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The magnetocaloric (MC) properties in many rare-earth (RE)-containing magnetic solids have been intensively investigated, which are aimed to develop suitable candidates for cryogenic magnetic cooling applications and to better understand their intrinsic magnetic characters. We herein fabricated the RE-rich RE6Ni2.3In0.7 (RE = Ho, Er, and Tm) compounds and investigated their structural, magnetic, and MC properties by experimental determination and theoretical calculations. All of these RE6Ni2.3In0.7 compounds crystallize in an Ho6Co2Ga-type structure with an orthogonal Immm space group and order magnetically around the temperatures of 10.6 and 33.0 K for Ho6Ni2.3In0.7, 11.0 K for Er6Ni2.3In0.7, and 7.6 K for Tm6Ni2.3In0.7, respectively. Large cryogenic reversible MC effects were observed in these RE6Ni2.3In0.7 compounds. Moreover, their MC parameters of maximum magnetic entropy changes, relative cooling powers, and temperature-averaged magnetic entropy change are comparable with those of some recently updated cryogenic MC materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological materials have shown promising potential in the spintronics application due to their conspicuous efficiency of charge-to-spin conversion. Our research investigates the temperature-dependent spin–orbit torque (SOT) from sputtered WTex. We reveal a strong temperature dependence of SOT and realize the current-induced SOT switching of WTex with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy structure under a wide range of 12 K to room temperature. Our findings reveal the temperature dependence of sputtered WTex and may pave the way for the spintronics application of semimetals under cryogenic temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological materials have shown promising potential in the spintronics application due to their conspicuous efficiency of charge-to-spin conversion. Our research investigates the temperature-dependent spin–orbit torque (SOT) from sputtered WTex. We reveal a strong temperature dependence of SOT and realize the current-induced SOT switching of WTex with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy structure under a wide range of 12 K to room temperature. Our findings reveal the temperature dependence of sputtered WTex and may pave the way for the spintronics application of semimetals under cryogenic temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bond dissociation energy of FeCr+ is measured using resonance enhanced photodissociation spectroscopy in a cryogenic ion trap. The onset for FeCr+ → Fe + Cr+ photodissociation occurs well above the lowest Cr+(6S, 3d5) + Fe(5D, 3d64s2) dissociation limit. In contrast, the higher energy FeCr+ → Fe+ + Cr photodissociation process exhibits an abrupt onset at the energy of the Cr(7S, 3d54s1) + Fe+(6D, 3d64s1) limit, enabling accurate dissociation energies to be extracted: D(Fe–Cr+) = 1.655 ± 0.006 eV and D(Fe+–Cr) = 2.791 ± 0.006 eV. The measured D(Fe–Cr+) bond energy is 10%–20% larger than predictions from accompanying CAM (Coulomb Attenuated Method)-B3LYP and NEVPT2 and coupled cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples electronic structure calculations, which give D(Fe–Cr+) = 1.48, 1.40, and 1.35 eV, respectively. The study emphasizes that an abrupt increase in the photodissociation yield at threshold requires that the molecule possesses a dense manifold of optically accessible, coupled electronic states adjacent to the dissociation asymptote. This condition is not met for the lowest Cr+(6S, 3d5) + Fe(5D, 3d64s2) dissociation limit of FeCr+ but is satisfied for the higher energy Cr(7S, 3d54s1) + Fe+(6D, 3d64s1) dissociation limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate determination of the ortho-parahydrogen ratio is crucial for various applications involving liquefied hydrogen. At Dresden University of Technology, a speed-of-sound-based measurement setup using a commercial binary gas analyzer was developed in recent years. Through systematic improvements, the setup now allows for very accurate measurements. Perturbations of the speed of sound measurements were reduced significantly by incorporating the gas analyzer into a small dedicated temperature chamber and by optimizing the periphery for minimal gas purity fluctuations. A cross-comparison of the measurement system with a cryostat specifically designed for the production of variable ortho-parahydrogen ratios shows good agreement between the two systems. Although not yet commonly used, speed of sound measurements for ortho-para ratio determination show great potential for several applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the performance of polymer dielectrics at different temperatures is becoming increasingly important due to the rapid development of electric cars, electromagnetic devices, and new energy production solutions. Cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) are an attractive material due to their low water absorption, good electrical insulation, long-term stability of surface treatments, and resistance to a wide range of acids and solvents. This work focused on the dielectric and electrical properties of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)/Al2O3 composites over a wide range of temperature and frequency domains, from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures (around 125 K). Permittivity, electrical conductivity, and electrical modulus are given consideration. A composite of up to 50% Al2O3 mixed with COC was prepared via a conventional melt-blending method. The final samples were formed in sheets and processed using injection and extrusion moldings. It was found that formulations with Al2O3 concentrations ranging from 10 to 50% resulted in higher electrical conductivity while maintaining the viscosity of the composite at a level acceptable for polymer-processing machinery. Our data show that COC/alumina composites present substantial potential as materials for high-frequency applications, even at the regime of cryogenic temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COSINUS is a new cryogenic observatory for rare event searches located in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. COSINUS's first goal is to clarify whether the signal detected by the DAMA/LIBRA experiment