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Background: Fusarium wilt (FW) and sterility mosaic disease (SMD) are two important biotic constraints to pigeonpea production worldwide that can cause loss up to 100 per cent. Host plant resistance is the most durable and economical way to manage these diseases. Methods: Thirty five pigeonpea genotypes comprises [mid early, mid late, dual and hybrid (mid early) group] were evaluated in a fusarium wilt and sterility-mosaic disease-screening nursery at three location viz., Sardarkrushinagar, Bharuch and Vadodara in Gujarat during kharif season 2015-16, to identify genotypes having resistance to both the diseases. Result: Five genotypes identified in each group of pigeonpea viz; mid early (SKNP1303, SKNP 1021, SKNP 0805, SKNP 0920, SKNP 1004), mid late (SKNP 1233, SKNP 10-34, AAUVT 07-10, AAUVT 09-24, GJP1207) and dual (SKNP-1119, BP 06-33, BP 08-06, BP 10-03, BP 10-04) and in hybrid (mid early) group only one hybrid i.e. SKNPCH 1211 were found combined resistance to Fusarium wilt and SMD (< 10% disease). These diverse genotypes that are resistant to Fusarium wilt and SMD may be useful in pigeonpea disease resistance breeding programme while hybrid identified as resistance to both the diseases may be recommended for commercial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical pastures intercropped with legumes have been gaining prominence for increasing the efficiency of livestock production systems when compared to pasture monocultures. Here, our objective was to understand the fermentation processes that tropical grass and legumes underwent when included in ruminant diets, which have previously been found to optimize animal performance while reducing the intensity of enteric CH4 emissions. For this purpose, three areas containing pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and Urochloa spp. were sampled. Samples were dried, grounded, chemically analyzed, and included in five proportions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of pigeon pea in the diet. The diets were then analyzed using an in vitro fermentation technique. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software, considering bottles as replicates, and our results suggest that a 25% inclusion of pigeon pea is optimal for balancing CH4 mitigation and fermentation efficiency, highlighting the importance of more studies with this legume due to its benefits, especially as a supplement during drought periods that impact the production and quality of tropical pastures. It is important to consider that pigeon pea's secondary compounds may have positively modulated the fermentation process and reduced CH4 emissions. However, excessive legume inclusion can negatively affect digestibility and animal health, impairing animal performance and the sustainability of pasture-based production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen local goats (9.3 kg bodyweight) were assigned to different groups based on a 21-day com-pletely randomized design and fed with Cajanus cajan forage. The objectives of the study were to eval-uate digestibility, ruminal fermentation and estimation of methane production of C. cajan forage as a concentrate substitute in goats. Four treatments were used in the feeding trial: T0CC = 100% concen-trate; T25CC = 75% concentrate + 25% C. cajan forage; T75CC = 25% concentrate + 75% C. cajan forage; and T100CC = 100% C. cajan forage. Ruminal fluid was collected during the last week of the experiment after feeding and used to determine pH, ammonia, partial VFA, and methane gas produc-tion. Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and total body weight gain were not significantly differ-ent (P>0.05) between goats fed with T0CC and T25CC. The addition of C. cajan forage to the diet did not significantly (P>0.05) affect pH, ammonia content, and total VFA but influenced acetate, propio-nate, butyrate, AP, and estimated CH4 produced. Hence, C. cajan forage may replace 25% of concen-trates in a rice straw-based diet for goats.

