of Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The sexual assault and coercion of women on university campuses continues to be an ongoing problem. It is estimated that more than 15% of women attending college experience some type of sexual assault or coercion each year. As universities and other social institutions begin to acknowledge the prevalence of sexual victimization, an increased emphasis has been placed on helping victims of sexual crimes. The current study uses results from 378 surveys completed by females at a midwestern university to examine the help-seeking behaviors of those who have been victimized. This study specifically focuses on formal and informal reporting, identifying help agents, and reasons for not reporting. Results reveal that 1% of women who were victimized reported their experience to a formal entity, whereas 45% told an informal agent, such as a friend or roommate. Reasons for not reporting included not identifying the experience as rape, wanting to keep the experience private, and feeling ashamed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews factors at the individual, microsystem, meso/exosystem, and macrosystem levels that contribute to sexual revictimization among college women. Potential implications for reducing sexual revictimization on campuses via multilevel targeting of interventions is then discussed. This review reveals that despite a need for additional work examining the influence of multiple interacting factors contributing to revictimization, extant work offers insights as to how colleges can develop comprehensive programs to reduce sexual revictimization. Such programming would not only improve institutional responses to sexual violence, but also serve as a model for reducing general cultural acceptance of the perpetration of sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current estimates predict that more than 5% of men and 8% women will be stalked at some point in their lifetime, and up to 6% of both men and women will be stalked during their time at college. While variables related to sexual assault have been extensively examined, factors that contribute to stalking and influences specific to university students remain a point of concern for administration and those attending the institution. Using a proportioned stratified sampling technique, this study obtained cross-sectional survey data collected from 873 students at a university in the upper Midwest. Utilizing a routine activity theory theoretical perspective, hierarchical and binary logistic regression are employed to investigate the prevalence of stalking, as well as the influence of individual and campus guardianship variables on the stalking victimization of college students, and an experiential comparison of female and male students. Findings reveal that among the total female student sample, 43% had been stalked at some point in their lifetime, with 13% stalked during their time at the university. Of the male students, 34% had been stalked, with 18% stalked while at the university. Sexual history, year in school, and perceived vulnerability were positive predictors of stalking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol-related rape among university students is clearly a major concern. However, there have been no large-scale surveys of the prevalence of this offence among university students in the UK. The aim of the current paper is to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of alcohol-related rape among university students in seven universities in Wales. Methods: All universities in Wales were approached to take part in the research. Eight of the nine universities agreed to take part and seven universities emailed their students as planned. On the launch date, emails were sent by the universities to all students requesting that they take part in the survey. The email contained a link to a questionnaire covering a range of topics including: demographics, lifestyle factors, and substance misuse. Results: In total, 7,846 students submitted a questionnaire. Overall, just under six per cent of females reported being the victim of alcohol-related rape while at university compared with one per cent of males. Sexual orientation was significantly correlated with alcohol-related rape, with three per cent of heterosexuals reported being the victim of alcohol-related rape, compared with eight per cent of lesbians or gays. Students who drank alcohol frequently and those involved in binge drinking were also significantly more likely to report the offence. Conclusions: The government and universities should play a more direct role to ensure that actions are taken to deter, prevent, and treat the consequences of these largely unreported offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of the “Dear Colleague” letter in 2011, higher education institutions have become focused on sexual assault and related policies, procedures regarding offenses, and prevention education. Institutions should consider using this spotlight on interpersonal dynamics to increase awareness about other types of relationship violence that may be more common. This secondary data analysis of 72,067 U.S. college students indicates stalking, emotional abuse, and physical abuse are very common. Along with relationship difficulties in general, these forms of relational violence occur more frequently than sexual assault. Implications for counseling and mental health services are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Teachers at school are typically considered as handlers or guardians of students and managers of classrooms—in roles that foster learning and protect students from harm. Thus, relatively little research attention is given to identifying the risk factors for teacher victimization in comparison with the great deal of work addressing the correlates of student victimization at school. The present study fills this gap in the literature on school violence by examining the individual- and school-level predictors of teacher victimization. The authors’ analysis is framed using a multilevel opportunity theoretical approach, incorporating measures of teacher activities, self-protection, teacher attributes that suggest target vulnerability and target antagonism, school-level norms supportive of delinquency, and school-level guardianship. These various risk and protective factors are examined using hierarchical negative binomial regression models with data from over 4,100 teachers in 98 schools in Kentucky. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are known developmental consequences and correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization, research focused on bidirectional and multiple forms of partner violence among Latino emerging adults is needed. This longitudinal study identified latent classes of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization patterns among emerging adult Latinos (N = 1060; 60.6% female). A second aim examined acculturation and cumulative substance use correlates in high school, as predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization classes in emerging adulthood. Average age of participants was 15.5 years in 10th grade and 22.7 years in emerging adulthood. We identified four distinct subgroups of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization, with 22% of individuals identified in a violence perpetration and victimization subgroup. Cumulative heavy episodic drinking and marijuana use in high school predicted belonging to the psychological bidirectional intimate partner violence group rather than the group with no violence. Cumulative marijuana use in high school, predicted belonging to the sexual bidirectional partner violence group compared to the no violence group. Our study extends the literature across developmental periods among Latino youth. The findings have implications for early adolescent prevention strategies and promotion of healthy intimate relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle adolescent bullying and identify students most vulnerable to being bullied, it is essential to examine both occurrences of bullying behaviors and students’ own likelihoods of reporting bullying. This study examines ethnic and gender differences in students’ odds of reporting bullying using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a nationally representative study of United States high school sophomores (N = 15,362; ages 15–19; 50.2% female). Compared to White and female students, minority (particularly Black and Hispanic) and male students report comparable or greater experiences of bullying behaviors (such as being threatened, hit, put down by peers, or having belongings forced from them, stolen or damaged), but are less likely to report that they have been “bullied.” These findings point to racialized and gendered differences in reporting bullying experiences such that indicators of “weakness” in peer relations may carry a greater stigma for minority and male students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mounting evidence suggests dating victimization and aggression begin in early adolescence, little work has examined the pattern of these behaviors across this age. This longitudinal study examined trajectories of dating victimization and aggression across middle school using 12 waves of data. A sample of early adolescents (N = 1369, 52.3% girls; 83% African American; 15% Hispanic or Latino) residing in an urban, economically disadvantaged area participated in this study. Youth completed measures of dating victimization and aggression quarterly across the 3 years of middle school. Although results indicated a general trend of increasing dating victimization and aggression across middle school, variation existed for boys and girls. Specifically, girls showed increasing patterns of both, whereas boys remained relatively stable across time. Dating victimization and aggression were also highly correlated across time. These findings support the implementation and refinement of prevention programming aimed at preventing and reducing dating aggression and victimization in middle school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study examined the relation between stranger harassment experiences and college women's perceived possibility of gender and nongender crimes happening to them. Undergraduate women attending a British university completed self‐report measures of stranger harassment and self‐objectification (i.e., self‐surveillance and body shame), and then evaluated four vignettes of various crimes on the severity of the crime and the likelihood of the crime happening to them. Results indicated that stranger harassment is a common experience for these British university women. Serial mediation analyses revealed a direct effect of stranger harassment on perceived likelihood of rape and perceived likelihood of intimate partner violence, and an indirect effect of stranger harassment on rape through self‐surveillance, whereas stranger harassment and indices of self‐objectification were unrelated to perceived likelihood of human trafficking and burglary. Discussion is centered on the role of objectifying experiences in perceptions of gender crimes where sexual and physical harm to women's bodies is emphasized, and the potential impact for those women on the receiving end of unwanted sexual objectification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]