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Germinated pigeon pea seeds (GPPSs) are good dietary supplements with satisfactory nutritional and medicinal values. In this study, UV-B treatment was used to promote the accumulation of health-promoting phenolic compounds (10 flavonoids and 1 stilbene) in GPPS. The total yield of 11 phenolic compounds (235 839.76 ± 17 118.24 ng/g DW) significantly improved (2.53-fold increase) in GPPSs exposed to UV-B radiation (3 W/m

Comparative analysis of herbivory responsive miRNAs between pod borer susceptible C. cajan and its resistant Crop Wild Relative (CWR) C. scarabaeoides revealed miRNA-based regulation of defense genes and plant-insect interactions. Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is one of most devastating pests of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) worldwide, responsible for huge losses in crop productivity. The lack of genes conferring resistance to pod borer in pigeon pea has proven to be a bottleneck for its improvement. One of its CWR, C. scarabaeoides has demonstrated resistance to this pest and can be exploited for developing pest resistant crop varieties. Differences in expression patterns of herbivory responsive microRNAs in the susceptible C. cajan and resistant C. scarabaeoides after different time duration of pod borer infestation (2 h, 8 h and 18 h) were identified, characterized and functionally validated to understand their role in insect defense response. A total of 462 conserved and 449 novel miRNAs and 273 conserved and 185 novel miRNAs, were identified in C. cajan and C. scarabaeoides, respectively. Among the identified miRNAs, 65, 68 and 65 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressing between the C. scarabaeoides and C. cajan libraries 2 h, 8 h and 18 h post infestation, respectively. These miRNAs were found to target genes involved in a number of pathways contributing to defense and acquired resistance in C. scarabaeoides against pod borer, indicating miRNA-based regulation of defense pathways. Expression patterns of eight of these miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. This study provides novel insights into the miRNA-mediated plant-insect interactions and the mechanisms of regulatory pathways involved in insect defense. These findings can be utilized for further exploring the mechanism of herbivore defense in plant systems.

The most crucial yield constraint of pigeon pea is susceptibility to the pod borer Helicoverpa armigera, which causes extensive damage and severe economic losses every year. The Agrobacterium-mediated plumular meristem transformation technique was applied for the development of cry1Ac transgenic pigeon pea. Bioactivity of the cry1Ac gene was compared based on integration and expression driven by two promoters, the constitutive CaMV35S promoter and the green-tissue-specific ats1A promoter, in those transgenic events. The transgenic events also contained the selectable marker gene nptII flanked by loxP sites. Independent transgenic events expressing the Cre recombinase gene along with a linked bar selection marker were also developed. Integration and expression patterns of both cry1Ac and cre were confirmed through Southern and western blot analysis of T

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) is a photoperiod-sensitive short-day plant. Understanding the flowering-related genes is critical to developing photoperiod insensitive cultivars. The CCT family genes were identified using ‘CCT DOMAIN PROTEIN’ as a keyword and localized on the chromosomes using the BLAST search option available at the LIS database. The centromeric positions were identified through BLAST search using the centromeric repeat sequence of C. cajan as a query against the chromosome-wise FASTA files downloaded from the NCBI database. The CCT family genes were classified based on additional domains and/or CCT domains. The orthologous and phylogenetic relationships were inferred using the OrthoFinder and MEGA 10.1 software, respectively. The CCT family genes′ expression level in photoperiod-sensitive and insensitive genotypes was compared using RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis. We identified 33 CCT family genes in C. cajan distributed on ten chromosomes and nine genomic scaffolds. They were classified into CMF-type, COL-type, PRR-type, and GTCC- type. The CCT family genes of legumes exhibited an extensive orthologous relationship. Glycine max showed the maximum similarity of CCT family genes with C. cajan. The expression analysis of CCT family genes using photoperiod insensitive (ICP20338) and photoperiod sensitive (MAL3) genotypes of C. cajan demonstrated that CcCCT4 and CcCCT23 are the active CONSTANS in ICP20338. In contrast, only CcCCT23 is active in MAL3. The CCT family genes in C. cajan vary considerably in structure and domain types. They are maximally similar to soybean’s CCT family genes. The differential photoperiod response of pigeonpea genotypes, ICP20338 and MAL3, is possibly due to the difference in the number and types of active CONSTANS in them.

