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Background: Human gut microbiome has complex relationships with the host, contributing to metabolism, immunity, and carcinogenesis. Methods: Summary-level data for gut microbiota and metabolites were obtained from MiBioGen, FINRISK and human metabolome consortia. Summary-level data for colorectal cancer were derived from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis. In forward Mendelian randomization (MR), we employed genetic instrumental variables (IV) for 24 gut microbiota taxa and six bacterial metabolites to examine their causal relationship with colorectal cancer. We also used a lenient threshold for nine apriori gut microbiota taxa as secondary analyses. In reverse MR, we explored association between genetic liability to colorectal neoplasia and abundance of microbiota studied above using 95, 19, and 7 IVs for colorectal cancer, adenoma, and polyps, respectively. Results: Forward MR did not find evidence indicating causal relationship between any of the gut microbiota taxa or six bacterial metabolites tested and colorectal cancer risk. However, reverse MR supported genetic liability to colorectal adenomas was causally related with increased abundance of two taxa: Gammaproteobacteria (β = 0.027, which represents a 0.027 increase in log-transformed relative abundance values of Gammaproteobacteria for per one-unit increase in log OR of adenoma risk; P = 7.06×10−8), Enterobacteriaceae (β = 0.023, P = 1.29×10−5). Conclusions: We find genetic liability to colorectal neoplasia may be associated with abundance of certain microbiota taxa. It is more likely that subset of colorectal cancer genetic liability variants changes gut biology by influencing both gut microbiota and colorectal cancer risk. Impact: This study highlights the need of future complementary studies to explore causal mechanisms linking both host genetic variation with gut microbiome and colorectal cancer susceptibility.

Circulating n-3 PUFA, which integrate endogenous and exogenous n-3 PUFA, can be better used to investigate the relationship between n-3 PUFA and disease. However, studies examining the associations between circulating n-3 PUFA and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk were limited, and the results remained inconclusive. This case–control study aimed to examine the association between serum n-3 PUFA and CRC risk in Chinese population. A total of 680 CRC cases and 680 sex- and age-matched (5-year interval) controls were included. Fatty acids were assayed by GC. OR and 95 % CI were calculated using multivariable logistic regression after adjustment for potential confounders. Higher level of serum α-linolenic acid (ALA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), DHA, long-chain n-3 PUFA and total n-3 PUFA were associated with lower odds of CRC. The adjusted OR and 95 % CI were 0·34 (0·24, 0·49, Pfor trend < 0·001) for ALA, 0·57 (0·40, 0·80, Pfor trend < 0·001) for DPA, 0·48 (0·34, 0·68, Pfor trend < 0·001) for DHA, 0·39 (0·27, 0·56, Pfor trend < 0·001) for long-chain n-3 PUFA and 0·31 (0·22, 0·45, Pfor trend < 0·001) for total n-3 PUFA comparing the highest with the lowest quartile. However, there was no statistically significant association between EPA and odds of CRC. Analysis stratified by sex showed that ALA, DHA, long-chain n-3 PUFA and total n-3 PUFA were inversely associated with odds of CRC in both sexes. This study indicated that serum ALA, DPA, DHA, long-chain n-3 PUFA and total n-3 PUFA were inversely associated with odds of having CRC in Chinese population.

This study aimed to evaluate the associations between breast cancer risk and intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and/or n-3 PUFA subclasses in Chinese women, and determine whether these associations varied with menopausal status or clinical characteristics.A hospital-based case-control study including 1,589 cases and 1,621 age-frequency-matched controls was conducted. Dietary data were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using multiple unconditional logistic regression models after controlling for potential confounders.Higher intake of marine n-3 PUFAs and total n-3 PUFAs was associated with lower risk of breast cancer, with adjusted OR quartile 4 v.1 (95% confidence intervals) of 0.68 (0.55-0.84) and 0.56 (0.42-0.75), respectively. Dietary a-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid were also inversely associated with breast cancer risk, with adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) of 0.51 (0.38-0.70), 0.68 (0.55-0.84), 0.68 (0.55-0.85), and 0.76 (0.61-0.94), respectively. In stratified analyses, these inverse associations between risk and dietary n-3 PUFAs were more evident among premenopausal women and women with ER+, PR+ and ER+PR+ tumors. A decreased risk of breast cancer was significantly associated with increasing n-3 PUFA intake in obese/overweight women, but not in women of normal weight. There was a significant interaction between linoleic acid and marine n-3 PUFAs.High intake of n-3 PUFAs and n-3 PUFA subtypes was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, especially among premenopausal women and women with ER+ and/or PR+ subtype breast cancer.

Table S4 shows the SNPs for colorectal cancer.

Supplementary Methods shows the formulas for calculating F-statistics.

Background:Human gut microbiome has complex relationships with the host, contributing to metabolism, immunity, and carcinogenesis.Methods:Summary-level data for gut microbiota and metabolites were obtained from MiBioGen, FINRISK and human metabolome consortia. Summary-level data for colorectal cancer were derived from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis. In forward Mendelian randomization (MR), we employed genetic instrumental variables (IV) for 24 gut microbiota taxa and six bacterial metabolites to examine their causal relationship with colorectal cancer. We also used a lenient threshold for nine apriori gut microbiota taxa as secondary analyses. In reverse MR, we explored association between genetic liability to colorectal neoplasia and abundance of microbiota studied above using 95, 19, and 7 IVs for colorectal cancer, adenoma, and polyps, respectively.Results:Forward MR did not find evidence indicating causal relationship between any of the gut microbiota taxa or six bacterial metabolites tested and colorectal cancer risk. However, reverse MR supported genetic liability to colorectal adenomas was causally related with increased abundance of two taxa: Gammaproteobacteria (β = 0.027, which represents a 0.027 increase in log-transformed relative abundance values of Gammaproteobacteria for per one-unit increase in log OR of adenoma risk; P = 7.06×10−8), Enterobacteriaceae (β = 0.023, P = 1.29×10−5).Conclusions:We find genetic liability to colorectal neoplasia may be associated with abundance of certain microbiota taxa. It is more likely that subset of colorectal cancer genetic liability variants changes gut biology by influencing both gut microbiota and colorectal cancer risk.Impact:This study highlights the need of future complementary studies to explore causal mechanisms linking both host genetic variation with gut microbiome and colorectal cancer susceptibility.

Serum FMN, instead of riboflavin, was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in the Chinese population, especially among individuals with lower serum PLP and higher serum folate levels.

Plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, but the risk might differ by the quality of plant-based diets. This study aimed to investigate the association between different types of plant-based dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk in the Chinese population. We conducted a case-control study with 2799 eligible colorectal cancer cases and 2799 sex- and age-matched controls in Guangzhou, China. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary data, from which we derived plant-based diet indices, including the plant-based diet index (PDI), the healthy PDI (hPDI), and the unhealthy PDI (uPDI). The PDI, hPDI, and uPDI assess the adherence to overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based dietary patterns, respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colorectal cancer risk were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. Higher adherence to the PDI, particularly the hPDI, was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, whereas greater adherence to the uPDI was associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer. Compared with the lowest quintile, the adjusted ORs in the highest quintile were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.66-0.95) for the PDI, 0.45 (95% CI: 0.38-0.55) for the hPDI, and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.18-1.78) for the hPDI, respectively. In stratified analysis, the inverse association between the PDI and colorectal cancer risk was not observed in women, and the positive association between the uPDI and colorectal cancer risk was not observed in men. In conclusion, these results support recommendations that shifting to a healthy plant-based dietary pattern is important for the prevention of colorectal cancer, particularly in the Chinese population that habitually consumes plant foods.

Objective:To establish optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) in Chinese pregnant women by Chinese-specific BMI categories and compare the new recommendations with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 guidelines.Design:Multicentre, prospective cohort study. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the OR, 95 % CI and the predicted probabilities of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The optimal GWG range was defined as the range that did not exceed a 1 % increase from the lowest predicted probability in each pre-pregnancy BMI group.Setting:From nine cities in mainland China.Participants:A total of 3731 women with singleton pregnancy were recruited from April 2013 to December 2014.Results:The optimal GWG (ranges) by Chinese-specific BMI was 15·0 (12·8–17·1), 14·2 (12·1–16·4) and 12·6 (10·4–14·9) kg for underweight, normal weight and overweight pregnant women, respectively. Inappropriate GWG was associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Compared with women gaining weight within our proposed recommendations, women with excessive GWG had higher risk for macrosomia, large for gestational age and caesarean section, whereas those with inadequate GWG had higher risk for low birth weight, small for gestational age and preterm delivery. The comparison between our proposed recommendations and IOM 2009 guidelines showed that our recommendations were comparable with the IOM 2009 guidelines and could well predict the risk of several adverse pregnancy outcomes.Conclusions:Inappropriate GWG was associated with higher risk of several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Optimal GWG recommendations proposed in the present study could be applied to Chinese pregnant women.

Scattering phase shift, as a key parameter in scattering theory, plays an important role in characterizing low-energy collisions between ultracold atoms. In this work, we theoretically investigate the universal low-energy behavior of the scattering phase shifts for cold atoms in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. We first construct the asymptotic form of the two-body wave function when two fermions get as close as the interaction range, and consider perturbatively the correction of the spin-orbit coupling up to the second order, in which new scattering parameters are introduced. Then for elastic collisions, the scattering phase shifts are defined according to the unitary scattering $S$ matrix. We show how the low-energy behavior of the scattering phase shifts is modified by these new scattering parameters introduced by spin-orbit coupling. The universality of the scattering phase shifts is manifested as the independence of the specific form of the interatomic potential. The explicit forms of the new scattering parameters are analytically derived within a model of the spherical-square-well potential. Our method provides a unified description of the low-energy properties of scattering phase shifts in the presence of spin-orbit coupling., 9 pages, 2 figures

Cruciferous vegetables contain high levels of glucosinolates (GSL) and isothiocyanates (ITC). ITC are known to induce glutathione S-transferases (GST) and thus exert their anticarcinogenic effects. This study explored the combined effects of cruciferous vegetable, GSL and ITC intake and GST polymorphisms on breast cancer risk. A total of 737 breast cancer cases and 756 controls were recruited into this case–control study. OR and 95 % CI were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Higher cruciferous vegetable, GSL and ITC intakes were inversely associated with breast cancer risk, with adjusted OR of 0·48 (95 % CI 0·35, 0·65), 0·54 (95 % CI 0·40, 0·74) and 0·62 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·84), respectively. Compared with women carrying the GSTP1 rs1695 wild AA genotype and high cruciferous vegetable, GSL or ITC intake, carriers of the AA genotype with low cruciferous vegetable, GSL and ITC intake had greater risk of breast cancer, with adjusted OR of 1·43 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·87), 1·34 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·75) and 1·37 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·80), respectively. Persons with the GSTM1-null genotype and lower intake of cruciferous vegetables, GSL and ITC had higher risk of breast cancer than those with the GSTM1-present genotype and higher intake, with OR of 1·42 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·95), 1·43 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·96) and 1·45 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·98), respectively. Among women possessing the GSTT1-present genotype, low intake of cruciferous vegetables, GSL or ITC was associated with higher risk of breast cancer. But these interactions were non-significant. This study indicated that there were no significant interactions between cruciferous vegetable, GSL or ITC intake and GST polymorphisms on breast cancer risk.

To investigate the protective effects of electroacupuncture and LGNHFD on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and their effects on the expression of cluster of differentiation 34 (CD 34), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the peripheral tissue of the cerebral ischemic semi-dark zone in rats. The influence and mechanism of expression.Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group, model group, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) group, electroacupuncture group, and acupuncture group. The cerebral ischemia model was prepared by middle artery occlusion. The electroacupuncture and TCM groups received electroacupuncture at the ""Neiguan (PC6)"", ""Baihui (GV20)"", and ""Renzhong (GV26)"" acupoints from 4 h after modeling, once daily for 14 d. After modeling, the acupuncture and TCM groups were administered LGNHFD once daily for 14 d. After treatment, the infarct volume and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured in each group, the expression of CD34 in the surrounding ischemic penumbra was determined using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of angiogenesis-related factors in the ischemic hemisphere was detected by western blot.Compared with the sham operation group, rCBF was significantly decreased (P0.01) and cerebral infarction volume was significantly increased (P0.01) in the model group at four time points (5 min and 3, 7, and 14 d after modeling). At three postoperative time points (3, 7, and 14 d), the number of CD34+ cells in the model group were significantly increased (P0.01), and the relative expression levels of VEGF, bFGF, and CD34+ in the ischemic hemisphere were significantly increased (P0.01, P0.05). Compared with the model group, the rCBF of the acupuncture group was significantly increased at 3, 7, and 14 d after intervention (P0.01), while the rCBF of the electroacupuncture and TCM groups was significantly increased at 7 and 14 d after intervention (P0.01). After 3, 7, and 14 d of intervention, infarct volume was significantly reduced (P0.01), the number of CD34+ cells was significantly increased (P0.01, P0.05), and the relative expression levels of VEGF, bFGF, and CD34 in the ischemic hemisphere were significantly increased (P0.01, P0.05). Compared with the electroacupuncture and TCM groups, the rCBF of the acupuncture group was significantly increased (P0.01), the infarct volume was significantly reduced (P0.01), and the relative expression levels of VEGF, bFGF, and CD34 were significantly increased (P0.05, P0.01) after 3, 7, and 14 d of intervention.Acupuncture therapy is superior to simple drug and electroacupuncture therapy for reducing infarct volume, increasing rCBF and CD34 expression in cells, and promoting capillary regeneration in rats with cerebral ischemia. This may be related to the increased expression of VEGF, bFGF, and CD34 - which are related to cerebrovascular neovascularization - in the ischemic hemispheres of such rats.

To investigate the significance of CD27 and CD56 in the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, and to establish a simple and convenient prognostic risk score.One hundred and eleven newly diagnosed MM patients treated by bortezomib in Shengjing hospital from January 1, 2013 to January 1, 2019 were selected, and the relationship between clinical characteristics and survival time of patients was analyzed.The overall survival (OS) of patients in CD27Among patients with MM treated by bortezomib, CD27CD27及CD56对以硼替佐米为基础治疗的初诊MM患者预后的意义.探讨CD27及CD56对多发性骨髓瘤（MM）患者预后的指导意义，确立一种简易方便的预后危险评分.选择本院2013年1月1日至2019年1月1日以硼替佐米为基础治疗的初诊MM患者111例，分析患者临床特征与生存期的关系.CD27以硼替佐米为基础治疗的MM患者中，CD27

Anti-tumor effect of dietary flavonoids has been sustained by laboratory experiments, but epidemiological studies with breast cancer risk remained inconsistent and insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the associations between total and subclasses of flavonoid and breast cancer risk among Chinese population. This case-control study recruited 1522 eligible breast cancer cases and 1547 frequency-matched control subjects from June 2007 to July 2018 in Guangdong, China. Dietary intake was obtained by face-to-face interview using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by multivariable logistic regression models. After adjusting for potential confounders, inverse associations were observed between total flavonoids, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, flavonols and isoflavones and overall breast cancer risk. Comparing the highest versus the lowest quartile, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.66 (0.54-0.82) for total flavonoids, 0.61 (0.49-0.75) for anthocyanidins, 0.67 (0.54-0.83) for proanthocyanidins, 0.71 (0.57-0.88) for flavanones, 0.48 (0.39-0.60) for flavones, 0.51 (0.41-0.63) for flavonols and 0.67 (0.54-0.83) for isoflavones, respectively. No significant association was found between flavanols, flavan-3-ol monomers, theaflavins and breast cancer risk. Stratified analysis by menopausal status and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status showed that the associations of total flavonoids, most flavonoid subclasses with breast cancer risk were generally not modified by menopausal or estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status. This study indicates that total flavonoids and most flavonoid subclasses intakes were inversely associated with breast cancer risk.

A self-assembly reaction of Cd(NO3)2 · 4H2O, 3-ferrocenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-pyrazole (Hfcpp), [Ag(SePh)] n , and Et3N in a mixed acetone-water solvent resulted in the formation of a heterometallic complex [Cd2{Ag(SePh)}2 (μ 3-OH2)2(μ 2,η 3-fcpp)4] · 2C3H6O (1) with a phenylselenolate ligand. The two cadmium and two silver centers are linked by four [μ 2,η 3-fcpp]− ligands and two μ 3-OH2 water molecules. Each Cd atom is in a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment, while each Ag atom shows a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry, which is composed of two pyrazolyl nitrogen atoms, one selenium atom, and one oxygen atom.

This study aimed to explore the effect of dietary magnesium intake on breast cancer risk both directly and indirectly via its effect on inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). This case-control study recruited 1050 case patients and 1229 control subjects. Inflammatory marker levels of 322 cases and 322 controls, randomly selected, were measured using ELISA, and data on dietary magnesium intake were collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and path analysis was used to investigate the mediating effect. A higher magnesium intake was associated with a lower breast cancer risk (adjusted OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65, 0.99). A positive association was found between the CRP level and breast cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.02–2.01). However, IL-6 was not found to be associated with breast cancer risk. Path analysis revealed that dietary magnesium affected breast cancer risk both directly and indirectly by influencing the CRP level. The results indicate that a direct negative association and an indirect association through influencing the CRP level were observed between dietary magnesium intake and breast cancer risk.

Objective The association between the educational level and colorectal cancer risk was controversial in developed countries and evidence was limited in Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the association between the educational level and colorectal cancer risk in Guangdong Province, China. Methods From July 2010 to April 2019, 2502 newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients and 2538 sex- and age-matched controls were recruited in this case-control study. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the educational level and colorectal cancer risk. Path analysis was used to investigate whether behavioral risk factors potentially mediated the association between the educational level and colorectal cancer risk. Results Educational level was inversely associated with the colorectal cancer risk. People who graduated from the college or above had a lower risk of colorectal cancer than those from the primary school or below, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.42 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.34-0.52]. The total, direct and indirect effects of the educational level for the colorectal cancer risk were statistically significant in the path diagram. Path analysis showed that lower red and processed meat intake and higher tea and coffee drinking among high educational participants contributed to the inverse association between the educational level and colorectal cancer risk. Conclusion The findings suggested that the educational level was inversely associated with the colorectal cancer risk. The association might be mediated by red and processed meat intake, household and leisure-time activities, and tea and coffee drinking.

Objective:The current study evaluated the associations between different forms and sources of Fe and breast cancer risk in Southern Chinese women.Design:Case–control study. We collected data on the consumption of Fe from different forms and food sources by using a validated FFQ. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was used to reveal potential associations between Fe intake and breast cancer risk.Setting:A case-control study of women at three major hospitals in Guangzhou, China.Participants:From June 2007 to March 2019, 1591 breast cancer cases and 1622 age-matched controls were recruited.Results:In quartile analyses, Fe from plants and Fe from white meat intake were inversely associated with breast cancer risk, with OR of 0·65 (95 % CI 0·47, 0·89, Ptrend = 0·006) and 0·76 (95 % CI 0·61, 0·96, Ptrend = 0·014), respectively, comparing the highest with the lowest quartile. No associations were observed between total dietary Fe, heme or non-heme Fe, Fe from meat or red meat and breast cancer risk. RCS analysis demonstrated J-shaped associations between total dietary Fe, non-heme Fe and breast cancer, and reverse L-shaped associations between heme Fe, Fe from meat and Fe from red meat and breast cancer.Conclusion:Fe from plants and white meat were inversely associated with breast cancer risk. Significant non-linear J-shaped associations were found between total dietary Fe, non-heme Fe and breast cancer risk, and reverse L-shaped associations were found between heme Fe, Fe from meat or red meat and breast cancer risk.

Objective Isoflavones and lignans are phytoestrogens present in plant-based foods, which have a potential preventive effect on breast carcinogenesis. The effects of phytoestrogens on breast cancer may differ according to the hormonal environment. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between serum phytoestrogens and odds of breast cancer among Chinese pre- and postmenopausal women. Methods A total of 792 cases and 813 age-matched controls were included. Serum isoflavone (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, and formononetin) and lignan (enterodiol and enterolactone) concentrations were measured using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Results Significant inverse associations were found between serum total soy isoflavone precursors, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, total lignans, enterodiol, enterolactone, and the odds of breast cancer in premenopausal but not postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest versus the lowest serum concentration groups were 0.60 (0.41-0.87) for total soy isoflavones precursors, 0.64 (0.44-0.93) for daidzein, 0.62 (0.43-0.90) for genistein, 0.49 (0.35-0.68) for formononetin, 0.38 (0.25-0.57) for total lignans, 0.49 (0.33-0.73) for enterodiol, and 0.49 (0.33-0.74) for enterolactone. However, the interaction between serum phytoestrogens and menopausal status on odds of breast cancer was statistically significant only for daidzein. No significant association was found between serum equol or gycitein and the odds of breast cancer among either pre- or postmenopausal women. Conclusions Higher levels of certain serum isoflavones and lignans were associated with reduced odds of breast cancer in premenopausal women, but the interaction was statistically significant only for daidzein.

We investigate the mean-field energy spectrum and dynamics in a Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well potential with non-Hermiticity from the nonreciprocal hopping, and show that the interplay of nonreciprocity and nonlinearity leads to exotic properties. Under the two-mode and mean-field approximations, the nonreciprocal generalization of the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation and Bloch equations of motion for this system are obtained. We analyze the PT phase diagram and the dynamical stability of fixed points. The reentrance of PT-symmetric phase and the reformation of stable fixed points with increasing the nonreciprocity parameter are found. Besides, we uncover a linear self-trapping effect induced by the nonreciprocity. In the nonlinear case, the self-trapping oscillation is enhanced by the nonreciprocity and then collapses in the PT-broken phase, and can finally be recovered in the reentrant PT-symmetric phase., Comment: accepted by Frontiers of Physics

The aim of this population-based case-control study was to investigate the association between dietary consumption of the total flavonoids, subclasses, and specific flavonoids and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) among adults in a high-risk area of China.We recruited 820 ESCC participants and 863 control participants from Yanting County. Dietary flavonoids were assessed using a validated 76-item food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression after considering potential confounders.Comparing the highest and lowest intake quartiles, we observed a negative association of ESCC risk with consumption of isoflavones (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.23-0.50, P for trend0.001), daidzein (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.21-0.45, P for trend0.001), genistein (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.23-0.50, P for trend0.001), and glycitein (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.22-0.48, P for trend0.001) after adjustment for potential confounders. A more pronounced negative association was observed when comparing the third quartile, rather than the fourth, with the lowest quartile for consumption of anthocyanidins (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42-0.80, P for trend = 0.004), delphinidin (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.41-0.78, P for trend = 0.004), and cyanidin (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.35-0.66, P for trend = 0.003) after considering potential confounders. Consumption of total flavonoids, flavones, flavonols, and six other specific flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, and peonidin) was not associated with ESCC risk.The results suggest that increased dietary intake of isoflavones and moderate consumption of anthocyanidins were associated with a decreased risk of ESCC. Future nutritional guidelines may emphasize foods or supplements rich in specific isoflavones and anthocyanidins for ESCC chemoprevention.

Polyamines (including putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are small, cationic molecules that are necessary for cell proliferation and differentiation. Few studies have examined the association of dietary polyamines intake with colorectal cancer risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate total polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine intake in relation to colorectal cancer risk in China. In total, 2502 colorectal cancer cases and 2538 age-(5-year interval) and sex-matched controls were recruited from July 2010 to April 2019. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by multivariable unconditional logistic regression after adjustment for various potential confounding factors. Higher intake of total polyamine, putrescine and spermidine was significantly associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer. The adjusted ORs for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of intake were 0.60 (95% CI 0.50, 0.72, Ptrend &lt, 0.001) for total polyamines, 0.35 (95% CI 0.29, 0.43, 0.001) for putrescine and 0.79 (95% CI 0.66, 0.95, Ptrend = 0.001) for spermidine, respectively. However, higher intake of spermine was associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer, with an adjusted OR of 1.58 (95% CI 1.29, 1.93, 0.001). This data indicate that higher intake of total polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, as well as lower intake of spermine, is associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer.