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The article analyzes the current state of lalmi crop lands using the methods of variability, mathematical programming and scientific observation, evaluates and develops the ratio of land and crop species to their location, natural-geographic, socio-economic and environmental conditions of these regions.

The physical and chemical properties of soil are strongly influenced by type of land use system implemented. Eucalyptus is a group of tree species, which is native to Australia but widely grown throughout the world. In Ethiopia also due to its fast-growing nature of eucalyptus combined with its extensively recognized socio-economic benefits, this introduced species has been widely planted. Even if the economic contributions there are a lot of controversies are raised from different parts of the world. Therefore, this study is planned to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus species plantations and crop land on selected soil properties around Bale. In the case ,moisture content, except for Goro district, for the other districts (Agarfa, Dello Menna, Goba, Robe) the amount of moisture content is higher in the soil under Eucalyptus plantation land uses than crop land. When we see the overall mean wise comparison of the whole land uses, as the depth increases the overall mean potential of soil chemical properties in PH, OC%, OM%, and available P decreases. But in the case of EC as the depth increases the concentration slightly increases. When we see the general overview of the land uses, no significant differences were observed between Eucalyptus plantation land uses and crop land use. Even in most of the parameter especially in soil organic carbon and soil organic matter the highest value were recorded in Eucalyptus plantation land uses than crop land use. This is due to the recycling of nutrient through decomposition of different tree parts. In terms of crop land due to cereal crop intensive agricultural system, most the soil nutrient is depleted. Therefore, this finding concluding that eucalyptus could positively impact soil physical and chemical properties through decayed litter than intensively cultivated crop land.

Chili is one of the most consumed food commodities in Indonesia. Thus, chili is very influential to the economic, also inflation and deflation of an area. In order for the needs of chili to be fulfilled and to be able to export, the production must be increased with one consideration being the selection of the right land. The right land must meet the criteria agreed upon by experts, there is land height, soil pH, nutrient value and ambient temperature. This research aims to create a system to support the decision of chili crop land selection using the weighted product method. By entering land data according to the criteria, the user can easily find out which land has the potential to have a higher suitability for chili plants. The result of this system is in the form of land ranking that can help users decide which land to use for chili cultivation.

The depletion of soil organic matter (SOM) reserve after deforestation and subsequent management practices are well documented, but the impacts of land-use change on the persistence and vulnerability of storage C and N remain uncertain. We investigated soil organic C (SOC) and N stocks in a landscape of chrono-sequence natural forest, grazing/crop lands and plantation forest in the highlands of North-West Ethiopia. We hypothesized that in addition to depleting total C and N pools, multiple conversions of natural forest significantly change the relative proportion of labile and recalcitrant C and N fractions in soils, and thus affect SOM quality. To examine this hypothesis, we estimated depletion of SOC and N stocks and labile (1 & 2) and recalcitrant (fraction 3) C and N pools in soil organic matter following the acid hydrolysis technique. Our studies showed the highest loss of C stock was in grazing land (58%) followed by cropland (50%) and eucalyptus plantation (47%), while on average ca. 57% N stock was depleted. Eucalyptus plantation exhibited potential for soil C recovery, although not for N, after 30 years. The fractionation of SOM revealed that depletions of labile 1 C stocks were similar in grazing and crop lands (36%), and loss of recalcitrant C was highest in grazing soil (56%). However, increases in relative concentrations of labile fraction 1 in grazing land and recalcitrant C and N in cropland suggest the quality of these pools might be influenced by management activities. Also, the C:N ratio of C fractions and recalcitrant indices (RIC and RIN) clearly demonstrated that land conversion from natural forest to managed systems changes the inherent quality of the fractions, which was obscured in whole soil analysis. These findings underscore the importance of considering the quality of SOM when evaluating disturbance impacts on SOC and N stocks.

