Search

Background: Research on carceral institutions and mortality finds that people in prisons and jails have a high risk of death immediately following release from custody and that while incarcerated, racial disparities in prisoner mortality counter observed death patterns among similarly situated non-incarcerated, demographic groups. Yet, many of these studies rely on data prior to the millennium, during the COVID-19 pandemic, or are relegated to a small number or select group of states. In this paper, we explore changes in mortality and life-expectancy among different demographic groups, before and after the Great Recession, across forty-four states that reported deaths in custody to the federal government between 2000 and 2014. Methods: Drawing on a novel dataset created and curated, we calculate standard, age- specific quantities (death rates and life-expectancy) using period lifetable methods, disaggregated by race and sex, across three different periods (2000–2004, 2005–2009, and 2010–2014) for each state. Ordinary least squares regression models with state and year fixed-effects are included to examine state-level factors that may explain differences in prisoner mortality rates between 2000 and 2014. We also benchmark death counts reported to federal agencies with official state reports to cross-validate general mortality patterns. Results: Among imprisoned men, age-specific trends in mortality have shifted across the three periods. Following the Great Recession and the push for criminal justice reforms, prisoner mortality dropped significantly and is concentrated at older ages among men during 2010–2014; the shifting pattern of mortality means that men age 30 in 2010–2014 had similar death rates as men in their early 20s during 2000–2004, representing a 7.5 year shift in age-specific mortality rates. Gains in the mortality decline were disproportionately experienced by Non-Hispanic White and Non-Hispanic Black men, with the latter experiencing the greatest gains in life-expectancy of any demographic group. State-level violent crime rates are strongly and positively associated with prison mortality rates across states, net of socioeconomic and political factors. The large and significant disappearance of deaths in prisons from official data reported to federal agencies calls into question the narrowing gap in racial disparities among people in carceral facilities. Conclusions: Legal decisions and social policies aimed at reducing mortality may be most effective in the short-run; however, the effects of these policy changes may fadeout over time. Research should clearly discern whether changes in mortality rates across states are due to diminished gains in social policies or increases in the disappearance (or underreporting) of deaths in custody. Understanding how and why gains in survivorship may stall is important for aligning health initiatives with social policy to facilitate maximal and consistent mortality declines for all demographic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several states have adopted recreational marijuana legislation (RML). While the public favors RML, open questions remain concerning the specific implementation of legalization. Specifically, how do Americans feel the revenue from such sales should be spent? Relatedly, what justice reforms should be considered? Not least, what proportion of the public remains uncertain about these facets of regulation and how does this uncertainty impact policy preferences for investment and reform? These are important questions to examine given the public's influence in the emergence of RML. Drawing on a 2022 national poll (N = 1,003), this study examines public attitudes toward investment strategies (e.g., public schools) and justice system responses due to legalization (e.g., expungement). Results suggest that most of the public approves of these measures. However, divides in favoring specific initiatives are evident. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opioid overdose crisis intersects critically with the criminal legal system where individuals with opioid use disorder (are significantly overrepresented. Subsequently, incarceration increases the risk of opioid overdose due to reduced tolerance, interrupted social supports, and limited access to treatment. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, have been shown to reduce opioid-related mortality and improve outcomes for those in carceral settings. Despite this, access to MOUD in jails and prisons remains limited due to stigma, concerns about medication diversion, and logistical challenges. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on MOUD in carceral settings, summarizing the prevalence of treatment programs, the role of novel formulations like injectable buprenorphine, and barriers to implementation. It also explores the continuum of care, emphasizing the importance of initiating MOUD during incarceration and ensuring continuation upon release to prevent treatment gaps. Recent policy changes, such as Sect. 1115 Medicaid waivers, offer promising avenues for expanding access, but retention in treatment and post-release outcomes remain significant challenges. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of existing literature and updates on MOUD service delivery, including the impact of recent policy shifts and research on outcomes such as recidivism and health improvement. It concludes by identifying key areas for future research, including strategies to improve treatment retention, address systemic barriers through criminal justice reform, and enhance care coordination during the transition from incarceration to the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The misuse of firearms, particularly illegal ownership, continues to pose a global challenge, threatening public safety and social order. In Indonesia, the prevalence of illegal firearms highlights significant gaps in existing legislation, which struggles to comprehensively address the complexities of firearm-related crimes, including those involving corporate entities. This study aims to evaluate the