originates from dark matter particle interactions or has a different nature. To this aim, sodium iodide (NaI) cryogenic scintillating calorimeters read out by transition edge sensors (TESs) are developed. To preserve the NaI crystal from the TES fabrication process, COSINUS implemented a novel design, the remoTES, where the TES is deposited on a separate wafer and coupled to the absorber through a Au-bonding wire and a Au-phonon collector. This design has reached baseline resolutions below 100 eV for Si, 200 eV for TeO 2 and 400 eV for NaI absorbers. These results show that the remoTES not only brings COSINUS close to its performance goal of 1 keV energy threshold, but also offers the possibility to employ delicate crystals previously excluded for cryogenic applications as absorbers and to avoid the exposure of the absorbers to the TES fabrication process. It therefore extends the choice of target materials of the rare event searches using TES. In this work, we will provide a detailed description of the remoTES design and present the results of the latest prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a cryogenic facility to assess the performance of different types of cryogenic mechanisms. The facility can host very large (up to ∼ 1 m 3 ) and heavy (up to ∼ 30 kg ) instrumentation, cooled down below 10 K. The operation of moving components can be visually monitored by means of two webcams looking inside the 4 K volume. In addition a large number of electrical feedthroughs (444 lines) allow the operation of a set of hall and capacitive sensors to measure both the magnetic field, the position of moving devices with an accuracy of tens of microns and their temperatures with an accuracy of few % . We present the results of the first tests on a large aperture (500 mm diameter) superconducting magnetic bearing for the SWIPE/LSPE experiment currently under test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In investigation of an active magnetic regenerator (AMR) cycle operating at room temperatures, 1D models have been extensively used to accurately computing its performance metrics. However, extending these models to simulate an AMR cycle at cryogenic temperatures introduces inherent complexities and challenges. The broad temperature span and low operating temperatures required for cryogenic applications, such as hydrogen liquefaction, lead to significant density variations of the working fluid within the AMR that cannot be overlooked. In this work, two 1D AMR models assuming a compressible working fluid operating at cryogenic temperatures are demonstrated which address the large density variations and the numerical stiffness of the equations. The models exhibit good agreement with experimental and 2D numerical results of an AMR configuration designed for hydrogen liquefaction. A comparative study is conducted between the developed models and an incompressible AMR model at cryogenic temperatures shows that the incompressible model predicts cooling powers that are higher by a factor of up to 10 at high values of utilization, highlighting the error of assuming an incompressible fluid on estimating the performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchannel condensers play an essential role in cryogenic two-phase heat management systems due to their efficient heat transfer characteristics. Thus, it is worth conducting an in-depth study on microscale condensation characteristics of cryogenic fluids. This paper delves into the flow condensation process of methane in microchannels. A two-dimensional transient model with high accuracy for cryogenic fluids has been developed by combining a self-defined program for the source term of the phase transition model. The model fully considers the boundary layer thickness and accurately explores the mesh accuracy. The complete condensation flow patterns are captured for various vapor quality, mass flux, and wall subcooling degrees. The injection flow is a unique flow regime for condensation in microchannels. The decrease in wall subcooling degree and increase in mass flux leads to the separation point at the neck of the injected flow moving towards the exit, while the annular flow region is expanding and the flow pattern transition is lagging. The mass flux improves the heat transfer coefficient more significantly at high vapor quality. During injection and bubble flow, the wall shear stress and local heat transfer coefficient are subject to bouncing and oscillations, which may induce fluctuations in the upstream annular flow. The prediction performance of six classical heat transfer correlations is evaluated. The results indicate that the Nie et al. correlation has the highest comprehensive prediction accuracy with MRD and MARD of -5.00 % and 15.83 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose and implement an optical technique to access the local temperature of an erbium doped crystal by probing the electron spin population under magnetic field. We reliably extract the sample temperature in the range 2–7 K. We additionally discuss the suitability of our method as a primary standard for cryogenic thermometry. By adding an auxiliary heating laser, we are able to measure the interface conductance between the dielectric crystal and the cold plate of the cryostat by exploring different cooling configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultracold atoms exquisitely controlled by lasers are the quantum foundation, particularly for sensing, timekeeping, and computing, of state-of-the-art quantum science and technology. However, the laboratory-scale infrastructure for such optical-atomic quantum apparatus rarely translates into commercial applications. A promising solution is miniaturizing the optical layouts onto a chip-scale device integrated with cold atoms inside a compact ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber. For prototyping purposes, however, rapidly loading or exchanging test photonic devices into a UHV chamber is limited by the evacuation time from atmospheric pressures to the optimal pressures for ultracold atoms of 1 × 10−11 Torr, a process that typically takes weeks or months without cryogenics. Here, we present a loadlock apparatus and loading procedure capable of venting, exchanging, and evacuating back to < 1 × 1 0 − 11 Torr in under 24 h. Our system allows for rapid testing and benchmarking of various photonic devices with ultracold atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the majority of industries rely on turning processes to manufacture mechanical products. The selection of coolant is of paramount importance in the pursuit of sustainable manufacturing. Super duplex steel's machinability during the turning process is the subject of the present investigation. The machining characteristics, such as Flank wear (Fw) and Surface roughness (Ra), were analyzed by varying the control parameters, including cutting velocity (Vs), feed rate (f), and cutting conditions i.e. Dry, Nanofluid + MQL (NMQL), LN2 + MQL (LMQL), through a constant depth of cut (d) using a Taguchi L27 orthogonal array. The results demonstrated that the LMQL approach is more efficient as it reduces the Ra by 77%, 54%, and Fw by 83%, and 93%, respectively, in comparison to the dry and NMQL conditions. Additional research on microstructure revealed that the character of the grains is improved when the surface is machined with LMQL in comparison to other cutting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studied the effect of welding thermal cycling on the microstructures and cryogenic impact toughness of medium-Mn low-temperature steel by single-pass welding thermal simulation test. The microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) were characterized by optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the microstructures of fine-grain HAZ are fine-lath martensite with film-like retained austenite in the heat input range of 10 ~ 30 kJ/cm. Meanwhile, fine-grain HAZ has excellent low-temperature impact toughness, and the impact energy tested at − 40 °C can reach about 245 J. The coarse martensitic packet and block in the coarse grain HAZ seriously deteriorated the cryogenic impact toughness, and the greater the heat input, the worse the cryogenic impact toughness. The impact energy tested at − 40 °C was 71 J when the heat input was 10 kJ/cm. The cryogenic impact toughness of HAZ gradually deteriorated with the peak temperature increase because of the decrease of retained austenite content and the increase of martensitic lath width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi occupy important environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic roles. However, biological research of this diverse kingdom has lagged behind that of other phylogenetic groups. This is partially the result of the notorious difficulty in culturing a diverse array of filamentous fungal species due to their (i) often unpredictable growth, (ii) unknown preferences for culturing conditions, and (iii) long incubation times compared with other microorganisms such as bacteria and yeasts. Given the complexity associated with concurrently culturing diverse fungal species, developing practical methods for preserving as many species as possible for future research is vital. The widely accepted best practice for preserving fungal tissue is the use of cryogenic biobanking at −165 C, allowing for the preservation and documentation of stable genetic lineages, thus enabling long-term diversity-centered research. Despite the extensive literature on fungal cryopreservation, substantial barriers remain for implementation of cryogenic biobanks in smaller mycological laboratories. In this work, we present practical considerations for the establishment of a fungal culture biobank, as well as provide evidence for the viability of 61 fungal genera in cryogenic storage. By providing a pragmatic methodology for cryogenically preserving and managing many filamentous fungi, we show that creating a biobank can be economical for independently owned and operated mycology laboratories, which can serve as a long-term resource for biodiversity, conservation, and strain maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report documents evaluation of simultaneous estimation of multiple interfacial heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) using transient measurements from an experiment designed for steady-state operation. The design of a mirror system for directing X-rays under cryogenic conditions requires knowledge of the interfacialHTC (contact conductance) between silicon and indium. An experimental apparatus was constructed to measure temperatures in a stack of five 7.62-mm thick pucks of silicon separated by 0.1-mm thick sheets of indium, which is operated under cryogenic temperatures in vacuum. Multiple pucks and interfaces are incorporated into the apparatus to allow evaluation of HTCs for surfaces of different roughness from a single experiment. Analysis of the sensitivity of each of the measured temperatures to each of the unknown HTCs reveals lack of linear independence of these sensitivities and suggests the recovery of the HTCs will be challenging. Artificially noised "data" were created from two different computational models by solving for temperatures and adding random Gaussian noise with a specified standard deviation. These data are subsequently analyzed using two different iterative parameter estimation methods: a Levenberg scheme and a Tikhonov iterative scheme. The required sensitivity matrix is computed using forward finite difference approximations. The results for the heat transfer coefficients for this model problem suggest that coefficients cannot be estimated independently, but the ratios relative to one of the unknowns can be recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (CR) supersonic fine particle bombardment (SFPB) on the surface, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Fe–28Mn–8Al–1C lightweight steel is investigated in this work. The results indicate that both RT‐SFPB and CR‐SFPB successfully induce gradient nanostructures on the surface of steel, refining the grains to the nanoscale. Furthermore, CR‐SFPB results in a finer grain size and higher dislocation density compared to RT‐SFPB. Additionally, the dominant deformation mechanism shifts from dislocation slip for RT‐SFPB to a combination of dislocation slip and twinning for CR‐SFPB. CR‐SFPB is seen to be superior to RT‐SFPB in terms of surface integrity and strength due to low‐temperature lubrication effect, suppression of dynamic recovery and reduced stacking fault energy of the material. Interestingly, while CR‐SFPB enhances strength, elongation remains comparable