Livestock farming in Nepal, especially buffalo farming alone contributes a major share in livelihoods of farmers. Stall feeding of buffalo is common in Chitwan with occasional grazing. This raises questions about status of nutrients supplied to maintain productivity as feed resources varied in forest and crop land according to the season. A study was carried out in Chitwan from April 2015 to March 2016 to find out the status of nutrient supply in relation to the feeding system of buffalo. Total fifteen farms were selected from three villages, the amount of feedstuff fed to the animals was measured every month and the nutrient contents of the feed were analyzed. The mean concentrations of DM, CP, TDN, Ca and P were 641g/kg, 75.0 g/kg, 462 g/kg, 4.9 g/kg and 4.2 g/kg. A significant difference of CP contents among the villages was observed (72.0 g/kg, 70.7 g/kg and 81.2 g/kg (P

Land availability for agriculture has become scarce in the present technological world. Effective usage of the cultivable land is constrained due to less availability of water and cost-effective land allocation for cultivation has turned out more challenging. Crop planning optimization is termed as a combinatorial optimization problem, in which effective utilization of land plays a major role. The primary objective of this paper is to perform optimal land allocation to improve agricultural income. Ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), Social Spider Algorithm (SSA), and LINGO global solver are applied for optimizing the agricultural land in this work. The study area chosen for this research is agricultural areas in Coimbatore, situated in Tamilnadu state, India. This research outcome has shown that planned land allocation through optimization algorithms could significantly increase the profit in agriculture to a considerable extent.

Wild animals cause special challenge to the farmers across the globe. Forest animals such as elephant, wild boar and deer etc. migrate in to the nearby agricultural fields in search of food and caused a huge damage to the crops not only by eating but also by trampling the crops by foot, in some areas crop damage to the extent of 50-60% and sometimes 100% crop is damaged by wild animals. This paper presents the assessment of crop damage caused by wild animals in eastern coastal region of Odisha and discussed about the feasibility and economic aspects of installation of an acoustic equipment to keep the wild animals away from the agricultural fields. It was found that by installing only one acoustic equipment in crop land, a financial benefit of INR 42,700 per annum can be obtained.

At present, the potatoes cultivation strategy is still based on farmers preferences. They plant on their land without seeing the crop land suitability. This causes a low productivity of 16.99 tons/ha and the production target is not achieved, only 85.93%. The objectives of this study was to provide recommendations for optimizing suitable crop land using spatial analysis with overlay techniques. The contribution of this study was the combination of 5 physical factors in spatial analysis with overlay techniques to evaluate the crop land suitability value. We refer to Regulation Agriculture Minister of Republic of Indonesia No. 07/Permentan/OT.140/2/2012 with development based on overlay maps land ability, land suitability, regional potential and land for sustainable food agriculture. To measure the location suitability, we used five physical controls in spatial analysis of crop land suitability, namely altitude, soil texture, slope percentage, rainfall and temperature. We obtained 16 grids on all crop land units and we determined the samples were 16 points in Wonosobo, Indonesia. We used intervals of 3.75 and 4 classes to analyzed crop land suitability. By using overlay techniques, the results showed that the average has suitability for the crop land in good condition, with a few inhibiting factors that is equal to 67.21% spread in samples 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 14. To support sustainable food agriculture, we recommend cropping focus in Kejajar (sample number 1) which has the most suitable land suitability value for potato cultivation in Wonosobo. For further research, this method can be used to calculate the Land Potential Index using spatial analysis and remote sensing.

This study aims to (1) the progress bokar production, the land area to produce crops, the land area of ​​old plants, the amount of labor, rainfall and number of days of rain in Batanghari regency during the period 2001 to 2015 (2) Determine how much influence hectarage produce, the land area of ​​old plants, the amount of labor, rainfall and number of days of rain to the production bokar in Batanghari regency during the period 2001-2015. The data used in this research is secondary data time series (time series) for 5 years (2001-2015). Test data is stationary using the unit root test Phillip Perron (PP). The analysis model is a linear regression. The test model using normality test, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity test and autocorrelation test. The results showed that the area of ​​cultivated land, the area of ​​old plantation, the amount of labor, rainfall and amount of rain days together significantly affect the production of bokar in Batanghari regency. Partially, the factors that have a positive and significant effect on bokar production in Batanghari Regency are the area of ​​cultivated land and the amount of labor. Factor area of ​​old crop land have negative and significant effect, while rainfall factor and rainy day partially have no significant effect on bokar production.

Changing climatic conditions (warming and decreasing precipitation) have been found to be a threat to the agricultural sustainability of Mediterranean croplands. From the climate change perspective, biochar amendment may interact with the effects of warming and drought stresses on soil ecosystems. However, the responses of soil microbial communities to the joint effects of climate change and biochar in Mediterranean croplands are not sufficiently known. To help fill this knowledge gap, in this work we used a field experiment to determine the effects of partial rain exclusion alone or combined with a soil temperature increase in biochar-amended (20 t ha) and unamended plots under crop rotation on soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, and the microbial community activity, structure, composition, abundance, and functions. The biomass, composition, and activity of the soil bacterial and fungal communities were more responsive to biochar addition than to climate manipulation. Thus, soil chemical parameters, enzyme activities and the relative abundances of bacterial populations were not responsive to the interaction of biochar and climate manipulation, while the predicted functionality of the bacterial community was modified by both factors. Soil β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased in response to biochar addition and climate manipulation, while urease activity was significantly increased by biochar, and protease activity was significantly decreased by climate manipulation. Gram negative and fungal biomasses were significantly affected by the interaction of biochar with climate manipulation. Climate manipulation produced changes in the composition of the soil fungal community without loss of diversity. This study illustrates how the interactions between biochar amendment and future climate change scenarios influence microbially-driven ecosystem services related to the maintenance of nutrient cycles and biodiversity in a Mediterranean agroecosystem., This research was financially supported by the Spanish MICINN MINECO, AEI, FEDER, EU), through the research projects CGL2015-65162-R and AGL2016-75752-R. The authors are also grateful for the AEPP CSIC funds (2020AEP004). We also thank the Spanish Ministry and FEDER funds for the project AGL2017–85755-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), the i-LINK + 2018 (LINKA20069) from CSIC.

Recent estimates show that the potential for biomethane production in Italy for 2030 is about 8 Bn Nm3/year, initially by upgrading the biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. We derive the ‘Land Efficiency’ of Biomethane in accordance with the Biogasdoneright® principles in Sicily (Italy), from the standard formula to determine the ‘First Crop Land Requirement’. The results were achieved using large proportions of ‘integration biomasses’. The concept of Land Efficiency is verified because the first constituent of the formula (land efficiency) is much higher than the second one (biomethane yield of monocrops). The outcome of this study indicates clearly that ‘integration biomasses’ in the Sicilian context are among those which produce advanced biofuels. All by-products and wastes from the agrifood sector are necessary to produce about 562 million Nm3/year of biomethane in Sicily for 2030 (about 8% of the Italian one), allocating only 28,000 ha for the monocrops for the anaerobic digesters.

Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful tool for managing and planning the mining activities and has an advantage of synoptic view, temporal capability and can observe the inaccessible areas. Open cast mining activities has direct impact on earth surface which can be studied and quantified using remote sensing technology. In the present paper, we examined the areal expansion of the coal mines and their impact on the surrounding area of Wani using RS and GIS technique. The LANDSAT, IRS and High resolution satellite data of Google, having resolution of 30m, 23m, and 50cm respectively have been used. Changes in the crop land due to mining activities were calculated using heads-up interpretation of satellite data using ArcGIS software. Present study has shown that in Wani area crop land has decreased by 6.46% in the span of 26 years following the expansion of mining activities in the area.

Partial migration is a common life-history strategy among ungulates living in seasonal environments. The decision to migrate or remain on a seasonal range may be influenced strongly by access to high-quality habitat. We evaluated the influence of access to winter habitat of high quality on the probability of a female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) migrating to a separate summer range and the effects of this decision on survival. We hypothesized that deer with home ranges of low quality in winter would have a high probability of migrating, and that survival of an individual in winter would be influenced by the quality of their home range in winter. We radiocollared 67 female white-tailed deer in 2012 and 2013 in eastern Washington, United States. We estimated home range size in winter using a kernel density estimator; we assumed the size of the home range was inversely proportional to its quality and the proportion of crop land within the home range was proportional to its quality. Odds of migrating from winter ranges increased by 3.1 per unit increase in home range size and decreased by 0.29 per unit increase in the proportion of crop land within a home range. Annual survival rate for migrants was 0.85 (SD = 0.05) and 0.84 (SD = 0.09) for residents. Our finding that an individual with a low-quality home range in winter is likely to migrate to a separate summer range accords with the hypothesis that competition for a limited amount of home ranges of high quality should result in residents having home ranges of higher quality than migrants in populations experiencing density dependence. We hypothesize that density-dependent competition for high-quality home ranges in winter may play a leading role in the selection of migration strategy by female white-tailed deer.

Chemicals are widely recommended for the suppression of weed in crop land. This paper attempts to a greater integration of ideas into the development of herbicide resistance. This may lead researchers to focus less on simply defining herbicide resistance and more towards comprehensive investigations of the resistance development. Weed expert in collaboration with plant biologists can work in synergy to come up with better approach and innovation aimed to curtain herbicides resistance challenges. Chemical herbicides exert undue pressure on weed fitness and the diversity of weed community’s changes over time in response to both herbicides and other strategies imposed on them. Repeatedly and intensively, the regular application of herbicides with similar effect may swiftly result in population shifts to tolerant, difficult to suppress and ultimately result to weed community that is herbicide resistant, particularly in absence of using herbicides with different modes of action. Weed expert and evolutionary biologists have to work in synergy toward an improve and broader knowledge of plant resistant development. This collaboration is likely to proffer innovative solutions to the herbicide resistance challenges.

The land type cover information has significantly important role to understand land type change and earth activities. Despite the availability of numerous high-resolution satellite data, very minimal number of land type change researches are available up till now due to the computational limitations. This study provides land type change mapping based on high-resolution (30 m) using high computing cloud base platform (google earth engine). The supervised classification training technique is being used in our study. We gathered the land cover type of two year (2016–2017) and addressed the transformations among them during these years. The study is based on four land cover types specifically water, urban land, forest and crop land. This method is provided to overcome the limitation of high computing platform and lack of the availability of high-resolution land cover change data.

This study was conducted in the northwest highlands of Ethiopia to, (i) map the different land use types and detect land use changes between 2000 and 2017, (ii) assess whether A. Decurrens plantation brings a land use change, and (iii) evaluate the role of A. Decurrens plantation on man-made forest cover change. ArcGIS 10.3 was used for spatial analysis and mapping while ERDAS Imagine 9.2 was used for land use classification and change detection. Landsat images were used to generate the land use maps using unsupervised and supervised classification methods. Cultivated land, wetland, natural forest and bare lands were declining whereas plantation, grazing land and settlement lands were expanding. Plantation cover was the most expanded land use type, which increased by 16%. A. Decurrens plantation was found to be the main reason in changing the land use from crop based land use to plantation land use. Man-made plantation was also increased because of A. Decurrens plantation. Moreover, A. Decurrens planation based land use was found to be a means to rehabilitate the degraded mountainous areas by reducing soil erosion and increasing the fertility of the soil through nitrogen fixation.

The main point of this paper is to find the compromise solution of multi-objective chance constrained mathematical programming problem by considering the parameters of the right hand side restrictions as uncertain variables having three parameters log normal distribution. In the first step, we convert the multi-objective chance constrained mathematical programming problem to a deterministic equivalent multi-objective mathematical programming problem. After converting the multi-objective chance constrained programming problem into deterministic equivalent multi-objective programming problem, fuzzy programming method is used to find the solution which is closest to ideal solution. Numerical example is presented to illustrate the technique. Finally, case study on crop land and water management for irrigation is presented.

