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Background: Post-harvest losses cause significant product losses in the world, which leads to food waste. Therefore, it is of great importance for people to have access to sufficient amounts of products by increasing the storage period of fruits with applications such as post-harvest calcium chloride (CaCl2). In this study, the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on physical quality parameters and bioactive contents of stored strawberry fruit (Albion cv.) was investigated. Accordingly, strawberries were treated with 2%, 4% and 6% CaCl2 before storage and stored for 15 days (0 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5% RH). Analyses and measurements were conducted every 5 days during the storage period.Weight loss, decay rate, soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, pH, respiration rate, organic acids (malic, citric, ascorbic, fumaric, oxalic, succinic and tartaric) and phenolic compounds (catechin, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, quercetin, rutin and syringic) were analyzed as quality parameters during storage. Results: In the study, in general, the best values were observed in 6% CaCl2-treated fruits in terms of weight loss, SSC, TA, decay and respiration rates, although they varied according to different storage periods. Similarly, in terms of phenolic compounds, organic acids and vitamin C, 6% CaCl2-treated fruits had significantly better prevention of quality losses. In addition, the most common phenolic compound of strawberry fruits was gallic acid, followed by chlorogenic acid and catechin, respectively. On the other hand, the predominant organic acid observed in the fruits was malic acid, followed by citric acid, succinic acid and oxalic acid, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, it was observed that CaCl2 applications more effectively prevented weight loss and decay rate by reducing the respiration rate compared to the control group at the end of the storage period (15th day). It was concluded that, particularly, the 6% CaCl2 dose can be used as an important treatment to extend storage life by preserving fruit quality and biochemical changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of harvesting stages (turning-color fruit and light red color) and postharvest treatments (distilled water, hot water at 35 °C, 10% Aloe vera, 2% CaCl2, 5% Mint, and 5% Catnip) for 5 min on the quality and storability of tomato fruits cv. Sangaw stored at 10 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 90%–95% for 20 days. Fruit harvested at the turning-color fruit stage presented significantly lower weight loss, greater firmness, and higher amounts of vitamin C, total phenol, and calcium (3.22%, 1118.31 g mm/s, 15.83 mg 100 g−1, 95.49 mg 100 mL−1 FW, and 0.14%, respectively). However, the tomatoes harvested from the light red color fruit stage presented the highest contents of total soluble sugars, total sugars, and lycopene (4.36%, 3.99%, and 41.49 mg kg−1, respectively). Notably, the postharvest treatment of tomato fruits with 2% CaCl2 significantly decreased weight loss and resulted in greater firmness, pH, total sugar, total phenol, and calcium contents (3.90%, 1212.39 g mm/s, 4.83, 3.85%, 95.60 mg 100 mL−1 FW, and 0.18%, respectively) than the control. Hence, coating with 10% Aloe vera resulted in the highest amount of total soluble solids and the highest amount of vitamin C. Tomato picked at the turning-color fruit stage and immersed in 5% Mint significantly lowered the loss of fruit weight, increased the total titratable acidity, and had the lowest content of lycopene. Additionally, the fruits harvested at the same stage and immersed in 2% CaCl2 retained greater firmness, total phenol content, and calcium content. On the other hand, fruits harvested in the light red stage and dipped in 5% Mint presented the highest total soluble sugars and total sugar contents. Finally, the harvested tomato fruits coated with 10% Aloe vera retained a relatively high level of vitamin C, indicating the storage life and quality of the tomato fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Post-harvest losses cause significant product losses in the world, which leads to food waste. Therefore, it is of great importance for people to have access to sufficient amounts of products by increasing the storage period of fruits with applications such as post-harvest calcium chloride (CaCl2). In this study, the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on physical quality parameters and bioactive contents of stored strawberry fruit (Albion cv.) was investigated. Accordingly, strawberries were treated with 2%, 4% and 6% CaCl2 before storage and stored for 15 days (0 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5% RH). Analyses and measurements were conducted every 5 days during the storage period.Weight loss, decay rate, soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, pH, respiration rate, organic acids (malic, citric, ascorbic, fumaric, oxalic, succinic and tartaric) and phenolic compounds (catechin, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, quercetin, rutin and syringic) were analyzed as quality parameters during storage. Results In the study, in general, the best values were observed in 6% CaCl2-treated fruits in terms of weight loss, SSC, TA, decay and respiration rates, although they varied according to different storage periods. Similarly, in terms of phenolic compounds, organic acids and vitamin C, 6% CaCl2-treated fruits had significantly better prevention of quality losses. In addition, the most common phenolic compound of strawberry fruits was gallic acid, followed by chlorogenic acid and catechin, respectively. On the other hand, the predominant organic acid observed in the fruits was malic acid, followed by citric acid, succinic acid and oxalic acid, respectively. Conclusions In this study, it was observed that CaCl2 applications more effectively prevented weight loss and decay rate by reducing the respiration rate compared to the control group at the end of the storage period (15th day). It was concluded that, particularly, the 6% CaCl2 dose can be used as an important treatment to extend storage life by preserving fruit quality and biochemical changes.

Abstract Rose flowers (Rosa hybrida L.) are highly perishable and have a limited vase life. This study evaluated the effects of preharvest foliar applications of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2), individually and combined, on antioxidant responses and vase life of cut Jumilia rose flowers. Treatments included foliar sprays of GABA at 0, 20, 40, and 60 mM and CaCl2 at 0, 0.75%, and 1.5%, applied in a factorial design within a completely randomized setup before harvest. Results showed GABA and CaCl2 interaction (especially, 60 mM GABA and 1.5% CaCl2) significantly increased enzymatic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolics, and antioxidant activity in petals compared to control. SOD activity in roses, treated with CaCl2 (1.5%) and GABA (60 mM), peaked at 7.86 units. mg−1 protein min−1, showing a nearly 2.93-fold increase over the control (2.68 units. mg−1 protein min−1). A parallel trend was observed for CAT activity. These treatments also reduced petal malondialdehyde content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Protein content and vase life duration increased in all treatments. Plants treated with a combination of GABA (20 mM) and CaCl2 (0.75%), GABA (60 mM) and CaCl2 (1.5%), or GABA (40 mM) individually exhibited the longest vase life duration. The co-application of GABA and CaCl2 improved the antioxidant activity and postharvest quality of cut roses by reducing PPO activity and MDA contents, increasing protein content and prolonging vase life. This treatment is a potential postharvest strategy to improve antioxidant capacity and delay senescence in cut roses.

Normal root growth is essential for the plant uptake of soil nutrients and water. However, exogenous H2O2 inhibits the gravitropic growth of pea primary roots. It has been shown that CaCl2 application can alleviate H2O2 inhibition, but the exact alleviation mechanism is not clear. Therefore, the present study was carried out by combining the transcriptome and metabolome with a view to investigate in depth the mechanism of action of exogenous CaCl2 to alleviate the inhibition of pea primordial root gravitropism by H2O2. The results showed that the addition of CaCl2 (10 mmol·L−1) under H2O2 stress (150 mmol·L−1) significantly increased the H2O2 and starch content, decreased peroxidase (POD) activity, and reduced the accumulation of sugar metabolites and lignin in pea primary roots. Down-regulated genes regulating peroxidase, respiratory burst oxidase, and lignin synthesis up-regulated PGM1, a key gene for starch synthesis, and activated the calcium and phytohormone signaling pathways. In summary, 10 mmol·L−1 CaCl2 could alleviate H2O2 stress by modulating the oxidative stress response, signal transduction, and starch and lignin accumulation within pea primary roots, thereby promoting root gravitropism. This provides new insights into the mechanism by which CaCl2 promotes the gravitropism of pea primary roots under H2O2 treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the fundamental techniques in genetic engineering is the creation of Escherichia coli competent cells using the CaCl2 method. However, little is known about the mechanism of E. coli competence formation. We have previously found that the cspA gene may play an indispensable role in the preparation of E. coli DH5α competent cells through multiomics analysis. In the present study, the cellular localization, physicochemical properties, and function of the protein expressed by the cspA gene were analyzed. To investigate the role of the cspA gene in E. coli transformation, cspA‐deficient mutant was constructed by red homologous recombination. The growth, transformation efficiency, and cell morphology of the cspA‐deficient strain and E. coli were compared. It was found that there were no noticeable differences in growth and morphology between E. coli and the cspA‐deficient strain cultured at 37°C, but the mutant exhibited increased transformation efficiencies compared to E. coli DH5α for plasmids pUC19, pET‐32a, and p1304, with enhancements of 2.23, 2.24, and 3.46 times, respectively. It was proved that cspA gene is an important negative regulatory gene in the CaCl2 preparation of competent cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microalgal biomass has proven to be highly effective in the removal of heavy metals such as Pb2+ and Cd2+. Moreover, there are treatments available to enhance the heavy metal removal capabilities. This study investigates the impact of alkaline pretreatment on Nannochloropsis oculata biomass on the biosorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+. Nannochloropsis oculata was cultured in fed-batch reactors at 25 °C, with 166 μmol photons m-2 s-1 light intensity, in f/2 Guillard medium for 21 days. The biomass was treated with 0.2 M CaCl2 and 0.2 M NaOH for 24 h with slow stirring. FTIR studies indicated that carboxyl functional groups were mainly responsible for binding Pb2+ and Cd2+ during biosorption. The maximum biosorption capacity of Pb2+ was 227.86 mg g-1 and 57.17 mg g-1 for Cd2+ in the untreated biomass. The treatment with CaCl2 (Bs1) was more effective in the removal of Pb2+ than NaOH treatment (Bs2), otherwise NaOH treatment (Bs2) was better in the absorption of Cd2+ than CaCl2 treatment (Bs1). The experimental results and biosorption isotherms suggest that the microalgae showed a greater affinity for the removal of Pb2+ than for Cd2+ in all of the experiments. Both biomass treatments had a negative effect on Pb2+ and Cd2+ biosorption. Furthermore, the equilibrium data align well with the Sips isotherm model in the Langmuir derivation, suggesting a complex monolayer biosorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a label-free optical refractive-index sensor to detect CaCl2 electrolyte concentration in the water that can be applicable in the medicine, the food industry, and the environmental science. Its structure is based on a slot plasmonic nanodisk resonator with a radius of 350 nm and a small inner sub-disk. The numerical analysis based on the finite element method shows that the sensitivity and FOM have been improved compared to the previously designed sensors with the same size. The internal resonator improves the quality factor in the resonance wavelength; its radius can be adjusted to achieve the required free spectral range without increasing sensor dimensions. Additionally, gas phase sensing results show further improvements in the sensitivity and FOM. This sensor has much smaller dimensions than the previous CaCl2 sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though electrospinning is getting more and more attention, the preparation of 3D nanofibrous meshes is still a big challenge that limits the application of electrospun materials, especially in tissue engineering. To overcome this problem, several solutions are introduced but most of them focus on the postprocessing of the electrospun meshes. This paper presents a straightforward novel method that utilizes the joint effect of the addition of CaCl2 and the relative environmental humidity (RH), which can induce the random 3D formation of polysuccinimide (PSI) electrospun fibers with different such as wrinkled or ribbon‐like structures. Although the effect of humidity and inorganic salt additives on the micro and macrostructure of electrospun fibers is known, the connection between the two in this manner has never been presented. To investigate the effect, fibers with different PSI and CaCl2 concentrations at different humidity RH levels are prepared, and their microstructure is visualized with high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To reveal the nature of the interaction between the polymer and the CaCl2, Fourier‐transformed infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TGA) measurements are carried out and 3D nanofibrous structures are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of changing the ratio of the concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 salts in fluid phases formed as a result of heterogenization of the H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCl2 fluid with a decrease in P-T parameters has been studied. A well-known experimental fact regarding the ternary systems H2O–CO2–NaCl and H2O–CO2–CaCl2 is the greater tendency of the H2O–CO2–CaCl2 system to separate into coexisting predominantly aqueous-salt and aqueous-carbon dioxide phases compared to the similar system H2O–CO2–NaCl. This experimental fact can be interpreted as a greater affinity of NaCl for CO2 compared to CaCl2. Using a recently developed numerical thermodynamic model of the H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCl2 quaternary fluid system, it was possible to identify geologically significant consequences of this difference in the interaction of NaCl and CaCl2 with CO2. Multistage heterogenization of the H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCl2 fluid with a significant decrease in P-T parameters ultimately leads to the formation of aqueous-carbon dioxide fluid phase f2, the salt component of which is significantly enriched in NaCl and depleted in CaCl2 compared to the initial fluid. The fluid phase f1 formed at each stage of heterogenization has a predominantly water-salt composition with the ratio of the mole fractions of NaCl and CaCl2 salts, differing little from that in the initial fluid. However, the total mole fraction of salt in the f1 phase, as a rule, significantly exceeds that in the original fluid. The density of phase f1 significantly exceeds the density of phase f2. During the process of multistage heterogenization of the fluid phase f1, there is no formation of a fluid with a significant enrichment of CaCl2 compared to the initial ratio of the mole fractions of NaCl and CaCl2. At the same time, successive multiple separation of the f2 phase leads to the enrichment of its salt component in NaCl. Under favorable conditions, this process can lead to the formation of a fluid with almost pure NaCl salt. Changes in the salt composition of the fluid H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCl2 are considered in application to the evolution of fluid composition along the regressive branch of the P-T trend of HP metamorphism and syngranulite metasomatism in the Lapland granulite belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of using different chloride salts on the quality of chicken burgers was evaluated by physicochemical, textural, and sensorial analyses. Chicken burgers were prepared with five different chloride salt amounts (T1: 2% NaCl, T2: 1% NaCl, T3: 1% NaCl + 1% KCl, T4: 1% NaCl + 1% CaCl2, and T5: 1% NaCl + 0.5% KCl + 0.5% CaCl2). The pH, moisture content, water activity, TBARS, cooking yield, moisture retention, and colour values were measured to determine the physicochemical properties of the burgers. Additionally, texture profile analysis and sensory evaluation were performed on the cooked samples. Reducing or partially replacing NaCl with KCl increased the pH level compared with the control, whereas using CaCl2 decreased the pH level. The highest moisture content and aw values were determined in burgers containing 1% NaCl. Partial substitution of NaCl with KCl and/or CaCl2 increased L* and b* values. A 50% reduction of NaCl or its replacement with 50% KCl did not affect the moisture retention and cooking yield compared with the control, but using CaCl2 caused a decrease. Also, the cooking process significantly affected the pH, moisture, aw, TBARS, and colour of the chicken burgers (p < 0.01). Reducing NaCl to 1% or partially replacing it with KCl and/or CaCl2, decreased the hardness, resilience, and chewiness of the samples, whereas the use of CaCl2 caused a greater decrease of these parameters. In the preparation of chicken burgers, a 50% substitution of NaCl with CaCl2 reduced sensory scores for appearance, flavour, texture, and general acceptability, whereas a reduction of NaCl or 50% substitution with KCl had no effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussion on the cracking period of sweet cherry 'Tieton' in greenhouse and mechanism of foliar application of CaCl2 on relieving cracking will provide the theoretical basis for effective prevention and mitigation of the fruit cracking in production. Sweet cherry 'Tieton' in the greenhouse were taken as testing materials. In the hardening stage, foliar application of 0.5% CaCl2 with four times were conducted. The cracking rate, fruit quality (fruit weight, firmness, soluble sugar content and L-malic acid content) and fruit characters (Ca content, pectinase activity and total pectin content) were analysed at color-changed stage (stage I), physiological maturity stage (stage II) and maturity stage (stage III) under different treatment methods. Fruit cracking of sweet cherry 'Tieton' in the greenhouse was mainly occurred during the stage I. The fruit cracking after foliar application of CaCl2 were significantly reduced. The analysis of fruit quality of the stage III showed that fruit firmness and soluble sugar content under foliar application of CaCl2 treatment were significantly increased. Under the foliar application of CaCl2 treatment, the content of Ca was significantly increased, and the pectinase activity and total pectin content were significantly changed, and increased the strength of intercellular connections, ultimately achieving resistance to fruit cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the effect of CaCl2 on the motility and viability of stallion spermatozoa during different incubation temperatures. Experimental samples were prepared by diluting the ejaculates (n = 10) from three uniformly housed and fed breeding stallions with six different concentrations of CaCl2 (A: 0.1125, B: 0.225, C: 0.45, D: 0.938, E: 1.25, and F: 1.875 mg/mL). The control samples (CON) were prepared by diluting ejaculate only with physiological solution. Samples were divided into two aliquots for analyses at different storage temperatures (5 °C and 37 °C). The motility parameters were analysed by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis system at several time intervals (0, 1, 2 and 3 h) and the viability was assessed using a mitochondrial toxicity test (MTT) realized at the end of incubation at both temperatures. Addition of CaCl2 to stallion semen showed significant effect on motility parameters, especially in the highest concentrations at 5 °C. Significant objectionable effect of CaCl2 on both total and progressive motility was observed at temperature 37 °C compared to control sample. However, results of velocity curved line in samples C, D and F at time 1 h and also at time 2 h in sample F showed significant positive effect of CaCl2. Sperm viability in experimental samples did not show a significant difference compared to the control at either 5 °C or 37 °C. The results of this study did not confirm essential effect of calcium on reproductive parameters of stallion. To conclude, our study demonstrated that the effect of CaCl2 on stallion sperm motility differs in a dose-dependent manner; however, the overall impact on motility parameters does not seem to be beneficial.