Organic maize (Zea mays L.) production is particularly challenged by weeds competition. Therefore, weed management in organic systems demands an integrated approach, considering not only techniques, but also the design and occupation of agroecosystems in space and time. This work aims to evaluate the initial effects of maize-legume intercropping with different arrangement of species of legume on weeds community in an organic system. Treatments consisted of maize intercropped with: Crotalaria spectabilis Rhot. (Showy rattlebox); Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Pigeon pea); Crotalaria spectabilis + Cajanus cajan and one control, consisting of maize monocropping. Weed abundance data for each treatment and phenological stage of maize (14 and 18 BBCH scale) in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons were used to calculate the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H) and the Pielou index (J). Data was also analyzed by principal component analysis (PCoA), along with the Similarity Percentage. The relative importance (RI) of the weed species were determined in 2017/18 between harvests and after the maize harvest in 2018/19. Maize/Crotalaria spectabilis intercrop in the 2017/2018 harvest resulted in less weed diversity and greater similarity to the maize monocrop, indicating a population of specialized weeds, that are highly competitive with maize in the organic system. The relative importance of the major weed species was not influenced by the farming systems over the two growing seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical pastures intercropped with legumes have been gaining prominence for increasing the efficiency of livestock production systems when compared to pasture monocultures. Here, our objective was to understand the fermentation processes that tropical grass and legumes underwent when included in ruminant diets, which have previously been found to optimize animal performance while reducing the intensity of enteric CH4 emissions. For this purpose, three areas containing pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and Urochloa spp. were sampled. Samples were dried, grounded, chemically analyzed, and included in five proportions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of pigeon pea in the diet. The diets were then analyzed using an in vitro fermentation technique. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software, considering bottles as replicates, and our results suggest that a 25% inclusion of pigeon pea is optimal for balancing CH4 mitigation and fermentation efficiency, highlighting the importance of more studies with this legume due to its benefits, especially as a supplement during drought periods that impact the production and quality of tropical pastures. It is important to consider that pigeon pea’s secondary compounds may have positively modulated the fermentation process and reduced CH4 emissions. However, excessive legume inclusion can negatively affect digestibility and animal health, impairing animal performance and the sustainability of pasture-based production systems.

The research deals with the isoflavone genistein production, followed by the β-glucosidase production from Aspergillus oryzae. The Cajanus cajan leaf extract was prepared and the optimized extraction parameters were leaf powder weight (1 g), agitation time (75 min), and temperature (60°C). The optimal conditions for β-glucosidase production by submerged fermentation were 0.4% (w/v) (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source, 0.05% (w/v) MgSO4 as magnesium source, 2 ml (v/v) size of inoculum, and 60 min incubation time. The Al2O3 nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized by optimal volume of leaf extract (25 ml) and procurement period (50 min) along with Al2NO3 and NaOH. The β-glucosidase immobilization on Al2O3 NCs improved the specific activity from 2.38 ± 0.002 to 5.64 ± 0.07 U·mg−1. The maximum genistein production was achieved with the rate of biotransformation (48 h) and enzyme concentration (1% (v/v)) along with the substrate level. In fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the difference between both β-glucosidases free and Al2O3 immobilized was obtained with peaks at 1,120 and 2,150 cm−1. The X-ray diffraction analysis for the NCs was obtained from 10° to 80° with several intensities. and zeta potential size distribution was recorded at 16.2% of intensity with 206.4 d nm. After immobilization, the stability of the β-glucosidase was increased, thereby increasing its potential in the pharmaceutical, biofuel, food, and beverage industries.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant widely utilized in folk medicine due to its significant pharmacological and nutritional properties. Cajaninstilbene acid (CSA), a stilbene compound derived from pigeon pea leaves, has been extensively investigated since the 1980s. A thorough understanding of CSA's mechanisms of action and its therapeutic effects on various diseases is crucial for developing novel therapeutic approaches. This paper presents an overview of recent research advancements concerning the biological activities and mechanisms of CSA and its derivatives up to February 2024. The review encompasses discussions on the in vivo metabolism of CSA and its derivatives, including antipathogenic micro-organisms activity, anti-tumor activity, systematic and organ protection activity (such as bone protection, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection), anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, immune regulation as well as action mechanism of CSA and its derivatives. The most studied activities are antipathogenic micro-organisms activities. Additionally, the structure–activity