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Criminological scholarship underscores that marriages or stable partnerships are key turning points toward desistance from crime. Yet, whether people are open to starting a relationship with someone with a criminal record remains underexplored. Researchers have recently explored the effect of criminal records on finding dating partners, but these studies do not account for varying offense severities that may influence consideration of romantic partners. Using a survey design, this study investigates the degree to which various offense conviction types, prior personal and vicarious legal system contact, and demographics influence consideration of dating relationships with someone criminally convicted. Results indicate that age, education, race, political stance, gender, sexuality, prior arrest or conviction, and knowing others who have been incarcerated affected consideration of dating relationships with someone with a conviction, although the association depends on the offense type. This study addresses the important gap of relationship interest, which is a necessary precursor to relationship formation that could enhance desistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) and a supplemental COVID sample of NLSY97 respondents, we examined the associations between three measures of criminal justice contact and several indicators of labor market participation during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings indicated that a history of adult criminal justice contact was associated with higher odds of being out of the labor market during the pandemic. However, among those in the workforce, criminal justice contact was also associated with higher odds of stopping work, working reduced hours, experiencing decreased wages, not working from home, and having close contact with others at work. Additional analyses suggest that deeper levels of contact were sometimes associated with worse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban music, which is widely consumed, raises questions about its possible negative impact on youth, especially regarding criminal behavior. In the Dominican Republic, there are concerns that this genre may influence negative behaviors, although consumers seem to ignore this impact. This study examined the relationship between irrational beliefs and lack of knowledge about the influence of urban music on criminal conduct. A correlational mixed methodology was used with 91 participants, employing Albert Ellis' Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire and a designed survey. The results revealed a high prevalence of irrational beliefs, especially the need for approval and dependence. A correlation was found between the belief that urban music is preferred by people with a criminal record and several irrational beliefs. However, there were no significant correlations between knowledge or consumption of urban music and irrational beliefs regarding criminal behaviors. Additionally, a disparity was observed in the knowledge about the influence of music on crime across different socioeconomic classes, underscoring the importance of considering not only exposure to urban music but also the socioeconomic context in which individuals develop their perceptions and beliefs on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing crime rate in a country is the most important concern of developing robust systems to automate the criminal record-obtaining process. Generally, the criminal record is managed manually, which makes the information collection from other criminal records very difficult. Therefore, investigations that could be carried out using criminal records to understand the purpose of crime and countering it are outdated. However, the integrity, security, and traceability of data exchange, especially for the judicial sector are the most frequent issues faced by information systems of public organizations. In this paper, we present a study of using blockchain technology and smart contracts to design a new architecture for a decentralized system to manage criminal record storage. This proposed architecture automates the process of getting a criminal record by moving past the techniques employed in developing traditional systems of data management such as centralized systems. In this study, blockchain technology is used to ensure data security, integrity, and traceability as well as ensure timely access to criminal records, and smart contracts are used to allow traceability and authenticity. This architecture will significantly reduce the impact of corruption in law enforcement by eliminating fraud cases, which will revolutionize E-governance in the Moroccan country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, the American criminal legal system has failed to curtail illicit drug use and overdose deaths through punitive and selective enforcement. The federal government has prosecuted people and succeeded in securing many long prison sentences based on drug crimes. In the past two years, two amendments by the United States Sentencing Commission offered a measured reprieve through sentence reductions. Amendment 821 offered the possibility for sentence reductions based on recalculating the guidelines associated with certain prior offenses. Amendment 814 updated policy statements for assessing "extraordinary and compelling reasons" for a sentence reduction. These changes are not revolutionary; however, the amendments are offering thousands of people the opportunity to return to their families sooner. This Article provides a brief history of American drug criminalization and details statistics on federal drug offenses and sentences in 2023-2024. Then, the Article examines Amendment 821, with a focus on "boat cases," where individuals are receiving sentence reductions based on their lack of prior criminal record. Next, this Article examines reductions to unusually long drug sentences through 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c). The Article concludes by contextualizing these amendments, which are a significant remedy for thousands of people and their families yet fall short of the change required to address our system's addiction to punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to examine how, and when, criminal history conditions the effect of defendant sex on incarceration and prison sentence length decisions in Minnesota state courts. Results suggest that sex differences in sentencing are largely concentrated amongst those who have extensive criminal histories, bypassing those who have little or no criminal history. Moreover, criminal history's aggravating contextual effect on sex often depends on the dependent variable examined and type of offense committed. Study results shed light on the situations where extralegal disparities are "hidden" in the nuances of case characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the criminological characteristics of juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is one of the components of all crime, subject to its general changes and laws. Family, social and economic criminogenic factors of juvenile delinquency were studied. It was established that the age of minors is divided into two groups: 14-15 years and 16-17 years. The majority of criminal offenses are committed by minors aged 16-17 (69,3%) who have completed basic secondary education. It is noted that in the structure of moral and psychological properties of juvenile criminals, the following prevail: violation of the emotional and volitional sphere, weakening of the sense of shame, lying, a distorted system of life values, pronounced cynicism, indifference to the experiences of others. The structure of criminal-legal properties assumes that most minors were preceded by deviant behavior. Four types of juvenile criminals are distinguished: random, unstable, negative, malicious. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of this type of crime were analyzed. It is argued that during the years 2022-2024, the level of juvenile delinquency will either increase or decrease depending on the year. In general, there is an increase in this type of crime from 1,291 to 1,363 registered criminal offenses committed by minors. It was established that two trends can be traced from the statistical data review: negative and positive. A positive trend, which consists in reducing the number of criminally illegal acts against property and leaving criminal offenses in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances at almost the same level and a negative trend - an increase in all other types of criminal offenses provided for in the structure of juvenile delinquency, as well as an increase in the specific weight of particularly serious crimes in the structure of juvenile delinquency. It was concluded that a comprehensive analysis of the criminological characteristics of juvenile delinquency is quite important, since such a study is the basis for the further development of effective measures to count er this negative phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses issues related to the coverage of problems that arise when entering information about a committed criminal offense into the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations (URPI), as well as problems that arise for authorized persons during its conduct at the stage of pre-trial investigation. The process of introduction of the information and telecommunication system of pre-trial investigation is analyzed. The need to improve and expand the functionality of the Unified Register of Pre-Trial Investigations and the information and telecommunication system is emphasized. The purpose of the Register, its functionality, as well as the form of maintaining the Unified Register of Pre-Trial Investigations are considered. The reasons why the Register is critically important for the pre-trial investigation, as well as who are the subjects of legal relations of the Register, are clarified, it is emphasized that the owner and administrator of this Register is the state represented by the Prosecutor General's Office, and the owner of the processed information is the Prosecutor General's Office. The process of Authentication in the Register and the information and telecommunication system, as well as the signing of electronic documents, which are carried out using a personal key and the corresponding qualified public key certificate issued by a qualified provider of electronic trust services of the prosecutor's office of Ukraine, in compliance with the requirements of the legislation in the field of electronic trust services, is studied. The peculiarities of registration of criminal offenses on the basis of applications, reports received by the prosecutor's office, pre-trial investigation or inquiry, or on circumstances identified by the prosecutor, investigator, investigator from other sources that indicate the commission of a criminal offense are analyzed. The Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine on the Introduction of an Information and Telecommunication System of Pre-Trial Investigation» has been studied and the Attorney General's order dated 30.06.2020 No. 298 «On Approval of the Regulation on the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations, the Procedure for its Formation and Maintenance, as well as Problems Arising During Investigative (Search) Actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly advancing information era, various human behaviors are being precisely recorded in the form of data, including identity information, criminal records, and communication data. Law enforcement agencies can effectively maintain social security and precisely combat criminal activities by analyzing the aforementioned data. In comparison to traditional data analysis methods, deep learning models, relying on the robust computational power in cloud centers, exhibit higher accuracy in extracting data features and inferring data. However, within the architecture of cloud centers, the transmission of data from end devices introduces significant latency, hindering real-time inference of data. Furthermore, low-latency edge computing architectures face limitations in direct deployment due to relatively weak computing and storage capacities of nodes. To address these challenges, a lightweight distributed knowledge graph completion architecture is proposed. Firstly, we introduce a lightweight distributed knowledge graph completion architecture that utilizes knowledge graph embedding for data analysis. Subsequently, to filter out substandard data, a personnel data quality assessment method named PDQA is proposed. Lastly, we present a model pruning algorithm that significantly reduces the model size while maximizing performance, enabling lightweight deployment. In experiments, we compare the effects of 11 advanced models on completing the knowledge graph of public security personnel information. The results indicate that the RotatE model outperforms other models significantly in knowledge graph completion, with the pruned model size reduced by 70%, and hits@10 reaching 86.97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most jurisdictions that permit expungement draw the line at certain crimes--usually those implicating one or more victims, serious risks to public safety, corruption, or breach of the public trust. This is unsurprising given how these crimes relate to the moral underpinnings of the criminal law in a democratic society. This Essay explores, given the overall direction of expungement reform, whether expungement should reach more offenses and by what procedural means. More specifically, it suggests the community's interest in adjudicating expungement increases with the seriousness of the criminal record, whereas for lower-level criminal records, the petitioner's interest in reintegration can outweigh the preference for community involvement. As expungement reform climbs the ladder of offense seriousness, a dose of community involvement becomes more justifiable. Given that expungement relates to the propriety of ongoing stigma and punishment, exempting the community from adjudication becomes increasingly problematic on political, ethical, and legal grounds as the severity of the criminal record increases. In a democratic legal system, the community must have the ability to express its will about the purposes and functions of the criminal law through adjudication. Second, the American constitutional tradition prefers community involvement in criminal matters. Third, communities should be involved in shaping and creating second-chance norms when they are desirable. "Participatory expungement" is warranted when the most significant normative questions relating to the criminal law are present, leaving room for development of a culture of second chances when the community thinks it is justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1881, Patrick Ford, the Irish-American nationalist editor of the New York Irish newspaper The Irish World and American Industrial Liberator , published The criminal history of the British empire , a collection of five letters that he had written to William Gladstone. In The criminal history , Ford constructed a comprehensive account of British imperial history, beginning with England's conquest of Ireland, before detailing the colonization of North America, Britain's participation in the transatlantic slave trade, the American Revolution, British rule in India, the opium wars, and Britain's contemporary colonization of Africa. This article contributes to scholarship on American views of the British empire in the post-bellum United States. In exploring how Ford constructed a Manichean interpretation of world history, where the British imperial project devastated every region it invaded, the article analyses Ford's reasons for writing and publishing the letters that formed The criminal history. Finally, the article shows that Ford's central purpose was to foster a visceral hatred of the British empire among his Irish-American readership, to maintain a commitment to their ethnic heritage as proud Irish people, and to encourage his readers that a better future would soon arrive, when the British empire was finally a relic of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Business managers must create and keep records for decision-making. Yet doing so presents an obvious problem for those who manage illegal businesses: their records would make for powerful evidence in the hands of prosecutors. That problem raises a question--why would one knowingly create and keep such records when their mere existence risks detection and sanction? The answer, in short, is that the interaction of illicit activity's complexity and continuity compels recordkeeping. A business, including a criminal one, cannot be managed without adequate information about its operations, obligations, and condition. Just how complex and long-lived its affairs are will drive the scale and scope of its recordkeeping requirements. Beyond these high-level intuitions, this Article contributes a theory of how the trueness or falsity of criminal business records, as well as the organizational settings in which they occur, shape their managerial uses and associated criminal-legal risks. This theory in turn yields principles for deterring illicit activity in organizations. When such activity is the kind enabled by recordkeeping, it can be prevented, or at least mitigated, by policies that inhibit the production of business records. It can also be countered by policies that encourage those records' retention. Despite the contradiction implied by these two principles, together they promote ex ante deterrence and ex post detection and sanction. Although such interventions can be directed at any organizationally complex and long-lived illicit activity, their greatest promise is in informing compliance policies, practices, and programs in licit organizations (like large corporations) that already are obliged, or that seek, to proactively prevent law violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of foreign workers, introduced through the Employment Permit System, on crime rates in Korea. Our findings suggest that a 1% increase in the number of foreign workers is associated with an additional 2.29 cases of violent crime per 100,000 people. However, no statistically significant effects are observed for other types of crimes, such as thefts or serious offenses. While we do not differentiate between direct effects (e.g., interactions between foreigner workers and domestic residences or among foreign workers themselves) and indirect effects (e.g., interactions among domestic ones), it implies that the direct increase in crime due to foreign workers is likely smaller than our estimates, given the rigorous verification processes required for their entry, ensuring that only those without criminal records are admitted. We contribute to the literature by quantitatively analyzing the relationship between foreign worker inflows and crime rates and providing valuable academic and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The few existing typology studies on women who have sexually offended (WWSO) have largely been limited by small sample sizes, have not included scale scores from risk assessments, or used recidivism within their typology (instead of using typologies to predict recidivism). In our sample of 241 WWSO, we conducted a latent profile analysis and observed four, distinct profiles: "low-risk WWSO," characterized by fewer criminal history incidents and lower risk-assessment scores; "problem-endorsing WWSO," with higher probability of endorsing various life problems such as educational/employment and emotional/personal issues; "antisocial WWSO" with more criminal history incidents, alcohol/drug problems, and higher scores on psychopathy; and "combined WWSO" with characteristics of both the problem-endorsing and antisocial profiles. This last profile showed elevations in general and/or violent recidivism risk, but relatively low recidivism. There were no cases of sexual recidivism in our sample following an average 30-month follow-up period. Membership in the antisocial profile predicted general and/or violent recidivism and suggests that WWSO typologies may be useful in predicting non-sexual recidivism for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the intersection of juvenile psychopathy with protective factors, dynamic violence risk, and recidivism in a court adjudicated Canadian sample of 257 male and female, ethnoracially diverse youth. The Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) and measures of dynamic violence risk (Violence Risk Scale–Youth Version; VRS-YV) and protective factors (Structured Assessment of Protective Factors–Youth Version; SAPROF-YV) were rated from court and treatment files. Recidivism information was obtained from official criminal records. PCL:YV scores were associated with fewer protective factors and predicted recidivism across gender and ethnoracial (Indigenous vs non-Indigenous) groups; however, PCL:YV scores did not incrementally predict future crime and violence when controlling for violence risk and/or protective factors scores, while both of the latter measures did. Juvenile psychopathy is a clinically relevant construct for justice-involved youth but it does not equate to a lack of protective factors or inability to make treatment-related changes in risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at identifying the crimes committed in the Jordanian society in general as well as identifying the crimes committed by foreigners residents in the Jordan in particular and their types during the year 2023. The study used the descriptive statistical method for the data related to the crimes committed by forefingers in the Jordanians society which were collected and tabulated from annual reports and official criminal records issued by the Criminal Information Department of the Public Security Directorate in Jordan. The study revealed that the crimes committed by foreigners constitute a percentage of (13.81%) of the total crimes committed in Jordan in general, and that the serious criminal crimes committed by foreigners constitute a percentage of (24.8%) of the total crimes committed by foreigners. The study revealed that the crimes against property were in the first place, in terms of the percentage of crimes committed by members of Jordan society in general, and by foreigners in particular, whereas the crimes against morals and public morals were in the second rank by members of society and by foreigners. This research recommends intensifying penalty against criminal foreigners and deporting them to their countries to serve their sentences there, as well as signing bilateral agreements with Arab and foreign countries related to the exchange of criminal information between them, so that criminals among them are not allowed to enter the countries they are trying to visit or enter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENTPossession and distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) is a serious criminal offence facilitated by online technologies. To prevent, investigate, and treat online CSAM offending, comprehensive knowledge of potential risk factors for these crimes is required. Given the large body of relevant research, a systematic overview of the risk factors typically considered in research and their link to (testable) theories is lacking. We present a review of 43 quantitative studies (sample sizes ranging from N = 60 to N = 14,804) identified from 56 meta-analyses, reviews, and book chapters on online CSAM offending. Risk factors were extracted and grouped into 12 categories and 75 subcategories via qualitative clustering. The most frequent categories were Criminal History, Socio-Demographics, and Social Relations, whereas genuine psychological constructs were rare. Comparing risk factors for online CSAM offending to those for general (sexual) offending, the need for more specific theories of online CSAM offending is discussed along with implications for future research.This review reports risk factors for online CSAM offending that have been researched in the psychological literature between 2011 and 2023, highlighting a lack of theory and an overreliance on historic factors. From this finding, requirements for future research are derived, which should advance our knowledge in correspondence with the identified shortcomings to understand and prevent future CSAM offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document deals with the right of health insurance companies to access criminal records against contracted physicians. It discusses whether health insurance companies have the right to information from investigation files in order to verify the legality of billing in outpatient care. It also talks about ambulance transport costs for transfers within the same hospital. It is determined that internal ambulance transports are not covered by the benefits of GKV-insured persons and therefore there is no separate compensation from the health insurance company. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to explain the different perceptions of the colonisers and the colonised regarding the history and memory of a Makassar legend, I Tolok Daeng Magassing. The Dutch colonial records paint I Tolok as a criminal leader and a societal nuisance, contrasting sharply with the people's view of him as a hero, defender, and protector. This portrayal demonstrates that the I Tolok narrative is an integral part of a process involving colonial perspectives and the memories of the Makassar people. The narrative today is not without contradiction. The community's memory of I Tolok is transmitted through oral literature (sinrilik), a traditional form of storytelling, which has also evolved into drama form and short films disseminated via digital content. These forms of media serve as modern vehicles for the preservation and dissemination of the I Tolok narrative. Previously, the I Tolok narrative was part of the people's oral tradition confined to the interior of Makassar. It is now articulated in various visual media and accessible to the larger community. All of these are the memory politics of the Makassar people in countering the colonial narrative that places I Tolok as a criminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on housing and the carceral state demonstrates a divergence in the carceral state's orientation toward property owners and the unhoused. We focus on the liminal arena of rental housing and draw on three cases—landlords' use of criminal history to screen rental applicants, citizen participation in policing neighborhoods, and crime initiatives that weaponize building code enforcement—to posit a continuum of housing carcerality. We argue that the carceral regulation of rental housing emerges from sources in civil law and policy, illustrating the enduring relevance of what Beckett and Murakawa call the shadow carceral state. Yet, in the rental context, the carceral state tends to have a more covert, decentralized character which does not consistently align with the economic interests of rental property owners and other housing market elites in comparison to its manifestation at the ends of the continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact on recidivism of offenders' misconduct in prison, net of offenders' socio-economic and criminal backgrounds, longer imprisonments, and of other, unobserved factors explaining selection into prison. The data come from representative samples of offenders (N = 4524) and prisoners (N = 1848) convicted of at least one crime in Catalonia, Spain, during a 5-year period (2010–2015). We applied a system of four simultaneous equations to estimate which factors increase the most the risks of reoffending, focusing on the role of prison misconduct, and using better methods than previously to correct for selectivity into prison. We also identify the characteristics of the offenders most likely to misbehave and reoffend – chronic offenders with complex criminal histories. Our results confirm that misconduct significantly predicts reoffending. It is not just a reflection of offender's problematic dispositions imported into prison, but also a sign of maladjustment to imprisonment that undermines its possibly deterrent or capacitating effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An established literature demonstrates that formerly imprisoned people experience barriers to finding work. However, no research has analyzed how noncitizens experience socioeconomic reintegration following imprisonment. Additionally, while we know many immigrants find work in co-ethnic labor markets, we know little about how these networks respond to individuals with a criminal record. I analyze 321 longitudinal, semi-structured interviews collected between 2013–2016 from 121 noncitizens who were detained by U.S. immigration authorities for six months or longer and then released back into their communities on bond. Results reveal a complex set of socioeconomic reintegration experiences that are shaped by ethnic, legal, generational, and gender stratification in immigrant integration outcomes more broadly. These findings have important implications as immigration laws have become increasingly punitive and intertwined with criminal laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drivers with a previous DUI experience are more likely to refuse a breath test when caught. • A higher degree of probability to refuse a breath test occurs when the penalty of test refusal rises. • Drivers refusing a breath test are more likely to violate DUI rules than heavy drinking drivers. • Refusers are more likely to cause incidents than drunk drivers who comply with the breath test. • The mild punishment of breath test refusal may lead to more DUI cases and incidents among refusers. Driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) is a major concern of road safety, as it not only leads to many people killed and injured, but also induces a significant loss of labor productivities. Taiwan is no exception to this problem, because drunk driving is one of the primary causes of severe traffic crashes nationwide. To prevent DUI, the authorities have revised laws many times to increase the penalties for drunk driving, including revocation or suspension of license, greater fines, detaining vehicles, and lengthening incarceration times. However, under the current system, suspected drivers are only subject to an administrative punishment if they refuse the request of a sobriety test. By doing so, heavy drinkers could avoid a possible criminal accusation of drunk driving, a potential incarceration penalty, and a lifetime criminal record. This research investigates the opportunistic behavior of drunk drivers against DUI policies in Taiwan. First, we find that drivers with a previous DUI experience are more likely to refuse a breath test when caught. Second, the degree of probability to refuse a breath test increases as the punishment to drivers failing a breath test rises, while it drops as the punishment to refusers increases. Third, breath test refusers have a greater likelihood to be caught again for DUI violations in one year than heavy drinking drivers with a BrAC (breath alcohol concentration) level of 0.55 mg/L. Fourth, breath test refusers are somewhat more likely to cause a DUI incident in two years than drunk drivers who comply with the request to carry out a breath test. These findings suggest that the allowance of breath test refusal with a mild administrative punishment may be a loophole that limits the deterrent effect and consequently leads to more drunk driving cases and incidents among refusers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Suicide is a leading cause of death in prison and the suicide rates are several times higher in the prison population than in the general population in most countries. Of the studies that have investigated risk factors for suicide in prison, few have controlled for possible confounding factors. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors of suicide among people in French prisons, over a four-year period. Methods: All incarcerations that occurred in France during 2017–2020 were eligible. Sociodemographic, criminal and prison characteristics were collected for each incarceration from data of the National Prison Service. Survival univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with a Cox regression model. Results: 358,522 incarcerations were included, of which 449 ended in suicide during the follow-up. The median length of prison stay was 5.1 months. The median age at prison entry was 30 years and 95.8% of incarcerations involved men. The overall suicide rate was 173 [157–189] per 100,000 person-years. Factors associated with suicide in the multivariate model (p < 0.05) were the early stage of incarceration and in particular the first week (HR = 7.6 [5.4–10.8]), violent offences and in particular homicide (HR = 3.0 [2.1–4.2]), French (HR = 1.7 [1.2–2.4]) and other European nationalities (HR = 2.1 [1.4–3.3]), age above 40 (HR = 2.0 [1.5–2.6]), pre-trial incarceration (HR = 1.8 [1.4–2.3]), being separated (HR = 1.6 [1.1–2.3] and having a high school diploma (HR = 1.4 [1.0–1.8]). Conclusions: Factors associated with suicide in prison are complex and involve individuals' criminal history as well as conditions of incarceration. These characteristics may be relevant to focus suicide prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate that followed the first-in-human cardiac transplantation of a genetically modified pig organ emerged as a discussion of social justice when the patient's criminal record was revealed. This article aims to make sense of this debate by understanding the role of the 'public' today, particularly in relation to the governance of biotechnology. The relationship between the public and science is increasingly mediated through citizen participation. However, the public debate that unfolded on matters of social justice can be seen as an unmediated public discourse, which carries the risk of producing unpredictable outcomes. The content of the debate gains significance due to the functional differentiation of society. The medical subsystem does not consider the patient's history in terms of their involvement in the legal sphere, that is, their criminal record. Nevertheless, normative judgements are transferred across functional systems, allowing for the influence of public opinion and the potential for public scorn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately one in seven homicides globally is committed by a partner within an intimate relationship. While criminology research on intimate partner homicide (IPH) perpetrators is extensive, their interactions with law enforcement remain underexplored. This study examines the criminal trajectories of IPH perpetrators to ascertain whether they exhibit common or diverse patterns. Utilizing data from Quebec's official criminal events database, the study analyzes variables concerning the criminal histories of 1,780 individuals involved in attempted or completed IPH through latent profile analysis. Findings indicate five distinct profiles among IPH perpetrators: one-time, low-volume intimate partner violence (IPV), moderate-volume IPV, high-volume violence, and high-volume polymorphous perpetrators. The external validity of these profiles is assessed using additional criminal career, contextual, and situational variables. Implications for the justice system's practices and challenges are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe debate over pretrial assessment instruments focuses largely on the potential for instruments to exacerbate racial disparities. This study examines the effects of using different recall periods for the criminal history items on the New Criminal Arrest (NCA) scale from the Public Safety Assessment. Using jail admission data from a large jurisdiction in the southeast of the US, we varied the recall period from 1 to 10 years for the criminal history items on the NCA scale and examined scoring differences and the predictive validity of the tool by race. The results showed that shorter criminal history recall periods could result in reductions in the proportion of individuals scored as high risk and no loss in validity. The current study demonstrates that shorter recall periods for criminal history items on pretrial instruments could potentially provide a practical strategy to mitigate disparities across groups, while maintaining predictive validity of the assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed growing emphasis on exceptional measures to address unauthorised arrivals. This article unpacks the relationship between migration policies, irregularity, and insecurity, by examining the consequences of a specific, yet often neglected, measure: the criminalisation of irregular migration (namely, the introduction of the "crime of irregular migration"). Investigating the cases of Italy and France, two of the countries with the most severe sanctions in Europe, it argues that criminalisation led to a two-fold feedback loop. On the one hand, by exceptionalising migration and constructing a continuum between migrants and criminals, criminalisation enhanced a sense of insecurity among the domestic public. On the other hand, by giving foreigners in irregular situations a criminal record, it increased their reliance on underground networks to stay and work in destination countries. Overall, this fostered demand for restrictive, yet counterproductive, policies, creating a vicious cycle of insecurity and irregularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing population of women in Australian prisons, limited research has explored whether commonly used risk assessments – predominantly developed and tested on men – are valid for women. We investigated the discriminative and predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory–Revised: Screening Version (LSI-R:SV), Level of Service/Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR), and the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management 20–Version 3 (HCR-20v3) for Victorian women imprisoned for serious violence (N = 79). The LS/RNR was related to any, violent, and non-violent recidivism, and both the LSI-R:SV and the H-Scale of the HCR-20v3 were related to violent recidivism, with the H-Scale demonstrating strong predictive validity for violence. Four LS/RNR needs domains demonstrated discriminative and predictive validity for any and/or violent recidivism (criminal history, family/marital, alcohol/drug problem, antisocial pattern). Findings are locally significant, showing that the LS/RNR and HCR-20v3 H-Scale are useful for the prediction and discrimination of recidivism for Australian women incarcerated for serious violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Not all exonerees are perceived equally. Attitudes toward exonerees are negatively impacted by social characteristics, such as race and criminal history; providing significant challenges for exonerees attempting to reintegrate into the community. The present study examined whether exoneree race, gender and criminal history influenced ratings of desired social distance. Method: A community sample of 1043 females and males completed an online survey. Participants were asked to read a vignette of a mock news article that described a wrongful conviction, then complete a desired social distance scale. Exoneree gender, race and criminal history were manipulated in the news article, with a minimum of 120 participants randomised to eight vignette conditions. Results: Exoneree race and the presence of a prior criminal history had significant main effects on participant attitudes regarding desired social distance. There were no interactions between exoneree gender, race and priors, but differences did emerge suggesting differential views of desired social distance for females and older participants when the exoneree had a prior offence. Conclusion: Social characteristics, demographics and individual differences may be particularly important in forming community attitudes toward wrongful conviction. This holds important implications for exoneree reintegration and community attitudes toward the Australian criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two core tasks within community corrections are estimating recidivism risk and providing supportive case management to supervised clients. Recent studies demonstrated that regularly reassessing dynamic risk factors enhances the predictive accuracy of case management tools that identify immediate client needs. Using a large sample (N = 2076) of adults on parole in an Australian jurisdiction, we evaluated whether reassessed versus initial scores from Level of Service/Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR) and Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-entry (DRAOR) better discriminated recidivists from non-recidivists. Using Cox regression survival analyses, we modelled risk for general and violent recidivism. Updated DRAOR scores incrementally predicted recidivism beyond initial scores, particularly showing that DRAOR Acute scores can identify needs related to immediate recidivism risk. Models combining LS/RNR criminal history scores with updated DRAOR Acute scores demonstrated the greatest predictive validity, suggesting case managers must consider acute dynamic risk factors within the context of long-term risk. We suggest that attending to criminal history, criminogenic needs and acute dynamic risk factors are each necessary for effective case management, with specific attention toward regularly reassessed acute dynamic risk factors among people identified with higher long-term risk and needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In forty-nine states, the federal system, and the District of Columbia, individuals with a felony conviction are statutorily restricted from serving as jurors. Proponents of felon-juror exclusion justify the practice by suggesting that those with a felony criminal history lack character, and if allowed to serve, would 'taint' the appearance of the jury system. This study assesses that claim by measuring the public's opinion of juries that include a juror with a felony criminal history. Using a two-by-two vignette design and drawing on a sample of 200 participants, we vary two experimental factors: the presence of a felon-juror on the jury and the verdict rendered by the jury (guilty/not guilty). Results show that participants' views of 'illicit' juries do not differ statistically from homogeneous juries without a felon-juror, for either verdict condition, undermining the 'taint' argument. Results also suggest that under certain conditions, the inclusion of a felon-juror may bolster views of the jury and resulting verdicts. Adding to a growing literature on felon-juror exclusion, these findings call into question the character rationale for felon-juror exclusion and suggest that diversity of experience in the form of a criminal history does not undermine the appearance of the jury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent efforts to dismantle felon disenfranchisement regimes have the potential to substantially expand electoral eligibility among people with criminal records; however, even among those with criminal legal histories who are eligible to vote, voting rates are often extremely low. Analyzing interview, focus group, and text message conversations among a multi-state sample around the November 2022 election, we identify and describe how administrative barriers to voting—including a lack of understanding about the voting process, confusion about legal eligibility, and perceived risks of rearrest of voting while ineligible—pose an access to justice issue among system-impacted people. These barriers are amplified by government mistrust, specifically the perception that barriers are intentionally constructed to suppress voting, and they are potentially mitigated by outreach by community organizations that are viewed as credible. The findings emphasize that legislative reforms repealing disenfranchisement laws must be accompanied by on-the-ground efforts to address administrative burdens to broaden access to the franchise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the complex relationship between civil and criminal legal systems and their joint impact on individuals. Topics discussed include the pervasive challenges of civil and criminal justice overlap, the systemic inequalities affecting marginalized groups, and the need for integrative approaches to enhance justice outcomes across both systems.

Research indicates that crime-first language ("criminal") increases stigma, but there is limited evidence comparing person-first language ("person with a conviction") to other non-deviant terminology. Using two survey experiments, we test whether using person-first language in the employment context has a mimicry effect (i.e. people adopt language they are exposed to) and whether language has a stronger influence when paired with positive employment credentials. We do not find consistent evidence of mimicry. Respondents viewing a positive credential were more likely to use person-centered or professional language and positive credentials generally improved perceptions of the applicant. However, person-first language can cancel out beneficial credential effects compared to alternative language. When considering alternatives to crime-first language, two implications emerge: positive information is more consistently influential than the terminology used, and after establishing a person has a criminal record, substituting other identity labels (e.g. person, applicant) can further reduce stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous studies have analyzed the impact of earthquakes on domestic violence, less is known about its effects on other crimes against women. Administrative records on criminal incidence from Mexico enable this study on different crimes against women following two major earthquakes that struck Mexico in September 2017. The article estimates causal effects using a difference-in-differences strategy and shows that following the earthquakes femicides decreased by 2 percent, sexual abuse rose by 11 percent, and rape climbed by 12 percent. An exhaustive examination of potential mechanisms using survey data yields suggestive evidence that gangs play an important role in the escalation of sexual abuse. Data on school damages further shows that disruptions to middle- and high-schools could have plausibly facilitated students' gang membership. HIGHLIGHTS In Mexico, one of the impacts of earthquakes is on crimes against women. Following earthquakes, sexual abuse increased by 11 percent and rape by 12 percent. Gangs play an important role in the escalation of sexual abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The accurate assessment of pedophilic sexual interests is crucial for the treatment and management of individuals who have sexually offended children. This study aimed to validate the Revised Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI-2) in a Portuguese sample of 170 men convicted of sexual offenses against children, 104 serving sentences in the community, and 66 in prison. The findings indicated that SSPI-2 demonstrated good convergent validity, as evidenced by its significant and positive associations with the "sexual deviance" item of SVR-20, the number of previous convictions for sexual crimes against children, and having 3 or more child victims, which is associated with high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing men who show greater sexual arousal to children than to adults. Furthermore, the SSPI-2 exhibited good divergent validity, with no significant correlations observed with a self-report measure of psychopathy or with a nonsexual criminal history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the frames of the Wadi Salib events in the postcolonial perspective. The aim of this article is to show how to take historic events and analyze them according to a new perspective in media research. The events of Wadi Salib were a series of street demonstrations and riots that took place in 1959 in the Wadi Salib neighborhood of Haifa at Israel. The events were a social revolt against ethnic and socio‐economic discrimination. This article uses the grounded theory method and the framing method in order to examine the coverage techniques used by three major newspapers—Yedioth Aharonoth, Haaretz, and Maariv.The findings show three main frames. The first was the assignment of blame. The second was the frame of ethnicity. The third framing pointed to binary oppositions. The conclusion is that these frames pointed that the demonstrators are dangerous felons with criminal records who will use any means to subvert the foundations of society, while the police and the government are the defenders of the public against those insurgents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disorders of the aggressive behavior frequently mark the entry in schizophrenia. They are not specific and very varied. The objective of this study was to assess the different risk factors associated with the manifestation of violent and aggressive behavior of schizophrenic patients who follow consultations in service of psychiatry at Kenitra, Morocco. One-hundred twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia were included, and the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used respectively to assess the state of aggressiveness and to identify the type of psychotic symptomatology of schizophrenic patients. Clinical and sociodemographic data were obtained from all patients. Results: The study shows that criminal history, drug addiction, motives for aggressiveness, and the moment of aggressiveness are all potential factors for aggression, and the profile of the patient likely to take the act is that of young schizophrenics under 39 years old, predominantly male, and the majority are single. Judicial history, habits toxic, and the positive psychotic symptoms are reported as the most frequently risk factors. The index of Cronbach (0.64) showed a strong connection between the four items of aggression and strong relation between MOAS and PANSS categories has been shown by independent test (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Aggressive behavior is a frequent symptom of schizophrenia in studied population and poses many clinical challenges. It requires collaboration with the patient for handling difficult situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study what factors contribute to the extent that detained individuals (a) perceive their time in detention as severe and (b) perceive their treatment by prison staff as procedurally just. More specifically, the aim of the study is to examine the antecedents of subjective severity of detention (SSD) and perceived procedural justice (PPJ) with the aim to identify individual and situational characteristics that contribute to such perceptions. Our analyses were based on data from the Prison Project (n = 1430), which includes detailed information on measures of SSD, and PPJ among Dutch males held in Dutch penitentiary institutions. Based on their SSD and PPJ scores, detained individuals were classified as belonging to one of four subgroups (reference group, high SSD, high PPJ, or high both). Using a large set of background variables, we found that older age, a less elaborate criminal history, no daily drug use before arrest, not having experienced any victimization by prison staff, and the personality traits of neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness were the most relevant antecedents for 'high both' subgroup membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an experimental vignette design, the study investigates the effects of criminal records on the hiring decisions of a convenience sample of 221 human resource (HR) managers in Ghana. The HR managers were randomly assigned to read one of four vignettes depicting job seekers of different genders and criminal records: male with and without criminal record, female with and without criminal record. The evidence shows that a criminal record reduces employment opportunities for female offenders but not for their male counterparts. Additionally, HR managers are willing to offer interviews to job applicants, irrespective of their criminal records, if they expect other managers to hire ex‐convicts. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the influence of socioeconomic and demographic indicators on different types of crime and explored the spatial and temporal dynamics of crime. Between 2014 and 2020, 174,365 criminal events registered in Quito, Ecuador, were collected and aggregated at an administrative area level. Time-series decompositions, spatial autocorrelations, and regression models were applied, considering different types of crime as dependent variables. A marked seasonal component of crime and crime hotspots in the center of the study area was identified. Crime events are likely to increase significantly by 2025. We also found that unemployment, schooling, unsatisfied basic needs, and especially the density of bars and night clubs are socioeconomic indicators influencing crime. Urban crimes present specific spatial and temporal patterns, and crime events can be explained by urban socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Government officials use criminal records as proxies for past conduct to decide who and how to investigate, arrest, charge, and punish. But those records may be racially biased measures of individual behavior. This paper develops a theoretical definition of bias in criminal records in terms of measurement error. It then seeks to provide empirical estimates of racial bias in official arrest records for a broad swath of offenses. Method: I use official arrest and self-reported crime data from the Pathways to Desistance study to estimate Black-to-white and Hispanic-to-white crime ratios conditional on arrest. I also develop a novel, theory-based empirical test of differential reporting across racial and ethnic groups. Results: Compared to white subjects with the same number of arrests, I estimate that Black subjects committed 53, 30, 23, and 56% fewer property, violent, drug, and DUI offenses, respectively, and that Hispanic subjects committed 19 and 46% fewer drug and DUI offenses. The analysis finds relatively little evidence of differential reporting that would bias my estimates upwards, with the possible exception of drug trafficking offenses. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that Pathways subjects' arrest records are racially biased measures of their past criminal behavior, which could bias decisions of criminal justice officials and risk assessment algorithms that are based on arrest records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we used criminal history data for three birth cohorts in New South Wales to estimate the prevalence of recorded family and domestic violence offending. Using an accelerated longitudinal design, we estimate that 6.3 percent of people born in New South Wales had been proceeded against by police for a family and domestic violence offence by age 37. The rate was significantly higher for men: 9.6 percent of men— one in 10—had been proceeded against for a family and domestic violence offence, compared with 3.0 percent of women (one in 33). Overall, 1.2 percent of people born in New South Wales were responsible for more than 50 percent of recorded family and domestic violence offences. Further, family and domestic violence offenders accounted for nearly half of all recorded offences by people in the birth cohort. This is the first estimate of the prevalence of recorded family and domestic violence offending in a population sample in Australia. This is an important step towards increasing the visibility of family and domestic violence perpetrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: What is the effect of having a criminal record compared to having the criminal record expunged in exchange for participating in a rehabilitative programme? The available evidence focuses on programmes comprised of the criminal record for the offence (i.e. labelling) and a punitive sanction or rehabilitative scheme. The interaction between the labelling and the sanction has made distinguishing the effect of each penological approach a challenge. Methods: We use a pretest–posttest control group design with a cohort of 341 low-harm offenders randomly assigned to either a simple, unconditional, caution or a 16-week rehabilitation treatment programme (after which the criminal record was automatically expunged). New crimes and a measure of harm were used as outcome variables. Results: Intention-to-treat analysis shows no significant difference in prevalence, crime count or crime harm. Factoring in those individuals who actually completed the programme changes this story. An instrumental variables analysis used to adjust for treatment compliance suggests that the offer to expunge the criminal record following participation in rehabilitation programmes reduces both crime count and crime harm. Conclusions: We conclude that as evidence on the adverse effects of criminal records on recidivism mounts, out of court disposals that lead to an expungement of the label 'offender' may provide promising intervention for low-harm offences. The experiment also highlighted the importance of secondary analytic strategies in experiments alongside the standard intention-to-treat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anales del Seminario de Historia de la Filosofía is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study analyses the characteristics of 71 individuals convicted of child pornography, who were incarcerated in the national penitentiary network between 2019-2022. The data presented below represents an analysis of the information provided by 21 prisons, who supported me in completing a questionnaire that included the following indicators: gender, residence area, age, education level, family situation, housing situation, criminal record, relationship between the offender and the victim, number of minors abused. The characteristics of the offenders were compared with those identified in studies conducted on the same topic in other countries. The results indicate a series of similarities with the research I referenced, as well as some differences. Romanian offenders are mostly men between the ages of 25-45 who, at the time they committed the crime, had started their own family or were involved in a serious long-term relationship. From an economic perspective, the data indicates a high proportion of individuals without stable employment, of those with a low level of education, and of those who had incomes below the average level. The most significant differences from other studies in the field are the higher proportion of female offenders, the large number of individuals with a low standard of living and of those without stable employment. The study is part of my Ph.D. thesis, "Sexual Behaviours in the Online Environment: Between Normality and Deviance." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research highlights risk factors across systems, from person to community, for understanding antisocial behavior. However, limited research used person-centered analyses to investigate how individual, familial, neighborhood, and structural risk factors cluster and relate to antisocial behavior. We applied latent profile analysis to questionnaires and Census-derived data (N = 478; Northeast sample). A five-profile solution fit best (1: Low Risk; 2: Elevated Personality Risk; 3: Elevated Family and Structural Risk; 4: Elevated Personality, Family, and Neighborhood Risk; 5: Elevated Neighborhood and Structural Risk). We compared profiles across questionnaire-based, interview-based, and criminal record outcomes. The Elevated Personality, Family, and Neighborhood Risk profile had the strongest relationship to risky behavior and an antisocial personality disorder diagnosis. The Elevated Neighborhood and Structural Risk profile showed the strongest relationship to number of crimes. These results elucidate patterns of co-occurring risk within-people, across systems, and reveal important commonalities and dissociations among forms of antisocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]