In this study, the improvement mechanism of low-frequency alternating magnetic field (LF-AMF, 5 mT, 3 h) combined with calcium chloride (CaCl2, 0–100 mM) on the gel characteristics of low-salt myofibrillar protein (MP) was investigated. LF-AMF combined with 80 mM CaCl2 treatment increased solubility (32.71%), surface hydrophobicity (40.86 μg), active sulfhydryl content (22.57%), water-holding capacity (7.15%). Besides, the combined treatment decreased turbidity, particle size and intrinsic fluorescence strength of MP. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results indicated that the combined treatment altered the secondary structure of MP by increasing β-sheet and β-turn, and reducing α-helix and random coil. The combined treatment also induced a high G' value and shortened T2 relaxation time for forming a homogeneous and compact gel structure. These results revealed that LF-AMF combined CaCl2 treatment could as a potential approach for modifying the gel characteristics of low-salt MP.

The incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) caused by excessive sodium intake is becoming an important issue that many researchers have investigated. Processing is an effective way to add value to underutilized fish species. Thus, the objective of this research was to develop a fish snack (Keropok) using reduced sodium. Two types of alternative sodium chloride (NaCl) were used, namely potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) with substitution at levels of 15, 30, and 45 % (w/w). The results indicated that substitution of NaCl with KCl or CaCl2 in the product had a negative effect on the cooking yield (%) (P0.05) and the lowest sodium content (P0.05). B3 was rich in nutrients (macromolecules and micromolecules) that are essential to the human body. Therefore, Kerepok (55 % NaCl with 45 % KCl: B3) could be considered as a healthy snack.

In order to reduce the content of NaCl in shrimp surimi while improving its gelation properties, the effects of different levels of NaCl substitution with CaCl2 combined with sodium alginate (SA) on the protein structure and gelation properties of shrimp surimi as characterized by 3D printing characteristics, gel strength, water-holding capacity (WHC), texture properties, rheological properties, protein secondary structure, and and molecular chemical forces were investigated under the same ionic strength. The results showed that the hardness, gel strength, β-sheet content, and hydrogen bond content of shrimp surimi increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing level of CaCl2 substitution, while WHC of surimi gels showed a gradual decreasing trend (P < 0.05), and the 3D printing supportability became worse. The high concentration of Ca2+ (0.5%) caused excessive protein aggregation, which was unfavorable to the formation of a good gel structure, thereby leading to a decrease in WHC. The addition of SA improved the WHC of shrimp surimi gels, and the results of protein secondary structure and chemical force showed that substitution of CaCl2 had no significant effect on the protein secondary structure of shrimp surimi, but increased the hydrogen bond content and hydrophobic interaction of the surimi gels, promoted the formation of gel networks, and improved the quality of the surimi gels. The above results indicate that incorporation of CaCl2 combined with SA can improve the gel characteristics and quality of shrimp surimi, which provides a reference for the development of low-salt shrimp surimi products.

A heat scavenger agent magnesiothermic reduction of quartz sand was used to make Si nanoparticles in a way that can be easily scaled up. Its source of SiO2 is safe for the environment, easy to get, and cheap. It can make silicon nanoparticles that work well as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. It is known that using inert salt NaCl has a better characterization of Si and electrochemical performance than KCl, KBr, and CaCl2. XRD diffractogram show 2θ are formed at 27.42°, 47.30°, 56.11°, 69.19°, and 76.37°. The surface area shows 9.75 m2/g, and the pore size is 15.35 Å. In the TEM images, it is found that the silicon shape is spherical. The electrical conductivity voltage of 1 V is 2599.33 µS/cm. The cyclic voltammetry curve during the highest oxidation is 0.57 V, and the lowest oxidation peak is 0.16 V. After the first cycle, the Rs is 4.22 Ω, and the Rct formed is 51.19 Ω. The first discharge capacity is 2599.57 mAh/g, corresponding to coulombic efficiencies at 97.12 %.

Potassium (K) equilibration, release and fixation in the cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils may be affected by organic amendments application. The effect of 1.5% corn, cotton and wheat residues and their produced biochars and 150 mg kg–1 Cd application on different soil K forms, K release to 0.01 M CaCl2 and 1% wood vinegar and K fixation of a coarse-textured calcareous soil was studied. Plant residues and their produced biochars increased soluble K content by 24–69 and 22–99 mg kg–1, respectively. The exchangeable K content was also increased 57–191 mg kg–1 after organic amendments application. Contamination of the soil with Cd increased the soluble K content by 11–23 mg kg–1. Cadmium application also increased exchangeable K and decreased non-exchangeable K of the biochar-treated soils. Exchange of Cd with exchangeable K and Ca and non-exchangeable K and subsequently exchange of soluble Ca with non-exchangeable K may be the main mechanisms for changes in K fractionations. CaCl2 and wood vinegar extracted 500 and 502 mg K kg–1, respectively, with non-significant difference. The main mechanism of K release with both solutions is the exchange reaction of non-exchangeable K with soluble Ca (originated from CaCl2 or dissolution of CaCO3 by wood vinegar) and it seems that acidic wood vinegar is not able to dissolve K-bearing minerals (micas and feldspars). Potassium released from the soil increased 32–338 mg kg–1 in the uncontaminated soil samples and 58–408 mg kg–1 in the Cd-contaminated soil samples after organic compounds application. Potassium fixation in soils treated with CaCl2 and wood vinegar was 124 and 113 mg kg–1, respectively and decreased with organic amendments application. Organic acids in wood vinegar may enter to the interlayers of clay minerals or adsorbed on the mineral edge and decrease layer collapse and K fixation. Generally, it is concluded that contamination of soil by Cd and remediation of soil with organic compounds application may increase the K availability of K-depleted calcareous soils via K addition to soil and release of native non-exchangeable K. In addition, an increase in soil soluble K by 21–230% may increase the risk of K leaching, soil salinity and cations equilibration of soil solution in long-term periods and this should be considered in K fertility management strategies of K-depleted soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental study, the hydrogen production performance of aqueous solutions of N a C l , K C l , and C a C l 2 salts via an electrochemical method through a chlor-alkali reactor is investigated. For this purpose, a laboratory-scale reactor consisting of anode and cathode compartments is built. The compartments of the reactor are separated by a cation exchange membrane which prevents the mixing of anolyte and catholyte solutions and also allows positive ions (N a + , K + , and C a 2 + ) and some water to pass through. Electrodes made of 316 stainless steel are used in the compartments of the reactor due to their economic efficiency. While the anode compartment of the reactor is fed with the aqueous solutions of N a C l , K C l , and C a C l 2 salts one by one, the cathode compartment is fed with one of the diluted aqueous solutions of N a O H , K O H , and C a (O H) 2 bases depending on the type of salt used. Experiments are carried out at three different cell voltages (3, 4, and 5 V) and three different cell temperatures (30, 50, and 70 °C), and five different electrolyte flows (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 g/s). Since the reactor dimensions are very small, experiments are also carried out with small changes in the electrolyte mass flow rate. It is observed that active chlorine gas causes serious contamination in the anode compartment and erosion on the electrode in this compartment. Therefore, the expected chlorine gas output from the anode compartment of the reactor is not observed. Luckily, a significant amount of hydrogen gas output is observed from the cathode compartment of the reactor. The minimum hydrogen production rate is 37.23 mL/h when the aqueous solution of C a C l 2 is used with a mass flow rate of 0.4 g/s and cell voltage of 3 V at the cell temperature of 30 °C. The maximum hydrogen production rate is 437.72 mL/h when K C l salt solution is used with a mass flow rate of 1.2 g/s and cell voltage of 5 V at the cell temperature of 70 °C. • Hydrogen production of a laboratory-scale chlor-alkali membrane reactor. • Performance of 316 stainless steel electrodes in a chlor-alkali membrane process. • Comparison of hydrogen production performances of N a C l , K C l , and C a C l 2 salts. • Effects of operating temperature, cell voltage, and electrolyte flow rate on hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Suitable air humidity is of great importance for human health, crop growth and the life of buildings. In this work, the polyvinylidene fluoride/calcium chloride (PVDF/CaCl2) porous membranes with rich pore structures for adsorption of high‐humidity gases were prepared using solvent evaporation‐induced phase separation. The results showed that the gap between the PVDF spherical crystals increased with the increase of CaCl2 content, which increased the porosity of the membrane. When the CaCl2 content reached 20 wt.%, the water vapor adsorption capacity of the PVDF/CaCl2 porous membrane was 0.876 gH2O∙gsample–1 and the initial adsorption rate was 0.050 g·g−1·min−1. At this point, the moisture vapor permeance of the membrane was the best at 0.04 g·m−2·h−1·Pa−1, and the dry strength of the PVDF/CaCl2 membrane was 0.397 MPa, which was 1.64 times that of the membrane without CaCl2. This work provides theoretical and technical guidance for the preparation of air dehumidification materials. Highlights: The porosity of the membranes increased with increasing of calcium chloride content.The moisture vapor permeance of the M‐20 membrane was the best at 0.04 g·m−2·h−1·Pa−1.The dry strength of the M‐20 membrane was 1.64 times that of the M‐0 membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of CaCl2 on the structure and properties of bio-based polyamide 56 (PA56) fibers in different solvents (water and ethanol) were investigated taking CaCl2 as a complexing agent to modify the PA56 fibers, thus to study the effect of complexation on the structure and properties of bio-based PA56. The results show that the position of the stretching vibration peaks of N-H and C=O of the biobased PA56 fibers are red-shifted and the amide II band is blue-shifted after treatment with CaCl2 solution. The melting point, crystallinity and crystallinity of the fibers decrease, but the crystalline shape does not change. The water contact angle, breaking strength and elongation of the fibers decrease, and the fiber surface becomes rough. Compared to the treatment effect with aqueous calcium chloride solution, the structure and properties of the fibers changed significantly after treatment with calcium chloride ethanol solution, indicating that the ethanol solvent is more conducive to the formation of complexation ligands between Ca2+ and polyamide groups of PA fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Ripening of climacteric vegetable, tomato, is a complicated process that results in numerous physiological and biochemical changes, and role of ethylene in this phenomenon is very crucial. Use of different ethylene scavengers can control the post-harvest ripening and quality of tomatoes. In current study, combinations of chemicals as 2% CaCl2 and KMnO4 (T1), 1 mM salicylic acid and KMnO4 (T2), 2% CaCl2 and K2Cr2O7 (T3) and 1 mM salicylic acid and K2Cr2O7 (T4), were tested to study their effect on pH, acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C, lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of treated tomatoes, after 30 and 40 days of storage. Results Weight loss and titratable acidity were significantly reduced in treated tomatoes, even after 40 days, which were high in untreated tomatoes. Total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) and vitamin C, were significantly lesser in untreated tomatoes after 30 and 40 days of storage, but use of ethylene scavengers caused increment in these phytochemicals during post-harvest storage, with more prominent results of T1. Highest lycopene was found in T0 (9.76 ± 0.2 mg/100 g), due to fully ripened and spoiled tomatoes, as compared to treated samples, while the lowest value was found in T1 (4.82 ± 0.20 mg/100 g). Highest antioxidant activity was detected in T1 (33.80 ± 0.52%), whereas the lowest antioxidant activity was noticed in T0 (22.00 ± 0.2%). Conclusion Findings revealed that during the storage period, the 50 g KMnO4 sachet + 2% CaCl2 exerted most superior effects than the other treatments, and extended the shelf-life of tomato fruits for up to 40 days, with no quality and phytochemicals deterioration. Therefore, tomatoes could be harvested at breaker stage, to optimize the ripening process during storage, through application of ethylene scavengers. Graphical abstract

Salt substitute has been widely used to prepare low-salt foods due to potential health benefits, though the role of CaCl2 in salt substitute and its unique impacts on food quality have been rarely investigated. In this study, comprehensive research has been conducted to elucidate the effects of replacing NaCl with varying concentrations of CaCl2 on the surimi gel characteristics. The introduction of CaCl2 interacted with surimi proteins differently from NaCl, thus leading to difference in protein aggregation behaviors and surimi gel properties. It has been found that a proper proportion of CaCl2 for NaCl substitution could create salt bridges between surimi proteins more effectively, resulting in an ordered, smooth and dense gel network with an increased water holding capacity (WHC) and improved gel strength. Furthermore, TGase activated by Ca2+ boosted the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine bonds, which cross-linked surimi proteins to form a firm gel with a better three-dimensional structure. However, replacing NaCl with excessive amount of CaCl2 as divalent salts induced more serious protein aggregation, leading to water loss and gel properties deterioration. More specially, replacing NaCl with CaCl2 at 50% showed the best performance, as evidenced by the most abundant disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions, highest hardness and chewiness, and greatest storage modulus. This study provided new insights on developing high-quality surimi gels with significantly reduced salt concentration and improved gel characteristics.