Flavonoids are important metabolites of pigeon pea in relation to its stress resistance. However, the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids in pigeon pea remain unclear. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a signaling molecule associated with biosynthesis of flavonoids. In this study, after exogenous treatment of 10 mg/L MeJA, infection of pathogenic fungi to pigeon pea was alleviated and the content of flavonoids was increased. Results of gene expression and metabolic changes that were respectively analyzed by transcriptome sequencing and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that (1) concentrations of various flavonoids, such as genistein, apigenin, vitexin and biochanin A were significantly up-regulated; (2) 13675 differentially expressed genes were produced, mainly enriched in signal transduction and isoflavone biosynthesis pathways: (3) the expression levels of key synthase genes (CcI2′H, CcHIDH, Cc7-IOMT) in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated; (4) Overexpression of CcbHLH35 significantly induced upregulation of flavonoid synthase genes and accumulation of genistein, vitexin and apigenin. Our findings reveals the pivotal roles of MeJA in synthesis and functioning of flavonoids in pigeon pea, which provide a basis for further studies on flavonoid-mediated defense responses.

The availability of non-synthetic media from natural ingredients is needed to answer the needs in laboratories where the price of nutrient media is quite expensive and there are limited supplies of material ware houses. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) are the local foods of people of NTT (East Nusa Tenggara) which have a high enough nutritional content which has the potential to be developed into cheap, easy and simple non-synthetic media in making. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the agar media contained nutrient from cowpea and pigeonpea water can be used as a alternative for nutrient agar for the growth of Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research is a true experiment with posttest-only control design. The growth rate of S. aureus bacteria on pigeonpea medium, cowpea medium, nutrient agar medium, were 164 CFU/mL (SD=3,13), 161 CFU/mL (SD=3,02) and 164 CFU/mL (SD=3,21), respectively. The average growth of E. coli on cowpea medium, pigeonpea medium, and nutrient agar control medium were 163 CFU/mL (SD=2,79), 167 CFU/mL (SD-2,63) and 164 CFU/mL (SD=2,75) respectively. Test results ANOVA between pigeonpea medium, cowpea medium and nutrient medium in order to obtain p value = 0.145 (p> 0.05) for the growth of E. coli bacteria and p value = 0.393 (p> 0.05) for growth S. aureus. It was concluded that there was no difference between the number of bacterial colonies of E. coli and S. aureus on three medium. The pigeonpea medium and cowpea can be used to grow and alternative nutrient agar in order to grow bacteria E. coli and S. aureus.

A narrow genetic base in cultivated pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L] Millsp.) limits the host plant resistance (HPR) to the devastating pest Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Earlier research on pod borer resistance in wild Cajanus relatives has mainly explored the tertiary genepool, making breeding for resistance difficult due to linkage drag. Previous investigations of a wide range of Australian native germplasm from the secondary and tertiary gene pools revealed resistance in the secondary gene pool, associated with total phenolic content (TPC). This study reports the application of the extreme phenotype genome-wide association (XP-GWAS) to associate SNPs with resistance traits. A total of 16,489 and 16,227 non-synonymous SNPs were identified for the resistance and TPC traits, respectively, by mapping reads from 19 accessions, including 12 wild accessions, to a reference pigeonpea genome sequence. These SNPs were subjected to functional analysis, and KEGG pathway analysis revealed the presence of candidate genes coding for the crucial enzymes in five defence related pathways that could be contributing to resistance. These pathways involve “Jasmonic acid synthesis” (Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2), “insect hormone biosynthesis” (aldehyde dehydrogenase) “Steroid biosynthesis” (squalene monooxygenase, farnesyl transferase, and lanosterol synthase), “Cutin, suberine and wax synthesis” (O-acyltransferase), and “Brassinosteroid biosynthesis” (Det2). Analysis of SNPs associated with the TPC trait led to the identification of a divergent pathway of “secondary metabolite synthesis (“flavonoid 3′ hydroxylase, L- rhamnosyltransferase) in wild Cajanus species consistent with a high concentration of isoorientin and the possible presence of its derivative maysin; a strong insecticidal compound in leaves.

A field investigation was conducted during two consecutive kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the effect of tillage, nutrient levels and foliar sprays on yield and nutrient uptake of redgram on sandy loam soil which was low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and available potassium. The research was conducted in a split-split plot design, consisting of three tillage practices in main plots, three nutrient levels in sub-plots and three foliar sprays in sub-sub plots. Higher seed yield and nutrient uptake of redgram was recorded with vertical tillage with subsoiler upto 60 cm deep at 1 m interval with application of 125 % RDF and with foliar application of KNO3 1 % twice with 15 days interval at 50 per cent flowering stage.