to that of untreated material. However, excessive impact times during SFPB treatment promote microcrack formation on the surface, compromising plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holmium orthophosphate (HoPO4) was prepared using the solid-state method. The XRD pattern analyses have proved that HoPO4 crystallises in the tetragonal structure (I41 / amd). The maximum magnetic entropy change (− Δ S M max) and the relative cooling power (RCP) reach 34.5 J / kg·K and 414.84 J kg−1 at 2.4 K under a magnetic field of 50 kOe, respectively. The lowest transition temperature and the large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) showed that HoPO4 is a potential candidate for superfluid helium magnetic refrigeration applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holmium orthophosphate (HoPO4) was prepared using the solid-state method. The XRD pattern analyses have proved that HoPO4 crystallises in the tetragonal structure (I41 / amd). The maximum magnetic entropy change (− Δ S M max) and the relative cooling power (RCP) reach 34.5 J / kg·K and 414.84 J kg−1 at 2.4 K under a magnetic field of 50 kOe, respectively. The lowest transition temperature and the large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) showed that HoPO4 is a potential candidate for superfluid helium magnetic refrigeration applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescence thermometry is the most versatile remote temperature sensing technique and can be employed from living cells to large surfaces and from cryogenic temperatures to the melting points of metals. Ongoing research aims to optimize the sensitivity of the ratio between the emission intensity from two coupled excited states. However, this approach is inherently limited to temperature-dependent processes involving only the excited states. Here, we develop a novel measurement technique, called luminescence intensity ratio squared (LIR2) for the Yb3+/Er3+ pair, that combines the temperature sensitivity of ground- and excited-state populations. We use Y3Al5O12:Er3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles as a promising model system with both visible and infrared emissions. To apply our method, we record two luminescence spectra at different excitation wavelengths and determine the LIR2 using one emission in each of the two spectra. The LIR2 testing with Y3Al5O12 nanoparticles showed a sensitivity increase of 70% in the visible region and an impressive 230% increase in the NIR region compared to the conventional LIR method. This enhances the measurement precision by a factor of 1.5–2.5. The LIR2 based on the visible upconversion emission is particularly useful for measurements of high temperatures, while the LIR2 based on the downshifted ∼1.5 μm emission may revolutionize temperature measurements of biological samples in the range of physiological temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthalene and azulene are isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and are topical in the context of astrochemistry due to the recent discovery of substituted naphthalenes in the Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1). Here, the thermal- and photo-induced isomerization, dissociation, and radiative cooling dynamics of energized (vibrationally hot) naphthalene (Np+) and azulene (Az+) radical cations, occurring over the microsecond to seconds timescale, are investigated using a cryogenic electrostatic ion storage ring, affording "molecular cloud in a box" conditions. Measurement of the cooling dynamics and kinetic energy release distributions for neutrals formed through dissociation, until several seconds after hot ion formation, are consistent with the establishment of a rapid (sub-microsecond) Np+ ⇌ Az+ quasi-equilibrium. Consequently, dissociation by C2H2-elimination proceeds predominantly through common Az+ decomposition pathways. Simulation of the isomerization, dissociation, recurrent fluorescence, and infrared cooling dynamics using a coupled master equation combined with high-level potential energy surface calculations [CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ], reproduce the trends in the measurements. The data show that radiative cooling via recurrent fluorescence, predominately through the Np+ D0 ← D2 transition, efficiently quenches dissociation for vibrational energies up to ≈1 eV above dissociation thresholds. Our measurements support the suggestion that small cations, such as naphthalene, may be more abundant in space than previously thought. The strategy presented in this work could be extended to fingerprint the cooling dynamics of other PAH ions for which isomerization is predicted to precede dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombination of vibrationally cold N 2 + ions with electrons was studied in the temperature range of 140–250 K. A cryogenic stationary afterglow apparatus equipped with cavity ring-down spectrometer and microwave diagnostics was utilized to probe in situ the time evolutions of number densities of particular rotational and vibrational states of N 2 + ions and of electrons. The obtained value of the recombination rate coefficient for the recombination of the vibrational ground state of N 2 + with electrons is αv=0 = (2.95 ± 0.50) × 10−7(300/T)(0.28±0.07) cm3 s−1, while that for the first vibrationally excited state was inferred as αv=1 = (4 ± 4) × 10−8 cm3 s−1 at 250 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NUOVA OFFICINA ASSERGI (NOA) is a new facility for the production and integration of large-area silicon photodetectors operating at cryogenic temperatures. Silicon photomultipliers are proving to be a promising technology for next-generation experiments searching for rare events in underground laboratories. New photosensor technology with high performance at cryogenic temperature has been developed by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) and integrated at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) into large-area optical units, thus opening the frontiers toward the realization of scalable liquid argon experiments probing dark matter. The massive production of such detectors is now feasible in NOA, a clean room of 421 m2 designed to operate in a radon-free mode. NOA, commissioned and operational at LNGS, hosts the most advanced packaging machines and electronic