relationships of CSA and its derivatives as well as the total synthesis of CSA are explored, highlighting the potential for developing new pharmaceutical agents. This review aims to provide a foundation for future clinical applications of CSA and its derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), a potential legume as an economic source of protein, is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It possesses medicinal properties and acts as a cash crop, benefiting low-income farmers economically. The identification of pigeon peas exhibiting drought tolerance has become crucial in addressing water scarcity issues in the agriculture sector. In addition, exploring the genetic diversity among genotypes is important for conservation, management of genetic resources, and breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of selected pigeon pea genotypes under pot-induced water stress conditions through different field capacities as well as the genetic diversity using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. A significant variation was observed for the physiological traits studied. The accumulation of fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) was significantly reduced in moderate and severe drought stress conditions. The lowest % DW decrease was found in LM (35.39%), KAT (39.43%), and SM (46.98%) than other genotypes at severe drought stress. Analyses of physiological responses including the photosynthetic efficiency (Phi2), the chlorophyll content (SPAD), and the relative water content (RWC) revealed positive and negative correlations with various parameters, reflecting the impact of drought stress on the chlorophyll content. The results revealed that biochemical traits including the total phenolic content, soluble sugars, proline, total protein, total amino acids, and free amino acids were variably and significantly increased under water stress. Antioxidant enzyme activity levels, specifically ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase, varied among the genotypes and in response to severe water stress, offering further insights into adaptive responses. The eight genotypes analysed by use of 20 SCoT markers revealed 206 alleles and an average of 10.3 alleles per locus. Genetic similarity ranged from 0.336 to 0.676, clustering the pigeon pea genotypes into two major groups by the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) explained 43.11% of genetic variation and based on analysis of molecular variance, a high genetic variation (80%) within populations was observed, emphasizing the potential for genetic improvement. Among the eight genotypes studied, LM and KAT were drought tolerant and genetically diverse and therefore could be used as parents for developing drought tolerance in pigeon pea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of arsenic contamination is rising globally, and it has negative impacts on the physiological processes and growth of plants. Metal removal from contaminated soils can be accomplished affordably and effectively with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based microbial management. From this angle, this research evaluated the mitigation of arsenic toxicity using the bacteria isolated from contaminated site, Mettur, Salem district, South India. The newly isolated bacterial strain was screened for plant growth promotion potential and arsenic tolerance such as (100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 800 ppm and 1200 ppm). The metal tolerant rhizobacteria was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Pseudomonas alcaliphila strain PAS1 (GenBank accession number: OQ804624). Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) plants were used in pot culture experiments with varying concentrations of arsenic, (5 ppm, 10 ppm and 25 ppm) both with and without bacterial culture, for a period of 45 days. At the concentration of 25 ppm after the application of PAS1 enhanced the plant growth, protein and carbohydrate by 35.69%, 18.31% respectively. Interestingly, P. alcaliphila strain PAS1 significantly reduced the stress-induced elevated levels of proline, flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant enzyme in pigeon pea plants was 40%, 31.11%, 27.80% and 20.12%, respectively. Consequently, PAS1 may significantly reduce the adverse effects that arsenic causes to plant development in acidic soils, improve plant uptake of nutrients, and increase plant production. The findings of this study reveal that P. alcaliphila PAS1 is intrinsic for phytoremediation by reducing arsenic accumulation in the root and shoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with Economics of underutilized crop production in Akoko North West Local Government Area of Ondo State, using pigeon pea as a case study. Specifically, the study describes the socio-economic characteristics of pigeon pea farmers, estimate the profitability of Pigeon pea production, identify factors that affect the profitability of Pigeon pea production and identify the constraints facing Pigeon pea production in the study area. To achieve these, 120 pigeon pea farmers were selected and interviewed with the use of a well - structured questionnaire. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. This involved purposive selection of ten communities (Arigidi, Okeagbe, Oyin, Ogbagi, Afin, Ese, Irun, Ajowa, Ikaramu and Erusu) out of 18 communities in the study area. The second stage involved snowball sampling of which 12 respondents were selected from each village to make a total of 120 respondents in the study area. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents and constraints facing Pigeon pea production, Budgetary analysis was used to analyze the profitability of Pigeon pea production and Regression analysis was used to analyze the factors that affect the profitability of Pigeon pea production. The results of the estimate of Cost and return revealed that the average pigeon pea production for the last season was 105.4kg and the average price was ₦551.7. The BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) was estimated to be ₦1.6 and this implies that for every one naira invested in pigeon pea farming, the farmer. Will realize ₦1 and 6 kobo. The result of the multiple regression of the factors affecting the output of pigeon Pea indicated that 96.1% of the total variation in the level of pigeon pea output is accounted for by all the explanatory variables in the regression model. The estimated coefficient of labour was negative and significant at 1 percent alpha level and the estimated coefficient of agrochemical, and quantity produce were positive and significant at 1 percent alpha level, indicating that increase in this variable will increase output and profit of pigeon pea of the constraints affecting pigeon pea farming poor road network was ranked the 1st and land problem was ranked 12th. It was recommended that government should provide funds for the Research institutes for the innovations of improved pigeon pea production and hence boost the production of pigeon pea in Nigeria. Also, more studies should be carried out to consider the future outlook of the crop. Inputs like fertilizer, improved seed varieties and farm machineries should readily be available to farmers at affordable rate and on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill.] may have cross- or self-pollination that allows the use of hybrids or improved genotypes by conventional breeding approaches in pigeonpea production. The objectives of this research were to: 1) compare the agronomic performance of a hybrid vs. breeding lines (BLs) developed by pedigree and bulk methods, and 2) determine if there were average and useful heterosis and heterobeltiosis for quantitative traits. The hybrid 13KLAF1 and UPE-1, UPE-2, UPE-3, UPE-4, UPE-5 BLs, their parents (13KPP-264-05 and 'Lázaro'), and one early maturity check 'ICPL 86012' were evaluated in field trials in Isabela and Lajas, PR. Data of plant height, days to flowering and harvest, seed yield, and weight of 100 dry-seeds were noted for all genotypes. There were no significant differences between 13KLAF1 and UPE BLs for plant height in both locations. 'Lázaro' was late maturity in Isabela (157 days) and Lajas (124 days), as expected. The weight of 100 seeds for all genotypes did not reach values more than 18.5 and 16.3 g such as those observed for 13KPP-264-05 in Isabela and Lajas, respectively. The higher seed yields were observed for 13KLAF1 (3112 kg·ha-1), UPE-4 (2970 kg·ha-1), and 'ICPL 86012' (2739 kg·ha-1) in Isabela, whereas 13KLAF1 (1599 kg·ha-1) and 'ICPL 86012' (1450 kg·ha-1) produced the higher yields in Lajas. The 13KLAF1 showed an average heterosis and heterobeltiosis of 87% and 60%, and 78% and 30% for seed yield in Isabela and Lajas, respectively. The useful heterosis was >125% in both locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is one of the important grain legume crops cultivated in the semi-arid tropics, playing a crucial role in the economic well-being of subsistence farmers. India is the major producer of pigeonpea, accounting for over 75% of the world's production. Sterility mosaic disease (SMD), caused by Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) and transmitted by the eriophyid mite (Aceria cajani), is a major constraint to pigeonpea cultivation in the Indian subcontinent, leading to potential yield losses of up to 100%. The recent characterization of another Emaravirus associated with SMD has further complicated the etiology of this challenging viral disease. This review focuses on critical areas, including the current status of the disease, transmission and host-range, rapid phenotyping techniques, as well as available disease management strategies. The review concludes with insights into the future prospects, offering an overview and direction for further research and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel trypsin inhibitor from Cajanus cajan (TIC) fresh leaves was partially purified by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed one band with about 15 kDa with expressive trypsin inhibitor activity by zymography. TIC showed high affinity for trypsin (Ki = 1.617 μM) and was a competitive inhibitor for this serine protease. TIC activity was maintained after 24 h of treatment at 70 °C, after 1 h treatments with different pH values, and β-mercaptoethanol increasing concentrations, and demonstrated expressive structural stability. However, the activity of TIC was affected in the presence of oxidizing agents. In order to study the effect of TIC on secreted serine proteases, as well as on the cell culture growth curve, SK-MEL-28 metastatic human melanoma cell line and CaCo-2 colon adenocarcinoma was grown in supplemented DMEM, and the extracellular fractions were submitted salting out and affinity chromatography to obtain new secreted serine proteases. TIC inhibited almost completely, 96 to 89%, the activity of these serine proteases and reduced the melanoma and colon adenocarcinoma cells growth of 48 and 77% respectively. Besides, it is the first time that a trypsin inhibitor was isolated and characterized from C. cajan leaves and cancer serine proteases were isolated and partial characterized from SK-MEL-28 and CaCo-2 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, TIC shown to be potent inhibitor of tumor protease affecting cell growth, and can be one potential drug candidate to be employed in chemotherapy of melanoma and colon adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Nanoparticle pretreatment improved the health of aged Cajanus cajan seeds viz., regulation of redox status, gene expression, and restoration of hormonal homeostasis. Ageing deteriorates the quality of seeds by lowering their vigor and viability, and terminating with loss of germination. These days, nanotechnology has been seen to revolutionize the agricultural sectors, and particularly nano zinc oxide (nZnO) has gained considerable interests due to its distinctive properties. The aim of the present work was to decipher the possibilities of using nZnO to rejuvenate accelerated aged (AA) seeds of Cajanus cajan. Both chemically (CnZnO) and green (GnZnO; synthesized using Moringa oleifera) fabricated nZnOs were characterized via standard techniques to interpret their purity, size, and shape. Experimental results revealed erratic germination with a decline in viability and membrane stability as outcomes of reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) buildup in AA seeds. Application of nZnO substantially rebated the accrual of ROI, along with enhanced production of antioxidants, α-amylase activity, total sugar, protein and DNA content. Higher level of zinc was assessed qualitatively/ histologically and quantitatively in nZnO pulsed AA seeds, supporting germination without inducing toxicity. Meantime, augmentation in the gibberellic acid with a simultaneous reduction in the abscisic acid level were noted in nZnO invigorated seeds than that determined in the AA seeds, suggesting possible involvement of ROI in hormonal signalling. Furthermore, nZnO-subjected AA seeds unveiled differential expression of aquaporins and cell cycle regulatory genes. Summarizing, among CnZnO and GnZnO, later one holds better potential for a revival of AA seeds of Cajanus cajan by providing considerable tolerance against ageing-associated deterioration via recouping the cellular redox homeostasis, hormonal signaling, and alteration in expression patterns of aquaporin and cell cycle regulatory genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of row spacing for sowing of ‘BRS Mandarim’ pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on soil fertility and on the yield and nutritional values of brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens) pasture. Pigeon pea was sown in an area in the initial stage of degradation and cultivated with brachiaria. Four row-spacing treatments were evaluated for pigeon pea sowing, using the following row spacing: single rows spaced at 40, 80, and 120 cm; and a double-row with 40 cm between rows, spaced at 120 cm. In addition, a reference area treatment without pigeon pea was used. The nutritive parameters of the total available forage and of the pigeon pea plants were measured at three following development stages of pigeon pea plants: vegetative stage, at 79 days after sowing (DAS); beginning of the reproductive stage, with green pods, at 157 DAS; and final stage of grain production (dry pods), at 281 DAS. The use of the legume provided an economy of up to R$ 1,716.30 ha−1 in the application of nitrogen fertilizers. Pigeon pea used as green manure provides a significant increase of 53.5 to 140% in the dry matter yield of brachiaria.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), a potential legume as an economic source of protein, is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It possesses medicinal properties and acts as a cash crop, benefiting low-income farmers economically. The identification of pigeon peas exhibiting drought tolerance has become crucial in addressing water scarcity issues in the agriculture sector. In addition, exploring the genetic diversity among genotypes is important for conservation, management of genetic resources, and breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of selected pigeon pea genotypes under pot-induced water stress conditions through different field capacities as well as the genetic diversity using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. A significant variation was observed for the physiological traits studied. The accumulation of fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) was significantly reduced in moderate and severe drought stress conditions. The lowest % DW decrease was found in LM (35.39%), KAT (39.43%), and SM (46.98%) than other genotypes at severe drought stress. Analyses of physiological responses including the photosynthetic efficiency (Phi2), the chlorophyll content (SPAD), and the relative water content (RWC) revealed positive and negative correlations with various parameters, reflecting the impact of drought stress on the chlorophyll content. The results revealed that biochemical traits including the total phenolic content, soluble sugars, proline, total protein, total amino acids, and free amino acids were variably and significantly increased under water stress. Antioxidant enzyme activity levels, specifically ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase, varied among the genotypes and in response to severe water stress, offering further insights into adaptive responses. The eight genotypes analysed by use of 20 SCoT markers revealed 206 alleles and an average of 10.3 alleles per locus. Genetic similarity ranged from 0.336 to 0.676, clustering the pigeon pea genotypes into two major groups by the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) explained 43.11% of genetic variation and based on analysis of molecular variance, a high genetic variation (80%) within populations was observed, emphasizing the potential for genetic improvement. Among the eight genotypes studied, LM and KAT were drought tolerant and genetically diverse and therefore could be used as parents for developing drought tolerance in pigeon pea.