formulation policies of criminal law concerning illegal firearm ownership within the context of Indonesia's broader criminal law reform. Utilizing a normative juridical research method, which involves analyzing relevant laws, doctrines, and legal principles, the study identifies key weaknesses in current policies, including the lack of clear juridical qualifications for crimes and inadequate mechanisms for corporate accountability. The findings reveal that the current legislative framework lacks synchronization with international legal standards and fails to provide adequate deterrence. The discussion emphasizes the need for rational and systematic policy reforms, incorporating comparative studies from other jurisdictions. The study concludes by recommending comprehensive updates to the legal framework, ensuring clarity, consistency, and effectiveness in addressing illegal firearm ownership, ultimately enhancing public safety and reinforcing the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do jury pools reflect the community from which they are drawn, and how can one be certain? Inspired by the growing body of diversity science literature, this study explores some of the complex dimensions involved in measures of juror heterogeneity. Using survey data from a sample of nearly 38,000 summonsed jurors in Washington State, this research explores the discordance between jurors' self-identified race/ethnicity and their perceptions of how others ascribe them, using Census Bureau classifications. Findings indicate that the incongruence between one's personal identification and external categorization may account for the observed variability in juror representation across different stages of the juror selection process. Specifically, a significant portion of respondents who self-identified as non-White reported feeling that they were perceived as White by others. We speculate that instances of racial contestation may inadvertently contribute to the exclusion of non-White individuals on the basis of one's phenotypical proximity to Whiteness. Potential implications for criminal justice reform efforts and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing awareness of racial disparities in case processing and sentencing has led justice reform advocates to challenge locally elected officials, specifically chief prosecutors, to address disparate treatment through criminal justice reforms. Elected prosecutors within across several jurisdictions have attempted to address these concerns by adopting "smart-on-crime" policies. However, the extent to which chief prosecutors have adopted such policies has been unexplored empirically. Additionally, little is known about prosecutors' support for these changes in smaller jurisdictions. The current study explores the political platforms and reform efforts of progressive-oriented prosecutors, highlighting the reform efforts of Black chief prosecutors. Findings suggest that reformed-minded Black prosecutors adopt policies aimed at addressing disparate treatment and positively influencing public perceptions and legitimacy of the office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Women's Rights After War and Genocide: Contradictions and Challenges" published in the Journal of Genocide Research discusses the opportunities and challenges for women's rights in post-war contexts. It highlights the importance of women's inclusion in politics and peace processes, but also points out contradictions and limitations in existing frameworks. The authors present findings from their Women's Rights After War (WRAW) project, which evaluates women's rights reforms in six conflict-affected countries. The article emphasizes the need for more radical and transformative interventions to address gender injustice and build more just and equitable societies after war and genocide. [Extracted from the article]

The article "If the Difference Principle Won't Make a Real Difference in Algorithmic Fairness, What Will?: Response to 'Rawlsian Algorithmic Fairness and a Missing Aggregation Property of the Difference Principle'" examines the challenges of applying John Rawls' difference principle to algorithmic fairness. The authors argue that implementing the principle at a local level is not enough to ensure fairness at a societal level. They provide examples and simulations to support their argument and suggest that addressing inequality through measures like taxing billionaires or implementing universal basic income may be more effective. The article also raises questions about the practicality of Rawlsian principles and proposes alternative policies that focus on broader patterns of distributional justice. It explores different perspectives on justice and responsibility, emphasizing the need for collective action to bring about meaningful change. The author critiques the limitations of Rawlsian political philosophy and calls for a more comprehensive approach to algorithmic fairness. [Extracted from the article]

This study attempts to answer the question whether the assumptions and expectations of the legislators, as expressed in the 2015 amendment to criminal law concerning the penalty of restriction of liberty, have been fulfilled in judicial practice. Based on the analysis, it appears that the main goal of the reform has been achieved: namely, a significant reduction in the adjudication of the penalty of restriction of liberty with conditional suspension of execution in favour of non-custodial penalties. Consequently, the role of the penalty of restriction of liberty in criminal policy has significantly expanded; however, these changes have also had a negative outcome by increasing the use of unconditional imprisonment. This indicates that for some offenders, limiting the application of conditional suspension of penalty execution has led to a rise in the frequency of unconditional imprisonment. When analysing issues related to the adjudication and execution of the penalty of restriction of liberty, particular attention was drawn to the importance of accurately selecting this penalty in the form of an obligation to perform