A survey targeting smallholder households was carried out in Mumbuni and Ndovoini sub-locations in the semi arid Makueni County, Kenya, to identify agroforestry types and practices and their level of adoption and socio-economic factors influencing adoption of agroforestry. The study involved a survey of 234 households using a structured questionnaire. The collected data was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and binary logistic regression model. Results obtained revealed that more than 90% of the households practised agroforestry. It was also observed that significantly (P

This study investigates land cover (LC) changes in the coastal area of Dakshina Kannada district in the state of Karnataka, South India, during the years 2004–2008 as a case study. IRS P-6, Linear Imaging Self Scanning sensor (LISS-IV) satellite images were used in the present work. Classification was carried out using artificial bee colony algorithm and support vector machine (SVM) which gave a better result compared to other traditional classification techniques. The best overall classification accuracy for the study area was achieved with an ABC classifier with an OCA of 80.35% for 2004 year data and OCA of 80.40% for 2008 year data, whereas the OCA in SVM, for the same training set is 71.42% for 2004 data and 71.38% for 2008 data on study area 1 and the results were optimised with respect to multispectral data. In study area 2, ABC algorithm achieved an OCA of 78.17% and MLC of 62.63% which was used to check the universality of the classifier. The classification results with post-classification technique for study area 1 indicate that urbanisation in the study area has almost increased twice. During the same time there is an increase in the forest plantation, agricultural plantation and a decrease in crop land and land without scrubs, indicates rapid changes in the coastal environment.

Although more on-farm storage ponds have been constructed in recent years to mitigate groundwater resources depletion in Mississippi, little effort has been devoted to estimating the ratio of on-farm water storage pond size to irrigated crop land based on pond metrics and its hydrogeological conditions. In this study, two simulation scenarios were chosen to determine such a ratio as well as to investigate pond hydrological processes using a Structural Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation (STELLA) model, one scenario with and the other without using pond water for irrigation for a typical pond that represented the average conditions in East Mississippi. Simulation results showed that pond water level changed moderately for conditions without using its water for irrigation, whereas pond water level changed dramatically for conditions with using its water for irrigation. A reasonable ratio of pond size to irrigated soybeans land was 1:18 if the irrigation rate was 2.54 cm/d (or 1 inch/d) and the low limit of the pond water level was drawn to near zero (0.08 m). For the ratio of 1:18, our simulations further revealed that a 1-ha soybeans land could save about 542 m3 groundwater each year. This study suggests that the STELLA model is a useful tool for estimating the ratio of pond size to irrigated crop land.

The present study revealed land use / land cover (LULC) changes during 1992 to 2015 using remote sensing and GIS tools. NRSC land use / land cover thematic maps were referred for classifying the LULC classification. For this assessment, ERDAS image software using maximum likelihood tool in supervised classification is applied. The present study identified land use / land cover pattern of the Nagercoil town is composed of build up land, agriculture land, plantation, crop land and water bodies. Therefore, the land use land cover changes were assessed from 1992 to 2015 and the results show that build up land has increased 8 km2, agriculture land has decreased 3.64 km2, plantation has decreased 2 km2, crop land has decreased 2 km2 and water bodies have decreased 0.36 km2.

In the present study, detailed investigations have been carried out in Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemical Investment Region (PCPIR) area in Vygra and Bharuch Talukas in Bharuch district of Gujarat State. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) LISS-III, LISS-IV and CARTOSAT digital data covering PCPIR area in Bharuch district for the period of January & February of 2011, 2012 and 2013 was analyzed for land use/land cover mapping and monitoring the changes in land use. Various thematic land use/land cover maps were prepared and GIS database for various thematic layers have been generated using satellite and ground based information. The results indicate that the major land use in the PCPIR area is agriculture with crop lands ranging from 61 to 63 per cent of the total area. Crop land has decreased from 64.7% during 2011 to 62.7% during 2013 in the PCPIR region. Area under plantations in PCPIR area has also decreased from 5.5% during 2011 to 5.2% during 2012. The industrial area has increased from 6.0% to 7.6% of the total area of the PCPIR region. The total built-up area (industries & village area) has increased from 7.1% during 2011 to 8.7% during 2013. Tree plantations in the area of around 42 ha were carried out by GIDC during 2012 and 2013 to increase the green cover in the PCPIR area.