Gude nuts are known as wooden nuts on Kisar Island, which is an area that uses wood nuts as food. This study aims to determine the viscosity value and organoleptic test of pigeon pea sauce based on the weight of the beans. This research was conducted in February - March 2021 at the Laboratory of the Biology Education Study Program, FKIP, Pattimura University, Ambon and a viscosity test at the Ambon Industrial Standardization and Research Institute (Baristand) using an experimental research type and the research design used was a completely randomized design ( RAL), using 3 treatments, namely the weight of pigeon pea 150 g, 300 g and 450 g and using 2 replications to obtain 6 samples. This study showed that the weight of pigeon pea had an effect on the viscosity and organoleptic of soy sauce. From the viscosity analysis, the highest viscosity was obtained, namely 608.065 cp with a weight of 450 g pigeon pea, while for pigeon pea 300 g 411.065 cp and 150 g gude beans at 141 cp and organoleptic test obtained the average value of the texture of soy sauce on the treatment of pigeon pea and soy sauce 450 g pigeon pea 300 g with an average value of 4 (very thick) and peanut gude 150 g with an average value of 3 (thick). In the flavor of pigeon pea sauce 300 g and 150 g have an average value of 3 (fragrant), while for the treatment of 450 g peanuts is 4 (very fragrant). The color of the soy sauce in the pigeon pea sauce treatment was 450 g and 300 g with an average value of 4 (very black), and the 150 g peanut sauce treatment was 3 (black). In the treatment of 450 g of pigeon pea sauce and 300 g of pigeon pea sauce, the average value was 3 (sweet). For 150 g of pigeon pea soy sauce, on average the panelists gave a score of 2 (less sweet). There is an influence on the viscosity because the weight of the nuts used is different. while the organoleptic test showed a thick, fragrant, less sweet, and sweet taste.

Livestock production by smallholder farmers in southern Africa is often constrained by insufficient fodder during the dry season. The aim of this study was to determine if inclusion of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) hedgerows in Megathyrsus maximus ‘Gatton’ pastures could improve fodder production and nutritional yields, and to investigate effects of hedgerow cutting height on fodder production (including both browse and herbage). Treatments included three simulated silvopastoral systems with M. maximus planted between hedgerows, and one treatment that was M. maximus pasture alone. Hedgerows were cut at 60 or 90 cm above ground, or were uncut. Over the first two growing seasons, browse and grass fodder was harvested, dried and weighed four times. A portion of the fodder (comprising browse and herbage) was conserved in the second year and samples analysed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents (%) and CP, phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) yields (kg ha−1). Hedgerows decreased cumulative grass biomass by 18.5%, but increased 1.22-fold the cumulative total fodder biomass when hedgerows were cut to 90 cm, compared to no hedgerows. Hedgerows had no effect on conserved grass herbage biomass (2.7 Mg ha−1 on average), but doubled biomass of conserved total fodder (5.0 Mg ha−1 on average) if hedgerows were cut. Cutting hedgerows increased CP, P and Zn yields, and increased CP and ADF contents, compared to not cutting them or not including them, while NDF was unaffected. Cutting hedgerows to 90 cm increased total browse production, compared to cutting to 60 cm. Pigeon pea seed biomass was unaffected by hedgerow cutting height (870 kg ha−1 on average). In conclusion, pigeon pea hedgerows included into grass pastures increase the quantity and quality of total fodder for livestock feed supplementation during the dry season.

Pigeonpea wilt disease caused by Fusarium udum is one of the most devastating soil borne disease. The objective of this investigation was to determine the antifungal activities of fungicides which can be used to control wilt disease of pigeonpea. Among all the fungicides Azoxystrobin+Tebuconazole, Carbendazim, Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin, Hexaconazole, Tebuconazole exhibited 100% inhibition at all the concentrations, followed by Azoxystrobin+ Difenconazole which exhibited 92.22%, 94.4%, 94.4% and 100% inhibition at 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively.

The chemical composition and the effects of four local species of beans on the liver and kidney function of Wistar albino rats were examined. The four beans species are Cajanus Cajan, Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis, Phaseolus vulgaris L ‘Red kidney’, and Phaseolus vulgaris 'Black turtle’. The results obtained for the proximate composition analysis revealed that the protein content of the bean species was higher in P. vulgaris L ‘Red kidney’ (18.54±0.01a %), and P. vulgaris 'Black turtle’ (18.36±0.01a %) with no significant difference at P< 0.05. The phytochemical composition analysis revealed that the beans contain various phytochemicals including some anti-nutritional factors. The mineral composition analysis shows that V. u. subsp. Sesquipedalis had a higher level of minerals (4.80±4.43a mg/100g) followed by C. cajan (3.24±2.64b mg/100g). The experimental design comprises of 30 male Wistar albino rats distributed into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Each group except the control received 50g of normal rat feed + 100g of beans body weight. The effects of the beans species on the biochemical parameters suggest no adverse effects when compared to the control. Despite that, these beans contain high nutritional components that are of nutritional interest as as well as some anti-nutritional factors.

When lipids are exposed to heat, light and oxygen, it leads to oxidation. The addition of antioxidants is required to preserve colour, flavour and vitamin destruction. Present study was, therefore, planned to investigate pod coat of pigeon pea as possible sources of natural antioxidants and to assess their efficacy in stabilization of crude soybean oil during normal storage (28 days at 50°C). Study revealed that acetone pod coat extract of pigeon pea showed richness in total phenolics (17.72 mg/g), flavonoids (9.00 mg/g) and tannins (2.21 mg/g) while the extract of ethyl acetate was found enriched in tocopherols content (9.56 mg/g). The IC50 value of acetone extract was found to be lowest, exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) methods. After adding synthetic and natural antioxidants in oil, Peroxide, p-Anisidine, Thiobarbituric acid value, Conjugated dienes, trienes and free fatty acids content were measured every 4 days. Acetone pod coat extract (2000ppm) of pigeon pea gave strong antioxidant efficacy in stabilization of crude soybean oil and hence could be recommended as natural antioxidants for food applications.The research explored the possibility of using pod coat of pigeon pea as imminent sources of green antioxidants and to evaluate their efficacy in stabilization of crude soybean oil.

Background: Cajanus cajan is a legume of the plant family Fabaceae. Another name of this plant is the red gram, gungo pea, and no-eye pea. It is a multifaceted plant as it is widely often consumed as a dal. It contains wealthy proteins. The whole plant parts are utilized for silkworms as a vegetable; tops, green leaf, and husk are utilized as feed. Objective: The objective of the analysis was to determine the anti-anxiety effect of varied extracts viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM (Elevated plus maze) as well as actophotometer model in albino mice. Methods: In the present research, the anti-anxiety activities of several extracts were evaluated viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, & methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM model in albino mice. Albino mice have ministered with varied extract dosages orally (for example, 200 & 400 mg/kg) and behaviour on the EPM has been seen. The standard usage of Diazepam (2 mg/kg P.O.) (positive control). Results: Results indicate that the methanolic extract of C. cajan manifested a significant as well as maximum dose-dependent impact at 200 & 400 mg/kg on mice with the help of the EPM model and the results were exactly like diazepam (2 mg/kg), the standard antianxiety substance. The model actophotometer exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in locomotor activity compared to control animals, which is shown at two distinct dosages (200 & 400 mg/kg) of Cajanus cajan. Conclusion: The content of polyphenols was shown in the phytochemical test for methanol extract, which could be liable for the anxiolytic potential of Cajanus cajan. This plant might thus also be cultivated as a potentially beneficial anti-anxiety substance.

BackgroundVegetable pigeonpea is an important food security crop in the marginal dry areas of the Eastern region of Kenya. The adaptation and stability of vegetable pigeonpea genotypes across different agro-ecological zones in Kenya are not adequately determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield stability and adaptability of genotypes: KAT 60/8, MZ 2/9, ICEAP 00554, ICEAP 00557 and KIONZA based on additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and Genotype plus genotype by environment (GGE biplot) analysis.MethodsEvaluation of vegetable pigeonpea Genotypes was conducted at Kiboko, Katumani and Kambi ya Mawe research stations located in Eastern region and University of Nairobi Field station in central region of Kenya. The genotypes were planted in a Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD), replicated three times at all sites. Rainfall at Kiboko and Kabete were supplemented with irrigation, using sprinklers, for a total of 38 times, providing 832 mm of water. The crop was protected from pests by the application of broad-spectrum, non-systemic, pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin and dimethoate, after field scouting. All other agronomic and cultural practices were done as recommended for each location.ResultsCombined analysis of variance (ANOVA) at six environments revealed highly significant (P 0.01) variations in G × E interactions for yield (Kg/ha), 100 Seed mass (g/100 seed), days to flower and maturity (P ConclusionKIONZA should be used as a reference genotype, while Kambi ya Mawe would be the most ideal location for testing the vegetable pigeonpea genotypes in breeding research. Increased deployment of stable pigeon pea cultivars, MZ 2/9 and KAT 60/8 would enhance food security in the dry areas of Eastern regions of Kenya. These genotypes need to be promoted with farmers for wider adoption in the Eastern region of Kenya.

