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Research background: The sustainability reflected by the CSR of luxury fashion businesses, should meet stakeholders´ expectations and lead to an increase in customers´ buying decisions.

For over 50 years, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been fundamental for European integration, while taking up to 40% of the budget. The new CAP uses various funds and aims at both agricultural production support and rural development. This dichotomy is confirmed by the Treaty on functioning of the EU and developed by various Regulations and Directives. However, are the stated and implied objectives of the primary and secondary EU law under the auspices of the strategy Europe 2020 in compliance? A pioneering holistic Meta-Analysis of the legislative setting, academic treatises and general public perceptions reveals an unexpected byzantine mosaic of expressed and implied objectives, which are hardly to be reconciled. This threat to the new CAP needs to be addressed. Smart, sustainable and inclusive growth demands a reconciliation of efforts and objectives and cannot afford their fragmentation and anti-polarity.

The Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of personal data (GDPR) was enacted in 2016 and applies from 25thMay 2018 in the entire EU. The GDPR is a product of an ambitious reform and represents a direct penetration of the EU law into the legal systems of the EU member states. The EU works on the enhancement of awareness about the GDPR and points out its bright side. However, the GDPR has its dark side as well, which will inevitably have a negative impact. Hence, the goal of this paper is twofold - (i) to scientifically identify, forecast, and analyze selected problematic aspects of the GDPR and its implementation, in particular for Czech municipalities, and (ii) to propose recommendations about how to reduce, or even avoid, their negative impacts. These theoretic analyses are projected to a Czech case study focusing on municipalities, which offers fresh primary data and allows a further refining of the proposed recommendations. An integral part of the performed analyses is also a theoretic forecast of expenses linked to the GDPR, which municipalities will have to include in their mandatory expenses and mid-term prognostic expectations regarding the impact on the budgets of these municipalities from Central Bohemia. The GDPR, like Charon, is at the crossing, the capacity and knowledge regarding its application is critical for operating in the EU in 2018. It is time both to admit that the GDPR has its dark side and to present real and practical recommendations about how to mitigate it.

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The goal of this article is to predict the further development of the market price of farmland in Czechia. As part of this goal, the environmental and socio-economic factors affecting the quantity and quality of farmland and, subsequently, the amount of its market price will be discussed. In addition to the quality of the farmland, the market price of individual plots of land is influenced by a number of other factors, such as the size and shape of the plot, location, erosion risk, the concluded usufructuary lease agreements, competition from buyers in the vicinity, and other factors. The average market price of farmland in Czechia was 29.4 CZK/m2 in 2021, which represents an increase of 16.1% against the amount of 25.3 CZK/m2 in 2020. According to the results of the statistical analysis, it is possible to assume a constant increase in the prices of farmland precisely because of the ever-decreasing area of land intended for agricultural production. Another factor for the increase in prices can be increased inflation. In 2027, market prices for farmland could reach up to 40 CZK per m2. Nevertheless, Czechia is among the countries with the lowest market price of farmland; the price is even lower than in neighboring Poland or Spain. This also contributes to the fact that the market prices of farmland in Czechia are increasing at a relatively fast pace every year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic IDentification, Authentication and trust Services (“eIDAS”) is a standardized system for trustworthiness, effectiveness and efficiency. Since 2018, Czech public sector bodies have to use qualified electronic signatures when officially acting via electronic documents. This calls for a pioneering study entailing three purposes: (i) to identify provisions set by the EU law and Czech law of this duty and to interpret them, (ii) to study and assess how this duty is materialized and observed while using a pioneering Czech micro case study and (iii) to discuss and compare the yielded results with the status quo in other EU member states. A multi-disciplinary and multi-jurisdictional research of primary and secondary sources is performed along with a Czech micro case study exploring the readiness, implementation and consequences of this new duty on five Czech public sector bodies – Prague municipalities. The qualified electronic signature is a reality in the EU, but its standardized use is welcome and materialized with varying intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014, the EU enacted the Investment Plan for Europe to simplify public procurement, to support access to public procurement and to consider social and environmental criteria as well as the eIDAS Regulation. In 2017, the European Commission launched an Initiative for a more effective, efficient and sustainable public procurement on the single internal market. The aim of this paper is to assess the awareness and perception of the modernized electronic public procurement, i.e. to analyze the roots and situations across the EU as, so far, reported, and to discuss and perform a pioneering Czech case study based on questionnaire investigation focusing on three hypotheses. The presented data and arguments point to a potential which is, due to the reduced transparency and awareness, as yet underdeveloped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (“GDPR”) created a duty to implement appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure a level of security to protect natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data. Infringement of this duty is severely punished. These GDPR security measures and their operation should effectively and efficiently reflect intellectual property (“IP”) and unfair competition concerns. The theoretic teleological interpretation of the GDPR along with the critical study of the academic literature is complemented by a practical exploratory investigation via a micro‑case study based on interviews of a well‑balanced group of subjects of this GDRP duty – Czech SMEs. Although the yielded results are rather indicative than generally conclusive, they allow to suggest a partial confirmation of the proposed hypotheses that this GDPR duty will have a significant impact on IP and unfair competition. The semi‑conclusions based on the primary and secondary data enlightens the status quo, offers recommendations and brings suggestions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A joint-stock company is a legal fiction with a long history and with a successful present. Although the capital type joint stock aka Plc. is one of the most popular forms for business, its stock and share of its stock do not have a unanimously accepted objective nature and value. A holistic multi-disciplinary Meta-analysis reveals, thru the use of a Czech case study, that in contrast to the EU and Czech legislative and academic wording, a Plc can have personal features and that shares of stock can be a passive investment as well as instrument of control and even of the ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]