unpaid, supervised community service in specific cases, and the non-compliance in practice with the directive in Article 58 § 2a of the Polish Criminal Code. This led to an increase in the number of substitute imprisonment penalties ordered in place of the restriction of liberty penalty. Additionally, based on established data, serious concerns arise regarding the effectiveness of the penalty of restriction of liberty, as measured by recidivism rates. This is because it brings the penalty of restriction of liberty closer in effectiveness to unconditional imprisonment and significantly deviates from the effectiveness of other non-custodial penalties and measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the legal loopholes that exist in the regulation of gratification and grants in Indonesia, as well as the implications of these loopholes for the integrity of the legal system and public trust in the government. Using a normative legal approach, this study explores the definition, scope, and fundamental differences between gratification and grants under the provisions of applicable laws. The results of the study indicate that the ambiguity in these regulations has facilitated the practice of gratification disguised as grants, thereby reducing the effectiveness of law enforcement. This study recommends reforming the criminal law that includes a clearer and more comprehensive definition as well as a stricter oversight mechanism to prevent abuse and create a more transparent and accountable legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drug courts have played a key role in criminal justice reform, particularly in supporting substance use and mental health disorder recovery. Little is known, though, related to drug court participants' views on the strengths of the program that support their recovery and what suggestions they have to improve programming. This qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis (QIMS) provides a behind-the-scenes perspective of drug court programming from the voices of participants (n = 183). Based on data extracted from a synthesis of nine qualitative studies, three new themes emerged related to the strengths of drug court that support recovery and suggestions to improve programming. The new themes are: (1) Improving treatment in treatment court; (2) The interplay between internal motivation for change and dignity and respect for all; and (3) Being future oriented: Developing a sustainable recovery support system. Implications for drug court practice, policy advocacy, and future research are discussed. Drug courts should revisit how clinical information is exchanged between treatment providers and the justice system, and potentially reduce this collaboration. Furthermore, recommendations are offered on how drug courts can support participants in developing internal motivation for recovery and in sustaining recovery post-drug court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug abuse is a serious problem affecting public health and social stability in Indonesia. The criminal justice system often faces challenges in dealing with drug abuse cases, where the punitive approach often ignores the more humane aspects of rehabilitation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation policies in the Indonesian criminal justice system related to drug abuse and identify the obstacles faced by judges in imposing rehabilitation punishment. The research method used is normative legal research, with a statutory approach to analyze various relevant laws and policies. Data was collected through literature study and document analysis. The results showed that there are several obstacles in the implementation of rehabilitation policy, including community stigma towards drug abusers, judges' lack of knowledge about the rehabilitation process, limited rehabilitation facilities, and legal uncertainty. The research also found that despite regulations supporting rehabilitation, practices in the field often favor imprisonment. To improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation policies, it is important to provide education and training to judges, develop quality rehabilitation facilities, improve inter-agency coordination, and conduct campaigns to reduce social stigma. These measures are expected to shift the paradigm of handling drug abuse from a retributive to a rehabilitative approach, supporting individual recovery and reintegration into society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To acknowledge the lived realities of women who kill their abusive partners when they are sleeping or inattentive, several jurisdictions have reformed or reinterpreted their criminal laws. Some have introduced specific domestic violence defences while others construe existing defences more broadly in recognition of the circumstances under which abused women kill. Germany, however, has not adopted these approaches. Through analysis of the 2003 'family tyrant' judgment by the Bundesgerichtshof (the highest court of ordinary jurisdiction in Germany), this article examines the German criminal justice system's treatment of women who kill their abusers. The article concludes that law reform is necessary to better acknowledge the situation of female victims who kill their abusive intimate partners in non-confrontational circumstances in response to long-term domestic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the process of modernization of the system of criminal justice bodies is underway in Ukraine, the purpose of which is to improve the system of public administration and improve mechanisms for protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. In particular, the concept of criminal justice reform of Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 04/08/2008 No. 311/2008, was implemented in the aspect of updating criminal, criminal procedural and administrative tort legislation. As part of the humanization of criminal legislation, the following steps have been taken: felony crimes have been reclassified as criminal misdemeanors, the procedure for bringing to justice persons who