test facilities for the integration of silicon devices in a dust-controlled environment. The infrastructure layout is split into two experimental areas: one for the production of electronic devices and cryogenic temperature tests and the other for operating with large detector installations. The NOA facility can be operated with a radon abatement system, making it a unique facility for packaging and testing SiPM-based photosensors and for assembling detector components in a radon-free environment. Therefore, NOA supports the deployment of underground experiments at LNGS and the development of new technologies for the search of rare events, such as dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erbium orthophosphate ErPO4 was successfully prepared. The XRD pattern analyses have proved that the ErPO4 crystallizes in the tetragonal structure (I41/amd). Under a magnetic field of 50 kOe, the magnetic entropy change (− ΔSM) reaches 23.78 J/kg K at 2.6 K for ErPO4. The value of the relative cooling power is 475 J/kg. The lowest temperature and the large MCE have inferred that ErPO4 is a potential candidate for sub-kelvin magnetic refrigeration applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To predict the favorable thermodynamical conditions and characterize cryogenic pellet formations for applications in nuclear fusion reactors, a high–throughput molecular dynamics study based on a unified framework to simulate the growth process of cryogenic solids (molecular deuterium, neon, argon) under gas pressure have been designed. These elements are used in fusion nuclear plants as fuel materials and to reduce the damage risks for the plasma-facing components in case of a plasma disruption. The unified framework is based on the use of workflows that permit management in HPC facilities, the submission of a massive number of molecular dynamics simulations, and handle huge amounts of data. This simplifies a variety of operations for the user, allowing for significant time savings and efficient organization of the generated data. This approach permits the use of large-scale parallel simulations on supercomputers to reproduce the solid–gas equilibrium curves of cryogenic solids like molecular deuterium, neon, and argon, and to analyze and characterize the reconstructed solid phase in terms of the separation between initial and reconstructed solid slabs, the smoothness of the free surfaces and type of the crystal structure. These properties represent good indicators for the quality of the final materials and provide effective indications regarding the optimal thermodynamical conditions of the growing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat balance method is developed to optimize cooling modes of large-sized optics in a special cryogenic-vacuum system by considering a complicated heat transfer in the system to minimize the optics thermal deformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the development of a dual-detector system designed for investigating the spectral shape of forbidden non-unique beta decays. Two PbMoO 4 scintillating crystals were carefully prepared for heat and light detection at milli-Kelvin (mK) temperatures. Notably, one crystal was synthesized using archaeological lead, while the other was composed of natural modern lead. The significance of employing two crystals lies in their identical dimensions and proximity, resulting in similar environmental background exposure. Their distinct internal radioactivities, particularly associated with 210 Pb, introduce a distinguishing factor between the spectra measured in the two detectors. Our detection method includes achieving clear particle identification through the relative amplitudes of light and heat signals for both crystals. This report compares the electron-induced spectra within energy regions both below and above the endpoint of 210 Bi beta decay. This comparative study provides valuable insights into an exact measurement of the 210 Bi decay spectrum, forbidden non-unique beta decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2020 decadal review recognized the measurement of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to be a top priority for the decade. CMB experiments including POLARBEAR2/Simons Array, Atacama Cosmology Telescope/Advanced-ACT, SPT-3G, the Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4 have or will use transition edge sensor (TES) bolometer fabricated with Aluminum doped with Manganese (AlMn). AlMn is a popular material choice as the superconducting transition temperature ( T c ) and normal resistance ( R n ) of the TES can be tuned with Mn concentration, geometric patterning, film thickness, and thermal annealing. In addition the conductivity is appropriate for both time division multiplexing and frequency division multiplexing that require 10 m Ω and 1 Ω sensors respectively. In this paper we present work on the ability to tune the T c of a film based on its time and temperature thermal tuning profile combined with room temperature monitoring of film resistivity. Such control allows for the fabrication of a wide range of TES parameters from a single AlMn concentration. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging shows that the AlMn film's grain boundaries are changed by thermal annealing making the film more conductive and raising its superconducting transition temperatures, and that at high enough temperatures will eventually recover the T c of bulk Al. We find that baking films at ∼ 200 ∘ C for tens of minutes yields a T c that is suitable for 100 mK base temperature experiments and we present on the thermal tune profiles of several different thicknesses of AlMn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments on the detector and the cryogenics for the terahertz photon detector system are discussed. The detector has been redesigned for improved performance, which exhibited optical efficiency of 6% at 530 GHz. Cryogenics for the detector system has been newly developed which employs a pulse-tube cooler with two originally developed compact 4He sorption fridges. Initial experiments demonstrated continuous cooling by altering operation of two sorption fridges, supported by a pulse-tube cooler with cooling power of 0.4 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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N-channel depletion metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) were irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation in the dose range of 100 krad to 6 Mrad at cryogenic (77 K) and room temperatures (300 K). The MOS devices irradiated at 77 K and 300 K were characterized at 77 K and 300 K respectively. The different electrical parameters of MOSFET such as threshold voltage (Vth), density of interface trapped charges (ΔNit), density of oxide trapped charges (ΔNot) and mobility of the charge carriers (μ) were studied as a function of total dose. A considerable increase in ΔNit and ΔNot and decrease in Vth was observed after irradiation. The 77 K irradiation results were then compared with 300 K irradiation results and found that the degradation in the electrical characteristics is more for the devices irradiated at 300 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 60Co gamma radiation effects on the DC electrical characteristics of silicon NPN transistor were studied in the dose range of 100 krad to 6 Mrad at room temperature (300 K) and cryogenic temperature (77 K). The measurements were carried out at both 300 and 77 K temperature. The electrical characteristics such as Gummel characteristics, excess base current (ΔIB), current gain (hFE), transconductance (gm) and output characteristics were studied in situ as a function of total dose. The results show that there is a considerable degradation in the electrical parameters of the device irradiated both at 300 and 77 K as a consequence of increase in excess base current (ΔIB) because of the formation of generation and recombination centers in the emitter–base spacer oxide (SiO2). At cryogenic temperature irradiation, the degradation in electrical characteristics is less because of the physical phenomena such as carrier freezeout effect, decreased recombination rate, reduced charge yield, decreased electron mobility, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLiquid nitrogen spray cooling is crucial in cryogenic wind tunnels, while the understanding of its basic phenomenon, liquid nitrogen droplet impact, remains elusive. In this study, a numerical model of a liquid nitrogen droplet impacting on a liquid nitrogen film is established, and the impact mechanisms and influencing factors are analyzed. The dynamic behavior of the liquid nitrogen droplets reveals that as the dimensionless liquid film thickness varies from 0.1 to 0.8, the droplet impact behavior changes from deposition, and crown formation to splash with the Weber number increasing from 0 to 1000. The variation of the dimensionless crown diameter with the dimensionless time solely negatively correlated with liquid film thickness. The maximum dimensionless crown height increases approximately linearly with the Weber number. The splash characteristics indicate that the lower surface tension and viscosity of liquid nitrogen make the droplet easier to exhibit splash as compared with water droplets. As the dimensionless liquid film thickness increases from 0.1 to 0.4, the critical Weber number enabling splash to occur increases from 170 to 375, indicating that a thick liquid film suppresses the splash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future thermoacoustic cryocoolers employing hydrogen as a working fluid can reduce reliance on helium and improve hydrogen liquefaction processes. Traditional thermoacoustic modeling methods often assume ideal-gas thermophysical properties and neglect finite-amplitude effects. However, these assumptions are no longer valid for hydrogen near saturated states. In this study, a comparison between the results of computational fluid dynamics simulations using actual hydrogen properties and a low-amplitude, ideal-gas thermoacoustic theory was carried out in a canonical plate-based stack configuration at a mean pressure of 5 bar. It was found that the simplified analytical theory significantly underpredicts the cooling power of hydrogen-filled thermoacoustic setups, especially at lower temperatures in high-amplitude, traveling-wave arrangements. In addition, a thermoacoustic prime mover was modeled at higher temperatures, demonstrating very close agreement with the ideal-gas-based theory. The CFD approach is recommended for the design of future hydrogen-based cryocoolers at temperatures below 80 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare-earth-based oxides are gradually becoming a new research hotspot in cryogenic magnetic refrigeration due to their advantages in bulk preparation and application. Magnetic transition from AFM to FM in EuTiO 3 provides an effective strategy for modulating magnetism and enhancing magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in this magnetic system. Herein the structure, magnetism, and MCE of a series of Ta-doped EuTiO 3 perovskites were investigated in detail. A significant lattice expansion was achieved by partially substituting Ta for B-site Ti without altering the crystal configuration, which tailors the cryogenic magnetism and MCEs of these compounds. Lattice expansion enhances ferromagnetic coupling, weakens antiferromagnetic super-exchange, and promotes the AFM-FM transition in EuTiO 3 , which enhances the low-field MCEs. The phase transition temperature of the compound increases from 5.5 K to about 9.5 K with increasing Ta doping. The values of − Δ S M max and RC of EuTi 0.9375 Ta 0.0625 O 3 are 15.9 J kg−1 K−1and 67.8 J kg−1 under magnetic field change of 0–1 T, which are enhanced by 44.5% and 105.5% over EuTiO 3 , respectively. Although a decrease in the magnetic entropy change occurs with increasing Ta doping, the refrigerating capacity is improved due to the broadened temperature range. This work not only provides a strategy for tailoring magnetic phase transition and MCE of magnetocaloric materials, but also offers effective candidates for magnetic refrigeration over a wide temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change necessitates urgent actions to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel-based energy generation. Among various strategies, the deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) solutions is critical for reducing emissions from point sources such as power plants and heavy industries. In this context, cryogenic carbon capture (CCC) via desublimation has emerged as a promising technology. While CCC offers high separation efficiency, minimal downstream compression work, and integration potential with existing industrial processes, challenges such as low operating temperatures and equipment costs persist. Ongoing research aims to address these hurdles in order to optimize the desublimation processes for widespread implementation. This review consolidates diverse works from the literature, providing insights into the strengths and limitations of CCC technology, including the latest pilot plant scale demonstrations. The transformative potential of CCC is first assessed on a theoretical basis, such as thermodynamic aspects and mass transfer phenomena. Then, recent advancements in the proposed process configurations are critically assessed and compared through key performance indicators. Furthermore, future research directions for this technology are clearly highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pintle injectors have attracted much attention in recent years for their excellent throttling and combustion performance. However, the combustion characteristics of cryogenic propellant on pintle injectors with varying operating conditions remain unclear. A LOX/kerosene throttleable rocket engine with a fuel-centered liquid-liquid pintle injector was designed and its pressure drop and combustion characteristics were tested. The pintle engine achieved stable combustion with the total flow rate and oxygen-fuel mixture ratio varying from 59 to 559 g/s and from 0.73 to 1.02. A calculation model for the gas ratio in the LOX channel of the pintle injector was established. The deviation of measurements from the calculated values did not exceed ±10%. The vaporization of LOX from the pintle injector in the hot test was calculated and the positive correlation between gas ratio and combustion efficiency was analyzed. For the phenomenon of low-frequency oscillation of pressure in the hot tests, the source and development process of the oscillation were studied by FFT. The primary frequency and amplitude of low-frequency oscillation had been discovered to exhibit a positive correlation with the gas ratio. Low pressure drop of injection was the main cause of low-frequency oscillation. The strong vaporization of LOX under low operating conditions made the combustion efficiency remain in a high range even if low-frequency oscillation was observed. This work can provide a reference for the design of pintle injectors for cryogenic liquid rocket engines that can be deeply throttled. • A model for calculating the amount of LOX vaporization in the pintle injector was presented. • The relationship between combustion efficiency and gas ratio in the LOX channel was analyzed by partial correlation. • The source and development process of the low-frequency oscillation were studied by FFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the development of a continuous-wave and pulsed X-band electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer for the study of spins on ordered surfaces down to cryogenic temperatures. The spectrometer operates in ultra-high vacuum and utilizes a half-wavelength microstrip line resonator realized using epitaxially grown copper films on single crystal Al2O3 substrates. The one-dimensional microstrip line resonator exhibits a quality factor of more than 200 at room temperature, close to the upper limit determined by radiation losses. The surface characterizations of the copper strip of the resonator by atomic force microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy show that the surface is atomically clean, flat, and single crystalline. Measuring the ESR spectrum at 15 K from a few nm thick molecular film of YPc2, we find a continuous-wave ESR sensitivity of 2.6 × 1011 spins/G · Hz1/2, indicating that a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.9 G · Hz1/2 is expected from a monolayer of YPc2 molecules. Advanced pulsed ESR experimental capabilities, including dynamical decoupling and electron-nuclear double resonance, are demonstrated using free radicals diluted in a glassy matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale thermal imaging and temperature detection are of fundamental importance in diverse scientific and technological realms. Most nanoscale thermometry techniques focus on probing the temperature of lattice or phonons and are insensitive to nonequilibrium electrons, commonly referred to as "hot electrons." While terahertz scanning noise microscopy (SNoiM) has been demonstrated to be powerful in the thermal imaging of hot electrons, prior studies have been limited to room temperature. In this work, we report the development of a cryogenic SNoiM (Cryo-SNoiM) tailored for quantitative hot electron temperature detection at low temperatures. The microscope features a special two-chamber design where the sensitive terahertz detector, housed in a vacuum chamber, is efficiently cooled to ∼5 K using a pulse tube cryocooler. In a separate chamber, the atomic force microscope and the sample can be maintained at room temperature under ambient/vacuum conditions or cooled to ∼110 K via liquid nitrogen. This unique dual-chamber cooling system design enhances the efficacy of SNoiM measurements at low temperatures. It not only facilitates the pre-selection of tips at room temperature before cooling but also enables the quantitative derivation of local electron temperature without reliance on any adjustable parameters. The performance of Cryo-SNoiM is demonstrated through imaging the distribution of hot electrons in a cold, self-heated narrow metal wire. This instrumental innovation holds great promise for applications in imaging low-temperature hot electron dynamics and nonequilibrium transport phenomena across various material systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical and thermal transport were studied in a vacuum-annealed polycrystalline silver wire with residual resistivity ratio 200 – 400, in the temperature range 0.1 - 1.2 K and in magnetic fields up to 5 T. Both at zero field and at 5 T the wire exhibits the Wiedemann–Franz law with the fundamental Lorenz number, contrary to an earlier report (Gloos et al., in Cryogenics 30:14–18, 1990). Our result demonstrates that silver is an excellent material for thermal links in ultra-low-temperature experiments operating at high magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electron-on-helium qubit is a promising physical platform for quantum information technologies. Among all the "blueprints" for the qubit realization, a hybrid Rydberg-spin qubit seems to be a promising one toward quantum computing using electron spins. The main technological challenge on the way to such qubits is a detection of fA range image current induced by a Rydberg transition of a single electron. To address this problem, we aim to use a tank LC-circuit in conjunction with a high-impedance and low power dissipation cryogenic amplifier. Here, we report our progress toward realization of a resonant image current detector with a homemade cryogenic amplifier based on FHX13LG HEMT. We present a detailed characterization of the transistor at room and cryogenic temperatures, as well as details of the amplifier design and performance. At the power dissipation level of amplifier well below 100 μW, the measured voltage and current noise level are 0.6 nV / Hz and below 1.5 fA/ Hz , respectively. Based on the actual image current measurements of the Rydberg transition in a many-electron system on liquid helium, we estimate an SNR = 8 with a measurement bandwidth 1 Hz for the detection of a single-electron transition, providing the noise level at the output is solely determined by the noise of the amplifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In inertial confinement fusion, the sub-atmospheric purging through microcapillaries is of great importance to the high gas purity inside the cryogenic target and the low failure rate of experiments. In this study, a non-continuous flow model is developed for this sub-atmospheric purging process and verified through National Ignition Facility experiments to study the evolution of parameters such as pressure and gas composition that are not possible to measure directly. The effects of microcapillary structures and sizes on the transient evacuation–filling behaviors are analyzed, and the periodic purging scheme is optimized. The results show that the extension of evacuation and filling time caused by the elongated microtube can be described as a linear function of microtube length or an exponential decay function of microtube diameter, and the change of the inner diameter has a more drastic effect. The conical-straight composite can effectively reduce the evacuation and filling time while meeting the thermal and mechanical requirements. The overall performance of the purging process exhibits a strong dependence on the cycle trough pressure. The total purging time firstly decreases and then increases with the increase in the trough pressure, and the optimal trough pressure falls at around 20% of the filling pressure where the evacuation and filling times are almost evenly balanced. These results can provide theoretical guidance for the selection of microtubes and the design of the filling–evacuating scheme in the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the energy consumption of hydrogen liquefaction process is an urgent issue to improve the economy of liquid hydrogen transportation. A novel large-scale hydrogen liquefaction system, with a capacity of 100 TPD, is proposed in this paper. The pre-cooling system is composed of a mixed-refrigerant (MR) refrigeration cycle and a CO 2 –NH 3 cascade refrigeration cycle. Due to the auxiliary pre-cooling effect of the CO 2 –NH 3 cascade cycle, temperature of the pre-cooled hydrogen can be as low as −200.9 °C. A modified MR Joule Brayton cycle with an additional compressor is used as the cryogenic system to cool the hydrogen from −200.9 °C to −252.2 °C. Besides, a four-stage ortho-to-para conversion (OPC) process is utilized. Performance of the novel system is investigated and optimized using the Aspen HYSYS software. According to the results, the lowest specific energy consumption (SEC) of the proposed process is 6.15 kWh/kg LH2 and the exergy efficiency is as high as 67.4%. Based on the energy analysis, the best system coefficient of performance is 0.1751 with a 96.3% of p-H 2 in the liquid hydrogen. In addition, compared to the initial conceptual system, the proposed system exhibits significant performance enhancements, a 20% reduction in SEC and a 27.9% increase in exergy efficiency. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the impact of refrigerant composition and hydrogen pressure on the system, resulting in the determination of the optimal proportions of refrigerant components and the optimal inlet pressure. Results of the study can provide theoretical reference for the further development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction technology. • A novel large hydrogen liquefaction process is proposed and analyzed. • The process employs mixed refrigerant for pre-cooling and cryogenics. • Performances of the process are simulated and optimized with Aspen HYSYS. • The overall specific energy consumption of the process is 6.15 kWh/kg LH2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D architecture of RNAs governs their molecular interactions, chemical reactions, and biological functions. However, a large number of RNAs and their protein complexes remain poorly understood due to the limitations of conventional structural biology techniques in deciphering their complex structures and dynamic interactions. To address this limitation, we have benchmarked an integrated approach that combines cryogenic OrbiSIMS, a state-of-the-art solid-state mass spectrometry technique, with computational methods for modelling RNA structures at atomic resolution with enhanced precision. Furthermore, using 7SK RNP as a test case, we have successfully determined the full 3D structure of a native RNA in its apo, native and disease-remodelled states, which offers insights into the structural interactions and plasticity of the 7SK complex within these states. Overall, our study establishes cryo-OrbiSIMS as a valuable tool in the field of RNA structural biology as it enables the study of challenging, native RNA systems. Conventional structural biology techniques are limited in deciphering complex RNA structures and dynamic interactions. Here the authors show an integrated approach that combines cryogenic OrbiSIMS (cryo-OrbiSIMS) with computational methods for modelling RNA structures at atomic resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]