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While numerous studies have explored prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence (IPV), one area that has yet to be sufficiently explored is whether men and women agree on the acts, behaviours, and attitudes that comprise IPV. Through the use of concept mapping, we examined the similarities and differences in the conceptualization of IPV among a diverse sample of men and women. Although men and women conceptualized physical and sexual violence similarly, men tended to rate non-physical behaviors related to control as less important to the definition of IPV than women. Moreover, even when men and women used similar labeling language for grouping of items, the statements included in each cluster were substantially different for non-physically abusive items. A greater understanding of similarities and differences in the conceptualization of IPV by gender can help inform appropriate gender specific IPV intervention and prevention efforts., Author(s): Patricia O'Campo [sup.1] , Yu Janice Zhang [sup.1] , Mairi Omand [sup.2] , Alisa Velonis [sup.3] , Michael Yonas [sup.4] , A. Minh [sup.1] [sup.5] , Ajitha Cyriac [sup.1] [...]

The Southern Ocean plays a vital role in global ocean circulation, and the Polar Front (PF) is one of its most important physical features. The PF meander south of Tasmania, around 153°E, 55°S, is a very dynamic region which spawns mesoscale eddies, and influences local biogeochemistry and sea-air interaction. By using voyage and ancillary data, we investigated the unusually strong spring bloom in the vicinity of the PF meander in 2018. We infer that the upwelling of deep water at the front and in eddies, brings macronutrients and dissolved iron (dFe) to the surface. Chlorophyll concentration peaked at over 0.6 mg m-3, which is anomalously high for this area. With reduced iron limitation, the physiological characteristics of phytoplankton in the northern, downstream part of the study area also changed. The photochemical efficiency was improved and released this area from its usual high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) status. This was mainly indicated by the increase in the dawn Fv/Fm maximum (indictor of photochemical efficiency) from 0.2 to over 0.5. With the biomass increase and healthier community status, we observed consumption of surface dissolved inorganic carbon and increased particulate organic carbon production to about 40 μmol L-1, forming a weak local carbon sink. Through the investigation of multiple years, a weak positive correlation between mixed layer depth shoaling and phytoplankton growth was found, but there was significant interannual variability in this relationship, likely caused by variable eddy conditions and dFe delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to explore the conceptualization of intimate partner violence (IPV) among men and women from diverse subpopulations in Toronto, ON, Canada. Relatively few research efforts have been made to examine differences in conceptualizations of IPV across populations of different race and ethnic backgrounds. Methods: Using concept mapping methodology, we sampled 67 women and men identified concepts and groups of concepts (domains) that reflected their understandings of the behaviours and attitudes that comprised IPV. We also determined the relative importance of each concept and domain as a contributor to IPV. Results: ‘External and Cultural Influences’, ‘Victim Response to Abuse’ and ‘Social and Emotional Manipulation’ were a few domains that participants rated as moderately or highly important contributors to IPV. These conceptual domains are often left out of commonly used IPV measures. Conclusions: Our findings have important implications for the conceptualization of IPV and for future IPV measurement and measurement tool development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbulent mixing plays an important role in large-scale oceanic processes such as watermass transformation, global overturning circulation and stratification. The sensitivity of ocean models to the spatial and temporal variability of mixing has implications on ocean heat uptake in climate models and ocean circulation in regional models. Partly because of the lack of observations, the turbulent mixing in the southeast Indian Ocean is not well described. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of turbulent mixing in the eastern South Indian Ocean (SIO) using Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats, vertical microstructure profilers, and shipboard CTD data during 2013. The EM-APEX floats sampled the upper ocean with a frequency of 8 profiles per day which is high enough to resolve the internal waves who change the local mixing when they break in the ocean interior. The floats measured current velocities and water mass properties up to a depth of 1200 m with a resolution of 3 - 4 m in the vertical. By applying a shear-strain parameterization on the float data, we estimated the diapycnal diffusivity in the upper 1200 m of the ocean. We observe elevated diffusivity associated with wind near the surface, bathymetry and mesoscale eddies. Both warm core and cold core eddies impact the distribution of turbulent mixing. High mixing observed in the warm core eddy suggests trapping of near-inertial waves. We also observe elevated mixing below cold core eddy associated with deep reaching near-inertial waves. By applying a strain-only parameterization on the shipboard data, we observe elevated diffusivity near bathymetry associated with bottom-generated internal waves. Elevated mixing is observed at depths corresponding to Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water suggesting that turbulent mixing impacts the modification of watermasses in this region. This work improves our understanding of turbulent mixing variability in the eastern SIO, a climatically important region for Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]