Snack bar is a snack that is consumed between meals. Snack bars are usually made from nuts, cereals, and dried fruit. Snack bars are made to meet nutritional intake and overcome hunger amid busy activities. Snack bar products made from local raw materials need to be developed considering the many sources of food that have functional benefits. Samples were tested for carbohydrate, protein, fat, moisture content, and ash content. The results obtained were then statistically analyzed using a completely randomized design analysis. The study used 7 treatments and 3 replications so that the researcher had 21 experimental units. The comparison treatment of gude bean flour with red beans and kratok beans on snack bar products has a carbohydrate content of 41.826 – 45.310%, protein 13,234 – 33,869%, fat 10.046 – 10.796%, ash content 0.704 – 1.343%, and water content 6.344 – 6.819%.

This study evaluated the effect of cutting regime on biomass yield and nutrient composition of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) fodder in the Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecological Zone of Ghana. Three cutting regimes (12, 16 and 20 Week After Planting [WAP]) in RCBD were imposed on Cajanus cajan at both initial establishment and regrowth. At each harvest, biomass yield was estimated after which samples of the fodder were separated into leaf and stem botanical fractions for chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Cutting regime significantly affected plant height, number of branches and stem diameter in both the initial establishment and regrowth. Biomass yield was significantly affected by cutting regime in the initial establishment but not the regrowth. The biomass yield was highest in the harvest at 20WAP (6515kgDM/ha) while 12WAP (3175 kg/ha) recorded the lowest biomass yield in the initial establishment. All chemical composition parameters were significantly affected by cutting regime and botanical fractions except hemicellulose in the initial establishment. Cutting regime also significantly affected DM, CP and ash concentrations in the regrowth with botanical fraction significantly (P

The ecological restoration of coal gangue can be achieved by planting Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) because of its developed root system. The close relationships soil microorganisms have with plants are crucial for improving soil composition; the soil composition affects nutrient absorption. The microbial composition and function of soil planted with C. cajan in reclaimed land were compared with soil that was not planted with C. cajan (the control). Results showed that the dominant microflora in the soil significantly changed after planting C. cajan. Before planting, the dominant microflora included members of the phyla Sulfobacteria and Acidobacteria. After planting, the dominant microflora contained bacteria from phyla and classes that included Actinobacteria, Acidimicubia, Thermoleophilia, and Anaerolineae. Additionally, there were significant differences in the bacterial composition of each layer in soils planted with C. cajan. Principal component analysis revealed that the interpretation degrees of the results for PC2 and PC3 axes were 10.46% and 3.87%, respectively. The dominant microflora were Vicinamibacterales, Nocardioides, and Arthrobacter in the surface soil; Actinophytocola and Sphingomonas in the deep soil; and Sulfobacillus and Acidimicrobium in the mixed-layer soil. Function prediction analysis using the bioinformatics software package PICRUSt revealed that the abundance of operational taxonomic units corresponding to sigma 54-specific transcriptional regulators, serine threonine protein kinase, and histidine kinase increased by 111.2%, 56.8%, and 47.4%, respectively, after planting C. cajan. This study provides a reference for interactions among microorganisms in reclaimed soils for guiding the development and restoration of waste coal gangue hills.

A pair of new lignan conformers (1-2), one new flavonoid glycoside (3), as well as nineteen known compounds were purified from the twigs and leaves of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.. The planar structures of the unknown compounds were determined via NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry, while their absolute configurations were elucidated via comparison between their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) values. All the isolated compounds were assayed for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The results demonstrated that compounds 8-12, 15-16, 18-19, 21-22 had strong inhibition activities, with compound 10 (IC

The genus

The mitotic index of the roots of pigeon pea can be the basis for determining the growth of pigeon pea. The purpose of this research was to determine the time of root cell division, to observe the mitotic phases, and to determine the mitotic index of pigeon pea root cells. The preparation of the pigeon pea was carried out for 4 days to grow the roots. The roots were cut off at 08.00, 08.15, and 08.30 WIT (Eastern Indonesian Time). The roots were cut 0.5-1cm. Carnoy’s solution was used as the fixative solution using the Squash technique. The prepared roots were then observed using an Olympus cx-22 microscope and an OptiLab camera with a magnification of 100x40. The data were descriptively analyzed to describe the images of mitotic phases and the mitotic index presentation in the root cells of pigeon pea. The results of this research showed that the cell division of the pigeon pea roots began at 08.00 WIT, which was marked by the presence of a lot of prophase. The next phases that appeared were prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase which occurred from 08.15 to 08.30 with different numbers. The highest mitotic index occurred at 08.15, when most of the root cells underwent metaphase. This study succeeded in revealing that the optimum time for pigeon pea root cell division is 08.15 WIT. In the future, this research can help pigeon pea farmers in Southwest of Maluku to carry out vegetative reproduction which is closely related to this mitotic study.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is a leguminous crop rich in protein and widely cultivated in Nigeria but underutilized due to high anti-nutritional properties. Several processing methods such as fermentation using non-pathogenic micro fungi have been used to address these problems. This study evaluated the effect of fermentation on the functional and proximate properties of pigeon pea using Rhizopus species. The following ranges of values were obtained for bulk density, water absorption, oil absorption and swelling capacities (0.74-0.98g/ml; 71.67-189.00%; 120.00-205.00%; 6.81-10.93g/ml), respectively. Values of proximate composition were in ranges of 6.67-7.87, 16.09-22.09, 2.83-4.00, 0.84-1.23,1.33- 2.00 and 65.47- 71.35% for moisture, protein, ash, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents, respectively. Improvement in functional and proximate properties of fermented pigeon pea flour were observed. Hence, it can also serve as functional and supplement ingredients in different food formulations.

The latest soil management scenario is occupied by destructive chemical fertilizers, which is a serious risk to both human health as well as to the environment. Advantageous microbes present in soil are used as a biofertilizers for a promising role in sustainable agriculture. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is a primitive protein rich leguminous pulse in India. Thirty-five isolates from rhizospheric soil samples were collected from twelve different locations of Punjab (India). Morphological and biochemical characterization for selection of potential plant growth promoting traits with antifungal properties was undertaken. Most of the inoculated seeds with rhizoisolates evolved a significant increase in growth parameters of pigeon pea as compared to uninoculated seeds, both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Plant growth promoting rhizobacterias (PGPRs) are environmentally safe as they lead to increased production and resistance against diseases of crops.

This study evaluated the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of two varieties of pigeon pea in broiler chicks. The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between May and July, 2019. Two hundred and forty (240) one-day old Abor Acre plus-strain broiler chicks were fed a commercial broiler starter diet for 15 days. On day 16, the birds were weighed, tagged and randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (Diet 1: Nitrogen Free Diet (NFD); Diet 2: Highly Digestible Protein (HDP); Diet 3: Red Pigeon Pea (RPP), Diet 4: White Pigeon Pea (WPP) with 6 replicates and 10 birds each in a randomized complete block design. On day 21, birds were sacrificed and digesta collected from terminal ileum. The Endogenous Amino Acid Losses (EAAL), Apparent Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility (AIAAD), Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility (SIAAD) were estimated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P = .05. Higher EAA flow (P < .001) was recorded in lysine and aspartic acid for NFD while endogenous alanine flow was higher in HDP. Arginine had the lowest apparent digestibility values for both WPP and RPP. Apparent digestibility values of histidine, phenylalanine, valine, aspartic acid, glycine, proline and serine in WPP were significantly (P = .05) higher than in RPP with their corresponding higher (P = .05) SID values. Arginine had the lowest SIAAD value when AIAAD was corrected with HDP or NFD. In conclusion, WPP had higher CP level as well as higher digestibility values for some amino acids than RPP. The method used for standardization did not affect SIAAD values corrected with NFD or HDP for WPP and RPP respectively. Therefore, either of the two methods can be used to correct for endogenous amino acid losses.

As part of the ongoing revision of Rhynchosia Lour. lectotype of Rhynchosia suaveolens and its basionym viz. Glycine suaveolens is designated. Another two heterotypic synonym Hedysarum venosum and Cajanus suaveolens are also lectotypified.

A most widely used organoarsenical compound known as Roxarsone is used as chicken feed additive which consists of both arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) including many other forms of arsenic. The present study highlighted a comprehensive evaluation of chicken litter with respect to the leaching of arsenic under a different pH, contamination of agricultural soil, and accumulation of arsenic in different parts of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Study results revealed that arsenic leaching from chicken litter is highly pH dependent and alkaline pH is a favourable condition for leaching of arsenic from litter. Depthwise arsenic distribution results indicate litter-mediated arsenic distributed in different layers through leaching process. Moreover, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the uptake, translocation and distribution of total arsenic in Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) using different doses of poultry litter. Pot experiment results revealed that maximum arsenic is accumulated in the shoot than root and leaf (p

BACKGROUND The gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an economically important pest of pigeonpea crop in India. Fixed plot surveys for H. armigera larvae were carried out at 28 pigeonpea fields located in the Southern Plateau and Hills agro-climatic zone of India for three crop seasons (nine sampling weeks per season). The spatiotemporal dynamics of H. armigera larvae in the experimental area (=Hanamkonda) was analysed using geostatistics tools, namely a variogram and Voronoi diagram, and H. armigera larval distribution patterns were further characterized and mapped. RESULTS A significant difference in H. armigera larval incidence was noticed between sampling weeks, with greater larval incidence observed between 26 November and 2 December. Pod formation phenophase (Meteorological Standard Week 44) of pigeonpea favoured the initial H. armigera larval incidence. Variogram analysis revealed moderate to strong larval aggregation (spatial dependence) of H. armigera in all nine sampling weeks. Based on the range value of the variogram, the average aggregation distance of H. armigera larvae in pigeonpea was estimated to be 2425.48 m. Voronoi diagrams illustrated the spatial heterogeneity of H. armigera larva between sampling weeks, which can be linked to availability of food sources. CONCLUSION This study witnessed intrapopulation variability in H. armigera larvae associated with geographical space and temporal patterns. Based on our findings, a sampling distance of 2425.48 m may be used in larger pigeonpea fields (experimental area) to reduce scouting fatigue. The interpolated maps generated in this study may be of value in developing effective H. armigera larva monitoring and management tools in pigeonpea crop.

This study was aimed to investigate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of elicited pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) sprouts prepared using various Na-alginate concentrations at different elicitation durations. The germination power and yield of the sprouts were also examined. Elicitation proved capable to improve the antioxidant capacity of legumes sprouts but the yield and germination rates were decreased due to the elicitation stress. In this study, elicitation conducted by immersing pigeon pea seeds in Na -alginate solutions (250, 300, and 350 ppm) for various duration (16, 20, and 24 hrs). The seeds were then germinated for 48 hrs to produce Na-alginate elicited pigeon pea sprouts. The results showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) of elicited pigeon pea sprouts were significantly increased along with the increasing elicitation duration in all Na-alginate levels. The higher Na-alginate levels produce a higher level of TPC, TEAC, and FRAP values. On the other hand, germination power and the yield of the sprouts were significantly decreased along with increasing Na-alginate levels and elicitation duration. Elicitation using 350 ppm Na-alginate with an elicitation duration of 24 hrs produces elicited pigeon pea sprouts with the highest TPC and antioxidant activity, but lowest germination power and yield. These results have an important consequence in developing an elicitation technique to improve the antioxidant capacity of leguminous.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that negatively impacts plant health and soil microbiota. ACC (1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid) deaminase producing microorganisms act as natural stress busters that protect plants from different kinds of stresses. The study focused on the isolation of potent, indigenous, multi-trait ACC deaminase producers. The shortlisted ACC deaminase producers were checked for their ability to promote growth of Cajanus cajan, and mitigate stress under laboratory conditions followed by validation of their potency in naturally saline field conditions. Physiological stress markers were assessed to evaluate the impact of salinity in plants treated with ACC deaminase producer, compared to controls. Further, the contribution of ACC deaminase in stress mitigation was demonstrated by using a chemical inhibitor for ethylene biosynthesis. This study presents a polyphasic approach, transitioning from the rhizospheric soil to the laboratory to validation in the field, and puts forth a promising eco-friendly alternative for sustainable agriculture.