have committed criminal misdemeanors has been simplified, and the work of criminal justice bodies has been optimized in the detection, investigation, and trial of cases. The scientific publication examines topical issues of the place and role of the investigator in criminal proceedings, including through a comparison of the procedural status of the investigator and the investigator. Taking into account the powers of the inquirer, defined by the law that introduces this institute, the burden on the specified subject of criminal proceedings is examined in comparison with the investigator on the example of a specific region, with statistical data on registered, completed and sent to court criminal proceedings. The norms of the current criminal procedural legislation are analyzed, which determine the authority of the inquirer in the process of carrying out a pre-trial investigation of criminal misdemeanors. The legal status of the inquirer as a subject of registration in the Unified Register of Pretrial Investigations is outlined, the imperfection of the introduced norms is noted due to the limitation of the procedural powers of the head of the inquiry in comparison with the head of the investigative unit, and the negative procedural consequences ar e indicated due to some legislative gaps that require amendments to the current Criminal Code of the procedural code of Ukraine. Based on the results of the research, conclusions and proposals regarding the improvement of national legislation were formulated, and the prospect of further research on this t opic was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document discusses the criminal liability of automated evaluation of publicly available data in Germany and China. It examines the legal aspects of web scraping, particularly in relation to data access, data protection, and copyright. A case in China, where employees of Shanghai Shenpin Co. Ltd. were convicted of illegal data collection, is highlighted. It also discusses potential reforms in IT criminal law in Germany and China. The authors emphasize the importance of an adequate criminal protection system for data in the face of a data-driven economy. [Extracted from the article]

Nuanced portrayals of stigmatized groups in media have been shown to reduce prejudice. In an online experiment (N = 749), we tested whether a feature film depicting incarcerated peoples' experiences in the criminal justice system can increase a) empathic accuracy and compassion toward people who have been incarcerated and b) support for criminal justice reform. We measured baseline empathic accuracy via a well-validated task, where participants infer the emotions of people sharing stories about difficult life events. All storytellers were formerly incarcerated and students. However, in half the videos we labeled them as "formerly incarcerated" and in the remaining half as "college student." We then surveyed people's baseline attitudes toward criminal justice reform. Next, we assigned participants to watch one of three films. The intervention film chronicled the true stories of Black men on death row. Two docudramas of similar length served as control films. Finally, participants completed the empathic accuracy task and survey again and were given the opportunity to sign a petition. Compared to those who watched a control film, participants who watched the intervention film more accurately inferred the emotions of storytellers labeled "formerly incarcerated," and increased their support for criminal justice reform. These effects held for conservative and liberal participants alike. However, the film had no effect on feelings of compassion. Together, these results demonstrate the power of narrative interventions to not only increase empathic accuracy for members of a severely stigmatized group, but to increase support for reforms designed to improve their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This applied linguistics study on the lay discourse about legal language analyses online public reactions to a court decision in the Sarah Halimi case, a French Jewish woman killed by her neighbour in Paris in 2017. This study draws on discourse analysis with a focus on semantics analysis and dialogism theory to delve into how legal discourse is disseminated in forums and undergoes semantic redefinition through users' language practices of legal notion in their own discourses. Thus, the aim of this study is not to develop linguistics theories but to use linguistics to explore the relationship between (1) the public representation and perception of this murder case in three forums and (2) the politico-legal response to decisions about a lack of criminal responsibility. The latter remains a sensitive topic in several countries, and several criminal justice reforms are revised or implemented with close observation of public reaction. This analysis highlights the linguistic markers revealing emotional discourse and a polymorphous expression of a lack of confidence in the justice system and legal actors, emphasising issues in comprehending justice and the work of psychiatrists and highlighting a gap between expectations and the actual delivery of justice. This study also shows that the linguistic strategies of non-experts are similar to those of legal experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of customary law in the reform of national criminal law is an important issue in the context of Indonesia's pluralistic legal system. The Supreme Court decision Number 152 PK/Pdt/2019 provides an example of how customary law is applied in resolving civil disputes involving inheritance and land rights. This study aims to examine the role and challenges of customary law within the national criminal law system, with a focus on the application of customary law in court decisions and its implications for criminal law reform. The research method used is juridical-normative with a legislative approach and case study. Data was collected through analysis of legal literature and relevant documents, which were then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the application of customary law in the Supreme Court decision Number 152 PK/Pdt/2019 demonstrates the recognition of local legal traditions in resolving disputes, but also faces challenges in harmonizing with more general criminal law principles, such as justice and human rights. The implementation of customary law requires attention to the diversity of existing customs, as well as collaboration between law enforcement agencies, customary communities, and educational institutions. This study highlights the importance of strengthening an inclusive legal system that is responsive to the needs of indigenous communities within the national criminal law context. Keywords : Criminal Law Reform, Customary Law, National Criminal Law, Indonesian Legal System, Legal Pluralism

