Search

We surveyed parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) in two guarana plantations in the central Brazilian Amazon (one conventionally, and one organically managed), as well as in adjacent forest and edge areas between crop and forest. We evaluated differences between management systems in parasitoid diversity and abundance, and assessed the importance of the surrounding matrix as a source of parasitoid wasps for guarana cultivation. Parasitoid wasp richness, abundance and taxonomic composition (at family level) were compared between plantations, and among habitats within plantations. Wasps were sampled using Malaise and Moericke traps. A total of 25,951 parasitoid wasps (10,828 in the conventional, and 15,123 in the organic crop area) were collected, and were distributed in 11 superfamilies and 38 families. In the conventional management area, the greatest abundance and richness of parasitoids were recorded in the adjacent forest, while, in the organic management area, the greatest abundance and richness were recorded in the crop-forest edge. Parasitoid wasp family richness was not influenced by management system and habitat but varied significantly between trap types. Average wasp abundance varied significantly between management systems. The presence of adjacent forest in both cultivation areas likely contributed to a greater abundance and richness of parasitoid wasps, showing the importance of preserving forest areas near the plantations. RESUMO Pesquisamos vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera) em duas plantações de guaraná na Amazônia central brasileira (uma convencional e outra manejada organicamente), bem como em florestas adjacentes e áreas de borda entre cultivo e floresta. Avaliamos as diferenças entre os sistemas de manejo na diversidade e abundância de parasitoides e a importância da matriz circundante como fonte de vespas parasitoides para o cultivo de guaraná. A riqueza de vespas parasitoides, abundância e a composição taxonômica (em nível de família) foram comparadas entre as plantações e entre os habitats nas plantações. As vespas foram amostradas usando armadilhas Malaise e Moericke. Foram coletadas 25.951 vespas parasitoides (10.828 em área de cultivo convencional e 15.123 em cultivo orgânico), distribuídas em 11 superfamílias e 38 famílias. Na área de manejo convencional, a maior abundância e riqueza de parasitoides foi registrada na floresta adjacente, enquanto na área de manejo orgânico, a maior abundância e riqueza foram registradas na borda da floresta. A riqueza de famílias de vespas parasitoides não foi influenciada pelo sistema de manejo e habitat, mas variou significativamente entre os tipos de armadilhas. A abundância média de vespas variou significativamente entre os sistemas de manejo. A presença de floresta adjacente em ambas as áreas de cultivo provavelmente contribuiu para uma maior abundância e riqueza de vespas parasitoides, mostrando a importância de preservar as áreas florestais próximas às plantações.

Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) is a shrub that produces fruits with high concentrations of ascorbic acid (1380 to 1490 mg 100 g-1 of pulp and 2050 mg 100 g-1 of peel), 20 times more than acerola and 100 times more than lemon. Native to the Amazon region, it occurs naturally on the seasonally-flooded banks of lakes and rivers, but also has been cultivated commercially in terra firme. In this study, phenological observations and fruit yield evaluations were carried out in a natural population of camu-camu in a floodplain habitat and a plantation in terra firme in central Amazonia. Biweekly visits were made over one year to collect data on flowering, fruiting and leaf phenology. At the height of flowering, flower buds were marked and tracked until fruit matured and were harvested for biometrics and seed counting. Fruits varied from 1.01 to 2.73 cm in diameter and 1.14 to 10.87 g in weight and fruit production was higher in the wild stand. Phenology differed between habitats and phenophase synchrony was higher in the natural population. Despite being native to flooplain forests, fruit production in terra firme occurred throughout the year, suggesting that there are few restrictions on fruit development in cultivated plantation. RESUMO Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) é um arbusto que produz frutos com altas concentrações de ácido ascórbico (1380 a 1490 mg 100 g-1 na polpa e 2050 mg 100 g-1 na casca), 20 vezes mais que a acerola e 100 vezes mais que o limão. Nativo da região amazônica, ocorre naturalmente em ambientes sazonalmente inundados, nas margens de lagos e rios, mas também é cultivado comercialmente em terra firme. Neste estudo, observações fenológicas e avaliação da produtividade de frutos foram realizadas em uma população natural de camu-camu em ambiente inundável e em uma plantação em terra firme, na Amazônia central. Visitas quinzenais foram feitas durante um ano para coleta de dados sobre floração, frutificação e fenologia foliar. No auge da floração, os botões florais foram marcados e acompanhados até a maturação dos frutos, que foram colhidos para biometria e contagem das sementes. Os frutos variaram de 1,01 a 2,73 cm em diâmetro e 1,14 a 10,87 g em peso, com maior produção de frutos em ambiente natural. A fenologia diferiu entre os habitats e a sincronia das fenofases foi maior na população natural. Apesar de ser nativo de florestas inundáveis, a produção de frutos em terra firme ocorreu ao longo do ano, sugerindo que há poucas restrições para o desenvolvimento de frutos em cultivo.

Invasive species can reach high abundances and dominate native environments. One of the most impressive examples of ecological invasions is the spread of the African subspecies of the honey bee throughout the Americas, starting from its introduction in a single locality in Brazil. The invasive honey bee is expected to more negatively impact bee community abundance and diversity than native dominant species, but this has not been tested previously. We developed a comprehensive and systematic bee sampling scheme, using a protocol deploying 11,520 pan traps across regions and crops for three years in Brazil. We found that invasive honey bees are now the single most dominant bee species. Such dominance has not only negative consequences for abundance and species richness of native bees but also for overall bee abundance (i.e., strong “numerical” effects of honey bees). Contrary to expectations, honey bees did not have stronger negative impacts than other native bees achieving similar levels of dominance (i.e., lack of negative “identity” effects of honey bees). These effects were markedly consistent across crop species, seasons and years, and were independent from land-use effects. Dominance could be a proxy of bee community degradation and more generally of the severity of ecological invasions.

We report the first record of the neotropical bee subgenus Hylaeus (Gongyloprosopis) Snelling, 1982 (Colletidae) for Brazil. Additionally, an overview of the current geographic records for the three known species of the subgenus is presented. We expand the distribution of Hylaeus (Gongyloprosopis) orbicus (Vachal, 1910), the male is illustrated, and the first floral association with Vismia japurensis Reichardt (Hypericaeae) is reported for this species. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T09:02:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mahlmann-et-al-2020.pdf: 681618 bytes, checksum: 1d887f672c0de8e1a31d79f679f3c7cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The suitability of the use of pollen to foster the control of citrus pests by facilitating the maintenance of predatory mites in the area has been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pollen of 13 plant species commonly found in Manaus region (Brazilian Amazonia) on the oviposition of Amblyseius aerialis and Iphiseiodes zuluagai, phytoseiid species abundant in citrus orchards in that region. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions, using mostly pollen grains recently collected in the field. For comparison, a commercially available pollen (ECOPolen) and pollen obtained from two bee species were also included in the study. For about 65% of the evaluated pollen types, the average oviposition was low (less than 0.4 egg/female/day). These differed from other pollen types by the speculate wall (sunflower) or high hygroscopic property (Agave sp., Amaryllis sp., Citrus sinensis, Helianthus annuus and Turnera ulmifolia), or were collected by Apis mellifera. Highest oviposition levels of A. aerialis were obtained on pollen of Typha dominguensis, Elaeis guineensis, Cocos nucifera and the commercial pollen (1.9, 1.5, 0.9 and 0.9 eggs/female/day, respectively). For I. zuluagai, highest levels of oviposition were obtained on E. guineensis, C. nucifera, T. dominguensis, and Elaeis oleifera (1.6, 1.5, 1.2 and 0.9 egg/female/day, respectively). These results suggest that C. nucifera, E. guineensis and E. oleifera, found in the vicinity of citrus orchards in Manaus region, may play a role in maintaining predatory mite populations in such orchards. Complementary studies are needed to investigate the feasibility of maintaining those plants near orchards to increase the abundance of the predators.

Espécies de interesse econômico e ecológico são o ponto crucial para estudos na região Amazonica, como é o caso de Myrciaria dubia, o camu-camu. Os frutos dessa espécie apresentam grande variedade de uso, a partir do qual podem ser obtidos diversos produtos alimentícios e cosméticos. O camu-camu está amplamento distribuído na Amazônia brasileira, ocorrendo naturalmente em ambientes alagados, nas margens de lagos e rios. Entretanto, foi introduzido com sucesso em cultivos de terra firme. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar aspectos fenológicos e rede de interações envolvendo os polinizadores de Myrciaria dubia e vegetação adjacente local em igapó e terra firme, visando gerar subsídios ao desenvolvimento sustentável e melhoramento da produção em terra firme. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-22T14:05:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-grace.pdf: 4273809 bytes, checksum: 28541a62440e6f229ec617e43a64e77f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020 Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Biológicas) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus. Orientadora: Dra. Cristiane Krug; Coorientador: Dr. Adrian Paul Ashton Barnett.

The African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., is the second oil producing plant most extensively cultivated worldwide. The American oil palm, Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés, is a similar species rarely planted for commercial oil production, but often used for the production of hybrids with the African oil palm. The objective of this work was to compare the mite fauna of different genotypes of the African and the American oil palms as well as of their hybrids. Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-08T18:15:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2019oilpalmmitesaa.24.9.10p173617501.pdf: 593736 bytes, checksum: ccf17b481661b9b52326841e728deb3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Foi estudada a comunidade de insetos visitantes florais e as plantas visitadas por estes em uma área associada ao cultivo do guaraná, assim como a biologia floral e reprodutiva de um cultivo de guaraná de manejo convencional. Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-13T14:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MatheusMontefuscodeOliveira.pdf: 2537736 bytes, checksum: 6e3b4ee43ed75ecd781616ba8cbb59fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Biológicas) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus. Orientador: Dr. Marcio Luiz de Oliveira; coorientadora: Dra. Cristiane Krug.

O ácaro Raoiella indica Hirst causa prejuízos significativos em palmeiras em áreas do Caribe e no continente americano. O controle biológico tem sido considerado como uma forma de reduzir a população desta praga. Os ácaros da família Phytoseiidae (Mesostigmata) são os mais estudados e utilizados em controle biológico de ácaros-praga. Amblyseius largoensis Muma é apontado como possível controlador de R. indica. O coqueiro é o principal hospedeiro de R. indica, mas este ácaro também foi relatado em palma de óleo. O objetivo desse estudo foi conhecer a acarofauna associada ao coqueiro e à palma de óleo na região de Manaus, nordeste do estado do Amazonas, analisando o potencial dos predadores fitoseídeos encontrados, determinar a ocorrência de R. indica e outros ácaros em quatro épocas distintas em coqueiros, comparar a abundância e diversidade dos ácaros de diferentes genótipos de palma de óleo. Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-04T23:36:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseWilton.pdf: 1708657 bytes, checksum: 446f1620f82beffe4fc3a49a4f07a133 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-06 Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia) - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal.

Himenópteros parasitoides constituem um importante elemento da fauna devido a sua diversidade e importância biológica, ecológica e econômica, principalmente no manejo de pragas agrícolas. Com relação ao cultivo de guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) o conhecimento dos inimigos naturais associados nativamente poderá servir de base para programas de controle biológico na cultura. Assim, foi estudada a composição de himenópteros parasitoides associados a dois cultivos de guaraná, um de manejo convencional e um orgânico, e também a das áreas de mata adjacente, a fim de verificar o quanto essas áreas contribuem para fornecer himenópteros para os cultivos mencionados. Foi determinado um ponto de amostragem na mata adjacente, na borda do cultivo e no interior do cultivo, nos quais foram instaladas uma armadilha de Malaise e quatro Möerick. As coletas foram realizadas por quatro dias, quinzenalmente, no período de setembro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. Foi coletado um total de 25.951 himenópteros parasitoides distribuídos em 12 superfamílias e 38 famílias. Deste total, 10.828 parasitoides foram coletados no manejo convencional e 15.123 foram coletados no manejo orgânico. Na mata adjacente, Platygastridae foi a família mais abundante, enquanto Encyrtidae foi na borda do cultivo e interior do cultivo. Em relação à Eulophidae foi coletado um total de 1.455 indivíduos, destes, 463 pertencendo a 38 gêneros no manejo convencional e 992 (37 gêneros) coletados no manejo orgânico. No manejo convencional, a mata adjacente obteve a maior riqueza e abundância, destacando-se o gênero Holcopelte. No manejo orgânico, obteve-se maior riqueza na borda do cultivo e no interior do cultivo a maior abundância de indivíduos, sendo Aprostocetus o gênero mais representativo em todos os pontos de amostragem. Neste estudo, ficou evidente a importância da vegetação adjacente, sendo esta considerada um ponto de refúgio e distribuição de parasitoides. Hymenopterans parasitoids are an important element of the fauna due to its diversity and biological, ecological and economic importance, especially in the management of agricultural pest. Regarding the cultivation of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) knowledge of natural enemies associated natively can be the basis for biological control programs in culture. Thus, the composition of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with two crops of guarana, one of organic management and one of conventional, as well as forested areas adjacent to verify how these areas contribute to provide Hymenoptera for crops mentioned, was studied. A sampling point was determined in the adjacent forest, in the border of the crop and inside of crop, in which have been installed a trap Malaise and four Möerick. The samples were held for four day, fortnightly, from September 2012 to February 2013. A total of 25.951 Hymenoptera parasitoids distributed in 12 superfamilies and 38 families were collected. Of this total, 10.828 parasitoids were collected in conventional management and 15.123 were collected in organic management. In the adjacent forest, Platygastridae was the most abundant family while Encyrtidae in border of culture and crop of culture. Regarding Eulophidae a total of 1.455 individuals were collected, of whom 463 belong to 38 genera were collected in conventional management and 992 (37 genera) were collected in organic management. In conventional management, the adjacent forest had the highest richness and abundance, highlighting the genus Holcopelte. In organic management yielded greater wealth at the border of cultivation and inside of culture within the greater abundance of individuals, being more representative the genus Aprostocetus at all sampling points. In this study it was clear the importance of adjacent vegetation, which is considered a point of refuge and distribution of parasitoids.

The bee community (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) was studied in two preservation areas in the Santa Catarina state: at the Serra do Itajaí National Park (PNSI) in Blumenau and the Fritz Plaumann State Park (PEFP) in Concórdia. The bees were collected in each area bimonthly for two years, from January 2008 to March 2010. Three collecting methods were employed: pantrap, entomological nets and smell baits. 6074 individuals of 193 bee species were sampled: 3112 individuals of 133 species in Blumenau and 2962 individuals of 110 species from Concórdia. Fifty bee species were found in both areas. Apidae was the most abundant family in number of individuals and species in both localities, followed by Halictidae. The richness of species in Blumenau was higher than in Concórdia, what probably reflects a better a preservation of the former. The network between bees and plants was studied using the data from the entomological nets. In Blumenau, the 124 bee species collected interacted with 110 plant species, totalizing 623 qualitative and 2780 quantitative interactions. In Concórdia, the 99 bee species interacted with 77 plant species, totalizing 434 qualitative and 2764 quantitative interactions. The similarity between the bee fauna in both areas was high; however the flora similarity was low. The networks from both areas are nested and have a strong asymmetry, showing a pattern that is similar to the one found in different studies of mutualistic interactions. Comparing theses results to the bee fauna found by Fritz Müller in the surroundings of Blumenau in the XIX century and by Fritz Plaumann in the surroundings of Concórdia in the XX century, we observe that only 41% and 16% were common, respectively, or it is possible that many bee species could be locally extinct. As a study case, the floral visitors and some pollination aspects of the tristylyspecies Oxalis cytizoides Mart. & Zucc (Oxalidaceae) were evaluated at the PEFP. Among the 30 visiting bee species, stand out as potential pollinators Hypanthium divaricatum, Lophopedia nigrispinis and Ceratina sp. 16 due to the high visit frequency and active pollen collection on the flowers. Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-08T23:38:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCristianeKrug.pdf: 8985882 bytes, checksum: e008557870b47824852b3b03d0f78053 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-04 Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto.