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Field application of organic fertilizers may promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in farmland ecosystems, which represents a major threat to public health. However, impacts of multi-year organic fertilization on the spread of soil and phyllosphere ARGs and the possible transmission pathways remain elusive. Here, we investigated the patterns of ARGs and structures of bacterial and fungal communities in soil and wheat crop phyllosphere, under long-term fertilization of swine manure or sewage sludge using high-throughput quantitative PCR and amplicon sequencing. It was found that application of swine manure and sewage sludge had more influence on the prevalence of ARGs in phyllosphere than in soil. SourceTracker analysis revealed that a few bacterial taxa from swine manure and sewage sludge could survive in soil, but hardly in phyllosphere. Mantel test and variation partitioning analysis further revealed that shift in the microbial community compositions was an important factor affecting soil ARGs, while horizontal gene transfer mediated by mobile genetic elements might contribute to the spread of phyllosphere ARGs. Overall, these results demonstrated that long-term application of swine manure and sewage sludge differently impacts the ARGs in soil and phyllosphere, which have implications for sustainable agricultural management.

【Abstract】Objective: To investigate the clinical features and treatment strategy of dissymmetric bilateral frontal contusion, and to summarize our experience in treat-ing these patients by minimally invasive surgery. Methods: Over the past 3 years, we have treated a total of 31 patients with dissymmetric bilateral frontal contusion using endoscopy-assisted unilateral cerebral falx incision. Other 30 patients treated by routine bilateral approaches within the same period were taken as control. Results: Seventeen cases (54.8%) in the unilateral operation group survived and were in good condition, 8 (25.8%) had moderate disability, 4 (12.9%) had severe disability, 1 (3.2%) was in vegetative state, and 1 (3.2%) died. Compared with the control group, the Glasgow Out-come Scale score was not significantly different in the uni-lateral operation group, but the operation time, blood trans-fusion volume, the length of hospital stay, the incidences of mental disorder and olfactory nerve injury were greatly reduced in the unilateral operation group. Conclusions: Endoscopy-assisted unilateral cerebral falx incision can shorten the operation time, reduce surgical trauma and complications in treatment of patients with dis-symmetric bilateral frontal contusion. It can obviously di-minish the chance of delayed intracerebral hematoma and subsequently minimize the incidences of subfalcial and centrencephalic herniation. Key words: Brain injuries; Intracranial hemorrage, traumatic; Endoscopy; Surgically procedures, minimally invasive

Aim: Fast direct decompression surgery for treatment of severe head injury often results in intraoperative and postoperative complications. Controlled decompression may help prevent these complications. This preliminary study aims to compare the effects of controlled and conventional decompression in patients with severe head injury., Material and Methods: A total of 128 patients with severe head injury were included. Patients were allocated to receive either controlled decompression surgery (n = 64) or conventional decompressive craniectomy (n = 64). Controlled decompression comprised controlled ventricular drainage and controlled hematoma evacuation. The occurrence of delayed hematoma, acute brain swelling, and postoperative cerebral infarction were recorded., Results: Significantly lower proportion of patients in the controlled decompression group had intraoperative acute brain swelling compared to patients in the decompressive craniectomy group (9.4% vs 26.6%, P = 0.011). Intraoperative acute encephalocele occurred in 3 of 13 patients (23.1%) who had delayed hematoma in the controlled decompression group compared with 11 of 18 patients (61.1%) in the decompressive craniectomy group. There was no significant between group difference in the incidence of delayed hematoma or postoperative cerebral infarction., Conclusion: Controlled decompression may reduce or delay intraoperative acute brain swelling by delaying hematoma formation in patients with severe head injury.

Aim: To review our experience in the surgical treatment of TISH, and to analyze prognostic factors., Material and Methods: Clinical and imaging data, surgical modalities, and outcomes of 21 patients with TISH who were treated with microsurgery were analyzed retrospectively. Prognostic factors for outcome were analyzed by univariate analysis., Results: Long-term follow up with outcome assessment according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) showed good recovery in 16 cases, moderate disability in two cases, severe disability in one case, and death in two cases. During surgery the origin of bleeding could be identified in all 21 cases. A rupture of the distal anterior cerebral artery or veins in the interhemispheric fissure was seen more frequently in patients with whole interhemispheric fissure hematoma, while hemorrhage from brain tissue laceration was seen more frequently in patients with more localized hematomas. The outcome in patients with an identified rupture of a vessel was better than in those with cortical laceration. Preoperative GCS score and thickness of the interhemispheric hematoma were correlated with outcome (P=0.001 and P=0.004, respectively)., Conclusion: Outcome after surgical treatment for TISH can be good, and careful surgical planning and microsurgical techniques to preserve venous drainage are essential.