Alginate–gelatin hydrogels are extensively used in bioengineering. However, despite different formulations being used to grow different cell types in vitro, their pH and its effect, together with the crosslinking ions of these formulations, are still infrequently assessed. In this work, we study how these elements can affect hydrogel stability and printability and influence cell viability and metabolism on the resulting 3D prints. Our results show that both the buffer pH and crosslinking ion (Ca2+ or Ba2+) influence the swelling and degradation rates of prints. Moreover, buffer pH influenced the printability of hydrogel in the air but did not when printed directly in a fluid-phase CaCl2 or BaCl2 crosslinking bath. In addition, both U2OS and NIH/3T3 cells showed greater cell metabolic activity on one-layer prints crosslinked with Ca2+. In addition, Ba2+ increased the cell death of NIH/3T3 cells while having no effect on U2OS cell viability. The pH of the buffer also had an important impact on the cell behavior. U2OS cells showed a 2.25-fold cell metabolism increase on one-layer prints prepared at pH 8.0 in comparison to those prepared at pH 5.5, whereas NIH/3T3 cells showed greater metabolism on one-layer prints with pH 7.0. Finally, we observed a difference in the cell arrangement of U2OS cells growing on prints prepared from hydrogels with an acidic buffer in comparison to cells growing on those prepared using a neutral or basic buffer. These results show that both pH and the crosslinking ion influence hydrogel strength and cell behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Plant protein is widely used in the study of animal protein substitutes and healthy sustainable products. The gel properties are crucial for the production of plant protein foods. Therefore, the present study investigated the use of soybean oil to modulate the gel properties of soybean protein isolation‐wheat gluten composite with or without CaCl2. RESULTS: Oil droplets filled protein network pores under the addition of soybean oil (1–2%). This resulted in an enhanced gel hardness and water holding capacity. Further addition of soybean oil (3–4%), oil droplets and some protein–oil compounds increased the distance between the protein molecule chain. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and intermolecular interaction also showed that the disulfide bond and β‐sheet ratio decreased in the gel system, which damaged the overall structure of the gel network. Compared with the addition of 0 m CaCl2, salt ion reduced the electrostatic repulsion between proteins, and local protein cross‐linking was more intense at 0.005 m CaCl2 concentration. In the present study, structural properties and rheological analysis showed that the overall strength of the gel was weakened after the addition of CaCl2. CONCLUSION: The presence of appropriate amount of soybean oil can fill the gel pores and improve the texture properties and network structure of soy protein isolate‐wheat gluten (SPI‐WG) composite gel. Excessive soybean oil may hinder protein–protein interaction and adversely affect protein gel. In addition, the presence or absence of CaCl2 significantly affected the gelling properties of SPI‐WG composite protein gels. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One highly sought-after vegetable is Kalian (Brassica oleraceae L.), valued for its exceptional nutritional content. The cultivation of kalian demands specialized attention. Hydroponic cultivation utilizing Calcium Chloride plays a pivotal role in fostering robust plant growth and resilience, particularly in urban settings. Calcium serves a multifaceted role: safeguarding against pests, enhancing fruit quality, and functioning as an antioxidant during storage. This research was conducted between October 2022 and February 2023, employing a single-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) that was replicated three times. The study encompassed the following treatments: (i) Control with 0 ppm CaCl2, (ii) 550 ppm CaCl2 (P1), (iii) 650 ppm CaCl2 (P2), and (iv) 750 ppm CaCl2 (P3). The observed parameters encompassed plant height, leaf count, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight. The data underwent analysis via analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at the 5% significance level. The outcomes of the study unveiled substantial and statistically significant responses at the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after planting (HST) concerning the leaf count and wet weight variables. However, no statistically significant response was observed in relation to root length and leaf area measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Plant protein is widely used in the study of animal protein substitutes and healthy sustainable products. The gel properties are crucial for the production of plant protein foods. Therefore, the present study investigated the use of soybean oil to modulate the gel properties of soybean protein isolation‐wheat gluten composite with or without CaCl2. RESULTS: Oil droplets filled protein network pores under the addition of soybean oil (1–2%). This resulted in an enhanced gel hardness and water holding capacity. Further addition of soybean oil (3–4%), oil droplets and some protein–oil compounds increased the distance between the protein molecule chain. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and intermolecular interaction also showed that the disulfide bond and β‐sheet ratio decreased in the gel system, which damaged the overall structure of the gel network. Compared with the addition of 0 m CaCl2, salt ion reduced the electrostatic repulsion between proteins, and local protein cross‐linking was more intense at 0.005 m CaCl2 concentration. In the present study, structural properties and rheological analysis showed that the overall strength of the gel was weakened after the addition of CaCl2. CONCLUSION: The presence of appropriate amount of soybean oil can fill the gel pores and improve the texture properties and network structure of soy protein isolate‐wheat gluten (SPI‐WG) composite gel. Excessive soybean oil may hinder protein–protein interaction and adversely affect protein gel. In addition, the presence or absence of CaCl2 significantly affected the gelling properties of SPI‐WG composite protein gels. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different chloride salt mixtures (I-control: 100% NaCl, II: 50:50—NaCl:KCl, III: 50:30:20—NaCl:KCl:MgCl2, IV: 50:30:20—NaCl:KCl:CaCl2, V: 50:30:10:10—NaCl:KCl:MgCl2:CaCl2) on the quality properties of sucuk (a dry fermented beef sausage) during ripening were investigated. Lactic acid bacteria reached 8 log cfu/g in the 3 days of fermentation in all treatments. However, salt mixtures including MgCl2 caused an increase in Micrococcus/Staphylococcus. The control group showed the lowest mean aw value at the end of ripening. The salt mixture with 20% CaCl2 showed the lowest mean pH value of 4.97. The mean TBARS value varied between 6.34 and 6.97 µmol MDA/kg but was not affected by the salt mixtures (p > 0.05). According to the results of PCA, salt mixtures I, II and III had a positive correlation in PC1, and PC1 also separated salt mixtures with CaCl2 (IV and V) from other groups. In addition, a strong positive correlation between the control and III group (50:30:20—NaCl:KCl:MgCl2) for sensory properties was determined by heatmap clustering analysis. In addition, the principal component analysis showed that the control, II, and III groups had a stronger correlation with each other for volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ripening of climacteric vegetable, tomato, is a complicated process that results in numerous physiological and biochemical changes, and role of ethylene in this phenomenon is very crucial. Use of different ethylene scavengers can control the post-harvest ripening and quality of tomatoes. In current study, combinations of chemicals as 2% CaCl2 and KMnO4 (T1), 1 mM salicylic acid and KMnO4 (T2), 2% CaCl2 and K2Cr2O7 (T3) and 1 mM salicylic acid and K2Cr2O7 (T4), were tested to study their effect on pH, acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C, lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of treated tomatoes, after 30 and 40 days of storage. Results: Weight loss and titratable acidity were significantly reduced in treated tomatoes, even after 40 days, which were high in untreated tomatoes. Total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) and vitamin C, were significantly lesser in untreated tomatoes after 30 and 40 days of storage, but use of ethylene scavengers caused increment in these phytochemicals during post-harvest storage, with more prominent results of T1. Highest lycopene was found in T0 (9.76 ± 0.2 mg/100 g), due to fully ripened and spoiled tomatoes, as compared to treated samples, while the lowest value was found in T1 (4.82 ± 0.20 mg/100 g). Highest antioxidant activity was detected in T1 (33.80 ± 0.52%), whereas the lowest antioxidant activity was noticed in T0 (22.00 ± 0.2%). Conclusion: Findings revealed that during the storage period, the 50 g KMnO4 sachet + 2% CaCl2 exerted most superior effects than the other treatments, and extended the shelf-life of tomato fruits for up to 40 days, with no quality and phytochemicals deterioration. Therefore, tomatoes could be harvested at breaker stage, to optimize the ripening process during storage, through application of ethylene scavengers. Highlights: Tomatoes, climacteric fruits loaded with phytochemicals. Controlling production and retention of ethylene, a tool to manage post-harvest quality. Tomatoes treated with 2% CaCl2 + KMnO4 sachet exhibited excellent quality after 40 days. Treatment with 2% CaCl2 solution and K2Cr2O7 sachet preserved tomatoes for 30 days. High retention of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin C, lycopene in treated tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomass Chemical Engineering is the property of Editorial Office of Biomass Chemical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transglutaminase (TGase)-induced mung bean protein gel (MBPG) was used as the study object to investigate the effect of different concentrations of CaCl2 pretreatment on the structural characteristics of TGase- induced MBPG. The results showed that the intensity of protein bands of TGase-induced MBPG molecular weights was enhanced with the increase of CaCl2 concentration; Low CaCl2 concentration (≤20 mmol / L) resulted in the 52 decrease of free sulfhydryl and ionic bonds content, the enhancement of surface hydrophobicity, and the increase of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds content of TGase-induced MBPG. High CaCl2 concentration ( >20 mmol / L) led to the increase of free sulfhydryl and ionic bonds content, the reduction of surface hydrophobicity, and the decrease of hydrogen bonds content. Moreover, CaCl2 pretreatment induced a conformational transition from α-helix and β-turn to β-sheet and random coil. The CaCl2 pretreatment could change the structure of TGase-induced MBPG, which would provide reference for the development of MBPG formula foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the earlier obtained equations of state for the ternary systems H2O–CO2–CaCl2 and H2O–CO2–NaCl, an equation of state for the four-component fluid system H2O–CO2–NaCl–CaCl2 is derived in terms of the Gibbs excess free energy. A corresponding numerical thermodynamic model is built. The main part of the numerical parameters of the model coincides with the corresponding parameters of the ternary systems. The NaCl–CaCl2 interaction parameter was obtained from the experimental liquidus of the salt mixture. Similar to the thermodynamic models for H2O–CO2–CaCl2 and H2O–CO2–NaCl, the range of applicability of the model is pressure 1–20 kbar and temperature from 500 to 1400°C. The model makes it possible to predict the physicochemical properties of the fluid involved in most processes of deep petrogenesis: the phase state of the system (homogeneous or multiphase fluid, presence or absence of solid salts), chemical activities of the components, densities of the fluid phases, and concentrations of the components in the coexisting phases. The model was used for a detailed study of the phase state and activity of water on the H2O–CO2–salt sections when changing the ratio from 1 to 0. Changes in the composition and density of coexisting fluid phases at a constant activity of water and changes in the total composition of the system are studied. A set of phase diagrams on sections H2O–NaCl–CaCl2 for different mole fractions of CO2 is obtained. Pressure dependencies of the maximal activity of water in the field of coexisting unmixable fluid phases are obtained for several salt compositions of the system. Due to removal of restrictions resulting from a smaller number of components in ternary systems, the thermodynamic behavior of systems with a mixed composition of the salt significantly differs from the behavior of those with a single salt component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil covering method is commonly used in uranium tailings pond beach management, but the material used and environmental factors can affect long-term safety and stability. The study tested CaCl2 solution concentrations for desiccation crack development and radon retardation in red clay. Four red clay radon shielding layer specimens with varying solution concentrations underwent drying tests. Results showed that soil mineral composition remained unchanged and the crack rate decreased with increased CaCl2 solution concentration; the best radon retardation effect is achieved by mixing CaCl2 solution with 3% concentration. These findings can guide effective radon treatment on uranium tailing pond beach surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the current situation of comprehensive utilization of coal slime in China and the urgent need for water pollution control in coal mining areas, this paper uses coal slime(CS)as raw material and CaCl2 as the activator, different proportions of coal slime-based catalytic materials were prepared under anaerobic calcination, which were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, FT-IR, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, etc. This study investigated its ability to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for the catalytic degradation of phenol in wastewater. Results show that the catalytic material prepared by CaCl2-heat treated coal slime can effectively activate PMS to achieve the highly efficient degradation of phenol. In addition, when the mass ratio of coal slime and CaCl2 reach 4∶3, it shows the optimal degradation performance, whose degradation rate of phenol can reach 100 %. The active species 1O2 played a major role in the degradation system. Moreover, the catalytic materials could be applied in a wide pH range(3.0~11.0), and the influence of various anions in water on the degradation of phenol is relatively limited, indicating their good application prospect in wastewater treatment.

Ten 16-year-old trees were used as test materials to investigate the effect of foliar calcium fertilizer on the sugar content of ‘Feizixiao’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp. The experiment began 35 days after anthesis (DAA) in 2020 and 2021, and the treatment was a foliar spray application of 0.3% CaCl2 aqueous solution, whereas the control was a foliar spray application of water. The sugar content, sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, and ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities in pulp were measured in 2020 and 2021. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on RNA samples from treatment and control fruit pulps at 35, 63, and 69 DAA (full mature stage) in 2020, and 10 genes were chosen for confirmation by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 2020 and 2021. At full maturity, the soluble sugar content in the calcium-treated group was extremely significantly or significantly higher than that in the control group. After 63 DAA, the net sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activity in the calcium-treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Furthermore, at full maturity, the calcium-treated group had significantly higher sucrose synthase cleavage activity and significantly lower PFK activity than the control group. Fifty-four highly expressed genes in the glycolytic pathway (EMP) were screened from transcriptome data, including hexokinase, PFK, and pyruvate kinase genes; 87% of these genes were downregulated in the treatment group compared with the control group at 69 DAA in 2020. The linear regression between RNA-seq and real-time PCR results was significant in 2020 (r = 0.9292) and 2021 (r = 0.8889). When the fruit is fully ripe, calcium treatment increases net sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activity by increasing sucrose synthase cleavage activity, promoting the accumulation of reducing sugars, and it downregulates phosphofructokinase gene expression in EMP, promoting sugar accumulation.

In the study; fruit skin color parameters, fruit flesh firmness and total soluable solid (TSS) ratios, as well as total acidity, total phenolic substance, total monomeric anth°Cyanin amounts and total antioxidant capacity were determined. After the fruits were harvested, they were immersed in three different doses (0-2-4%) of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution for 5 minutes. The fruits removed from the solution were kept to dry. The fruits were stored for 14 days in a cold store with a temperature of 1-2°C and a relative humidity of 90±5%. Before the storage and on the 7th and 14th days of storage, the fruits samples were taken and kept on the shelves in the rooms with a temperature of 21±1°C and a relative humidity of 60±5%for 3 days. Measurements and analyses of fruit quality parameters were made in the samples taken from the fruits that were kept on the shelf for three days. As a result of the study, it was determined that 4%CaCl2 application was effective in maintaining fruit flesh firmness. In fruits kept on the shelf for 3 days after 14 days of storage, SSC of 4%CaCl2 treatment was found to be higher than the control treatment. Compared to the control, 4%CaCl2 caused a significant increase in the total phenol content. The highest total monomeric anth°Cyanin content and total antioxidant capacity was determined in the control treatment. While there were no significant changes in L* values between treatments, a* and b* values were found to be higher in 2%CaCl2 treatment. In the light of the data obtained, it was concluded that 4%CaCl2 application had a positive effect on the shelf life of strawberry fruits.

This work investigated the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) as sodium replacement on the physicochemical properties of silver carp surimi. As NaCl replaced by 0.32% and 0.63% CaCl2, surimi gels presented better textural properties, breaking force and rheological properties, while 0.95%, 1.27% and 1.58% CaCl2 led to the deterioration of gel strength. With the addition of CaCl2, water holding capacity (WHC) decreased significantly (p

Objective: The study aimed to develop the vegetable value of common vetch （CV） and explore the effects of salt solution on phenolic accumulation and antioxidant activity in CV sprouts. Methods: The effects of NaCl stress and supplemental CaCl2 on free and combined phenolic accumulation in CV sprouts were analysed by UPLC in comparison with pea sprouts, soybean sprouts and mung bean sprouts. The changes of key enzyme activities and gene relative expression levels of PAL, C4H and 4CL, antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant activities were investigated under NaCl and CaCl2 treatments. Results: The total phenolics increased from （10.63±0.40） mg GAE/g DW to （15.76±0.36） mg GAE/g DW with the co-treatment of NaCl and CaCl2. Sixteen phenolic acids were detected in CV sprouts. The content of Rutin increased from （22.50±0.49） mg/kg DW to （57.38± 0.87） mg/kg DW with the co-treatment, which was 79.69, 260.82, 5.89 times of pea sprout, soybea sprout and mung bean sprout respectively. Na+ increased enzyme activities of PAL, 4CL and C4H by increasing their relative gene expression levels. However, the co-treatment increased enzyme activities but their relative gene expression levels decreased or didn't change significantly. Conclusion: The co-treatment of NaCl and CaCl2 can enrich the phenolic content and enhance its antioxidant activity of CV sprouts.