Objective: Joan McCord was an experimental criminologist who advocated for evaluating social programs for efficacy, benefits, and potential harms to guide crime prevention policy. This paper argues that criminal justice reform should be guided by evidence for effective social programs that guard against unintended harms. Programs that focus on social control are consistent with basic facts of crime and guard against the tail risk of surges in serious crime and violence. This paper discusses the evidence from evaluations of social programs which are based on principals of social control in families, schools, neighborhoods, and the criminal justice system. Methods: This paper draws upon the evaluations of social programs that have been published based on at least one high-quality experiment or two rigorous quasi-experiments, that can be scaled to entire populations, and are sustainable over time. Results: A review of experimental and quasi-experimental evidence found that social programs focused on increasing social control (formal or informal) in families, schools, communities, and by the criminal justice system are effective at preventing serious crime. Some of the social programs with rigorous evidence of preventing crime could be scaled to entire populations for prolonged durations with adequate planning and implementation models. Conclusion: Many contemporary criminal justice reforms have little evidence of efficacy, and run the risk of generating unintended adverse outcomes related to the spread of serious crime and violence. Existing evidence suggests that social programs that focus on social control can act as buffers against the tail risk of serious crime. The social programs with evidence of preventing crime should be expanded, monitored for fidelity in implementation, and continuously evaluated to improve their efficacy and sustainability as effective safeguards against the rise in serious crime and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rape survivors are mostly women, and the perpetrators are mostly men. So, it has a social and cultural dimension.􀻲In the article, the problems regarding rape law are shown from the angle of the female rape survivors. The paper discusses how rape is interpreted in Georgian criminal law practice and why one paradigm of rape prevails to this day - a male stranger and a fighting woman who physically resists the perpetrator. Criminal nal" rules of action during rape; in particular, it determines what the "typical behavior" is for a woman before, during, and after sexual violence. If the female rape survivor's response does not fit into this standard, she remains outside the legal system; her voice is suppressed and disbelieved by the justice. The paper critically examines the Georgian legislative and judicial definition of rape; However, the research is not limited to this; it also includes an analysis of the approaches and scientific views of other jurisdictions. The paper supports a liberal understanding of sexual autonomy and consent. The goal of the paper is to show the essence of non-consensual sexual violence and its superiority compared to the old rape law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges of institutionalizing restorative justice, focusing on the role of voluntariness in restorative processes. It highlights the tension between coercion and empowerment in restorative justice practices, emphasizing the need to navigate these complexities for effective outcomes. The authors suggest re-engaging with debates on coercion and volition to move restorative justice from the margins to the mainstream, especially in addressing serious offenses and engaging with adults. They advocate for a nuanced understanding of coercion's role in restorative justice and the importance of considering complex system dynamics in criminal justice processes. [Extracted from the article]

As the coronavirus pandemic swept the nation in 2020, many emphasized that carceral spaces were hotspots for the virus, leaving Black and Brown people especially vulnerable to infection. In combination with other critiques of racism in the carceral state, these observations created pressure to decarcerate, especially on the political left. How did political elites discuss the carceral state in this changed atmosphere? To answer this question, we analyze rhetoric in public statements across four liberal metropolitan areas during the spring and summer of 2020. In these statements, we find a long-standing discourse of racially paternalist penal welfarism, retrofitted to pandemic times and accompanied by a distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" criminals. Accommodating portrayals of incarcerated people as vulnerable to COVID-19 and in desperate need of care, this pattern of rhetoric positioned the carceral state as a protector in order to justify continued incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment courts have played a key role in criminal justice reform by offering an alternative to incarceration for individuals who have substance use and mental health disorders. The treatment court model requires programs to complete evaluations, as well as measure potential racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes. This study contributes to literature by using the Racial and Ethnic Disparities (RED) Program Assessment Tool to see if treatment courts (n = 151) have fidelity to the model by completing regular evaluation and to assess for racial and ethnic disparities in graduation rates. Treatment courts in this study, for the most part, were not faithful to the model by completing regular evaluation. Specifically, only 34% of the programs regularly examined graduation outcomes by race and ethnicity. Additionally, racial and ethnic disparities did exist where white participants were more likely than African American and Hispanic participants to graduate treatment court. Implications for policy advocacy, treatment court practice, and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal protection of witnesses and victims in criminal cases is an important aspect of the Indonesian criminal justice system. This is due to the crucial role of witnesses and victims in assisting law enforcement and achieving justice for victims. However, legal protection for witnesses and victims in Indonesia still has weaknesses, with many cases remaining undisclosed due to a lack of adequate evidence. This study aims to analyze normative ideas regarding legal protection for witnesses and victims in criminal cases. The research method used is the normative juridical method. The data collection technique in this study involves a literature study. The data analysis used in normative law research is qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normative ideas are needed to strengthen legal protection for witnesses and victims in criminal cases. These ideas include strengthening the legal foundation through expanding the scope of protection, strengthening protection institutions, increasing public awareness, reforming the criminal justice system that focuses on developing a victim-centered justice system, and the use of technology in legal protection for witnesses and victims. Through the strengthening of legal protection, it is hoped that witnesses can give important testimony without fear, which ultimately supports the creation of a fair legal system and provides effective legal protection for all Indonesian citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to find a formula on how Islamic law contributes to Indonesian criminal law reform, particularly in the imposition of theft, by utilizing Sharur's Boundary Theory (Naẓariyyah al-Ḥudūd). This field of research is considered imperative because the implementation of Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2012 concerning Adjustments to the Limits on Misdemeanor Crimes and the Number of Fines in the Criminal Code (Misdemeanor Crimes) is felt to have not been maximized. This study uses normative juridical research methods, with descriptive-qualitative analysis. It can be deducted from this study that the theory of the boundaries of the ijtihad area determines the punishment in Islamic. The punishment for the crime of theft, the amputation of the hands mentioned in the Qur'an, is the maximum form of punishment. Thus, it is possible that there are punishment in other forms that fall under the category of cutting off one's hand, based on several verses of the Qur’an, including in AlMāʾidah 5:38, al-Isrāʾ 17:33, al-Baqarah 2:178, and al-Nisāʾ 4:92. Even though this opinion may raise objections, for the purposes of reforming Indonesian Criminal Law, it is suggested that this opinion is still relevant for consideration. The study emphasizes the significance of understanding and considering Sharur's boundary theory for judges to make informed decisions in Sentencing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gun violence is a pressing national concern. And it has been for decades. Throughout nearly all that time, the primary tool lawmakers have deployed to stanch the violence has been the machinery of the criminal law. Increased policing, intrusive surveillance, vigorous prosecution, and punitive penalties are showered on gun offenders. This Article spotlights and specifies this approach-- what it calls "firearms carceralism"--and details how a decades-long bipartisan consensus generated a set of state-centered solutions to gun violence that has not meaningfully impacted the problem. Instead, those policies have exacerbated racial inequity and compounded civic and community harms. The Article traces the escalating punitive measures imposed on gun offenders over the past half century. It first peers down into one microcosmic exemplar of firearms carceralism etched into federal mandatory minimum provisions and Supreme Court case law magnifying those penalties. It describes how criminal justice reforms have traditionally excluded those whose offenses are categorized as violent, and specifically and emphatically those who offend with guns by their side. It then draws out promising hints of a path to including gun offenders in efforts to reform or reimagine the criminal legal system. Most fundamentally, however, the Article wages a sustained critique of the system of firearms carceralism that fronts aggressive law enforcement and draconian terms of incarceration. It describes the unjustifiable breadth and depth of these practices and the harmful, racialized, and exclusionary values they simultaneously draw from and reinscribe. Finally, the Article argues in favor of three alternative paths to equitable peace and safety. First, it outlines private sector steps to, for example, dampen illicit firearms supply. Second, it highlights civil legal interventions like red flag laws and tort lawsuits against irresponsible gun sellers. Third, and most prominently, it underscores the promise of community violence intervention and restorative justice programs to bring meaningful safety apart from the carceral tools of coercive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Systemic racism theory has become a central part of academic and public discussions about criminal justice institutions and reforms. Little, however, is known about the association between people's belief in the ubiquity of systemic racism and their attitudes toward criminal justice institutions and reforms. Methods: To fill this gap, we examine the association between systemic racism beliefs and support for police, police reform, and the BLM movement using a national YouGov sample of 1125 U.S. adults. Results: Systemic racism beliefs are associated with Americans' attitudes toward all three outcomes, net of a wide range of controls, including negative experiences with police, political ideology, and most notably, racial resentment. Conclusion: Our study provides compelling evidence that belief in systemic racism is an important driver of Americans' support for police, police reforms, and BLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the legal modifications made to Law No. 17,798 on arms control in Chile. The reforms introduced by Laws No. 21,310, 21,412, 21,556, and 21,560 are highlighted, which prioritize the treatment of pyrotechnic devices and firearms. These reforms establish criminal law as the main control measure in this matter. Additionally, it is mentioned that the possession of firearms can be considered as a parameter for the imposition of the precautionary measure of preventive detention in cases of danger to the security of society. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of our study is to research the criminal justice system's evolution, history, and reform in medieval Mongolia. Studying the evolution, history, and reform of the criminal justice system in medieval Asian countries is a fascinating and important endeavor. Additionally, a historical and legal analysis will be conducted, focusing on the era's innovative approaches to investigation and victim rights thinking. Understanding the history of investigative services is closely tied to the development of legal regulations for handling criminal cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although incarceration impacts the entire family system, the input of those impacted is often ignored or not sought out when discussing reform within the criminal justice system. Individuals in a romantic relationship with an incarcerated individual were interviewed to understand the lived experience using a phenomenological approach. The question "What would improve your relationship?" was asked to gain an understanding of what suggestions and recommendations individuals engaged in this relationship would share. Within the eight interviews, the theme, suggestions, was present in all and the codes of visitation, physical interaction, quality time, and lower cost communication will be explored. To better understand how to best advocate for and promote policy change, it is crucial to listen to and understand the input that those within these situations offer to improve their experience with incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented problems to correctional facilities globally, increasing issues of overcrowding and public health. This study delves into the lived experiences of jail officers during the pandemic, focusing on their experiences with high congestion rates among persons deprived of liberty. Twelve participants were given detailed semi structured interviews to investigate their lived experiences, and the data was analyzed utilizing interpretative phenomenological analysis. This study exposes the many challenges that these jail officers encountered as they reached an intricate setting where health, safety, and justice all intersected. Findings discuss the emotional experiences, health risks, and personal problems experienced by jail officers while upholding their duty of care. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of lawmakers actions and reform within the criminal justice system to ensure the safety of both jail officials and inmates as well as following public health crises. The experiences of jail officers, who were first hand witnesses of the pandemic's outcome on the prison population, provide light on important facets of our society's behavior to these unprecedented conditions. This study informs concerning future readiness and change in the criminal justice system and helps us understand the intricate dynamics that existed within correctional facilities throughout the epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The living criminal code must comply with and not clash with the broad principles of law accepted by civilised countries, according to Article 2 paragraph (2) of the Draught Criminal Code. As mentioned above, the broad concepts of law recognised by civilised nations are utilised to evaluate the current criminal law system. This essay explains, qualifies, and emphasises the importance of applying universal legal concepts to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations and incorporating them into criminal law to improve it. Locally implemented customary law makes up live criminal law. A civilised nation recognises general legal concepts in international law, which international bodies apply globally. The two concepts seem disconnected, rendering them unsuitable as touchstones and separate concepts. Basic legal concepts in civilised countries' general principles of law and living criminal law are the link between the two. Extending and qualifying legal notions is the biggest challenge in implementing the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the tasks of criminal law reform is to consolidate criminal law provisions that are scattered in various laws and regulations. The drafting team has included several articles on corruption in the National Criminal Code as "bridging articles" to the Corruption Law. This raises normative questions about the position of special offenses of corruption when the norms are shifted to general norms in the Criminal Code in relation to the systematic enactment of Book I of the Criminal Code, and how proportional these changes are to the spirit of eradicating corruption. This type of research is normative research focused on the content analysis of legal materials in the form of Book I of the Criminal Code, corruption articles in the Criminal Code and the Anti-Corruption Law. The validation process of the analysis results was presented in a forum group discussion with several legal aid organizations and university research institutions. The results showed that the intention of the drafting team to include corruption offenses was only limited to the technical consolidation of corruption offenses in the Criminal Code in the form of "bridging articles". In the context of the fight against corruption, there are five crucial objections, namely, the disparity of punishments, the categorization of criminal fines, the authority of the State Loss Calculation Institute, the stagnation of bribery offenses, and the harmonization of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four-part TV drama "Mr Bates vs The Post Office" has shed light on what many consider to be one of the greatest miscarriages of justice in British history. The series dramatizes the story of the Post Office prosecuting subpostmasters over shortfalls caused by faulty accounting software. It follows the efforts of those wrongly accused to fight back and find justice. The show has sparked important discussions about law and justice, particularly regarding private prosecutions. It raises questions about the slow pace of the justice process, the allocation of blame and responsibility, and the future of private prosecutions. The series has had a significant impact on public consciousness and has prompted calls for greater oversight and accountability in private prosecutions. The show's portrayal of the scandal has shaped emerging answers to these questions and has generated a sense of urgency in achieving justice for those wrongfully accused. The drama has also highlighted the need for a deeper examination of the wider failings that allowed this miscarriage of justice to occur. The ongoing public inquiry will play a crucial role in addressing these issues and determining the appropriate allocation of blame. The series has been a powerful advocacy tool, drawing attention to the fight for justice and sparking important conversations about British justice. It is hoped that these conversations will continue to address the systemic problems and ensure that exonerations and compensations are just the beginning of the process. [Extracted from the article]

This research delves into the nuanced interplay between religious freedom and legal norms in Indonesia, with a specific focus on the Sikh practice of carrying the kirpan. This ceremonial dagger, integral to Sikh faith and identity, presents a unique challenge within Indonesia's diverse legal and socio-cultural landscape, marked by the country's commitment to Pancasila, which emphasizes religious freedom, unity in diversity, and social justice. By employing a normative juridical approach, this study scrutinizes the tension between the kirpan as a manifestation of religious expression and public safety concerns, utilizing comparative analysis to explore international perspectives and solutions. The investigation reveals a critical need for Indonesia to refine its legal and policy frameworks to more effectively accommodate religious practices like the kirpan. Drawing lessons from countries such as India, the UK, Canada, the US, and Sweden, the research advocates for inclusive legal reforms, enhanced public education, and robust intercultural dialogue. These strategies aim to reconcile the practice of carrying the kirpan with public safety imperatives, reflecting a deeper understanding and respect for religious diversity. The findings underscore the significance of integrating Indonesia's foundational principles of Pancasila into the contemporary discourse on religious freedom and minority rights. The study posits that respecting the kirpan within this ideological framework not only aligns with Indonesia's commitment to diversity and tolerance but also strengthens national unity and social harmony. This research contributes to the broader discourse on balancing religious expression and public safety in pluralistic societies, offering a comprehensive blueprint for policy and legal reforms that honor both religious freedom and collective well-being. It emphasizes the importance of dialogue, education, and legal inclusivity in fostering a society that upholds the dignity and rights of all individuals, irrespective of their religious practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After sustained reductions in robberies and thefts in 2016, the city of Montevideo, Uruguay, experienced a sudden increase in these crimes in late 2017. Using interrupted time series regressions, and controlling for seasonality using ARIMA models, we investigated three potential explanations for this increase: (1) the failure of a hot spots policing program to maintain crime decreases; (2) improved crime recording by police patrols using tablet computers; and (3) the change from an inquisitorial to an adversarial criminal justice procedure. We found that the hot spots policing program that began in April 2016 continued to be associated with crime reductions during 2017, that the increases observed after November 2017 were strongly associated with the new criminal justice procedure, and that tablets had a positive, albeit negligible, effect. The findings illustrate that criminal justice reforms, desirable as such reforms may be, can have unintended consequences on crime levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular debates about criminal justice reform often pose restorative justice as a humane (if utopian) alternative to retributive justice. Drawing on fieldwork with Jordan's Bedouin, I offer an unvarnished account of a longstanding and still‐vibrant tradition of restorative justice that also includes violent and punitive elements. While acknowledging how Bedouin justice can fail women, the poor and the poorly connected, I highlight how Bedouin justice also cultivates mercy as a social good, transforming enmity into forgiveness (if not friendship) and encouraging perpetrators to materially compensate victims. I conclude by considering how contemporary Jordanian practices of mercy might inform efforts to escape from the seeming inevitability of mass incarceration in modern society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]