Soils on many smallholder farms in Southern Africa are severely depleted in plant nutrients, in particular phosphorus (P), following years of maize monocropping with little or no fertilizer input. Past studies suggest that pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) may increase plant-available P. Pigeon pea is not a common crop in much of Southern Africa, and the effect of locally grown pigeon pea varieties on plant-available P is unknown. We assessed the changes in plant-available P after growing pigeon pea varieties MPPV-2, MPPV-3, and Babati White in Zambia, viz. Lixisols of Choma and Mkushi, Acrisols of Chipata and Kasama, and Arenosols of Kaoma. The selected soils were not fertilized. Baseline soils (0–20 cm), sampled after long-term maize monocropping and soils from the same fields after growing pigeon pea were collected from field trials in Kaoma, Chipata, Choma, and Mkushi and analyzed for plant-available P. Further, a greenhouse study was conducted with soils from Kasama, Choma, Kaoma, and Chipata, under which soil P was determined before and after growing pigeon pea, soybean (Dina), and maize (SC 419) without fertilizer addition. Pigeon pea under field studies had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on plant-available P in Choma, Kaoma, and Chipata. In Mkushi, pigeon pea cropping resulted in a 47.5% significant decline (p ≤ 0.05) in plant-available P, amounting to a loss of 11.2 kg ha−1. The greenhouse study showed a significant decline (p ≤ 0.001) in plant-available P after seven weeks of maize growth, while there was no significant (p > 0.05) effect on plant-available P after soybean and pigeon pea cropping. The latter was primarily due to the significantly higher P uptake associated with larger biomass production of maize after seven weeks in the greenhouse. During the initial seven weeks, pigeon pea biomass had significantly higher P concentrations than maize. Thus, P deficiency symptoms were exhibited in maize, while pigeon pea appeared healthy. However, mobilized P, calculated as the sum of plant P and soil P after cropping minus soil P before planting, was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.01) in pigeon pea compared to soybean and maize. Synthesizing field and greenhouse experiments suggests that there is a low net decline of plant-available P from soils after pigeon pea cropping. Therefore, rotation with these pigeon pea varieties could be beneficial to resource-poor farmers due to low P removal and its ability to grow in P-deficient soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aluminium (Al) toxicity decreases crop production in acid soils in general, but many crops have evolved complex mechanisms to resist it. However, our current understanding of how plants cope with Al stress and perform Al resistance is still at the initial stage. In this study, the citrate transporter CcMATE35 was identified to be involved in Al stress response. The release of citrate was increased substantially in CcMATE35 over‐expression (OE) lines under Al stress, indicating enhanced Al resistance. It was demonstrated that transcription factor CcNFYB3 regulated the expression of CcMATE35, promoting the release of citrate from roots to increase Al resistance in pigeon pea. We also found that a Long noncoding RNA Targeting Citrate Synthase (CcLTCS) is involved in Al resistance in pigeon pea. Compared with controls, overexpression of CcLTCS elevated the expression level of the Citrate Synthase gene (CcCS), leading to increases in root citrate level and citrate release, which forms another module to regulate Al resistance in pigeon pea. Simultaneous overexpression of CcNFYB3 and CcLTCS further increased Al resistance. Taken together, these findings suggest that the two modules, CcNFYB3‐CcMATE35 and CcLTCS‐CcCS, jointly regulate the efflux and synthesis of citrate and may play an important role in enhancing the resistance of pigeon pea under Al stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family is the largest multifunctional highly conserved protein superfamily that transports diverse substrates across biological membranes by the hydrolysis of ATP and is also the part of the several other biological processes like cellular detoxification, growth and development, stress biology, and signaling processes. In the agriculturally important legume crop Cajanus cajan, a genome-wide identification and characterization of the ABC gene family was carried out. A total of 159 ABC genes were identified that belong to eight canonical classes CcABCA to CcABCG and CcABCI based on the phylogenetic analysis. The number of genes was highest in CcABCG followed by CcABCC and CcABCB class. A total of 85 CcABC genes were found on 11 chromosomes and 74 were found on scaffold. Tandem duplication was the major driver of CcABC gene family expansion. The dN/dS ratio revealed the purifying selection. The phylogenetic analysis revealed class-specific eight superclades which reflect their functional importance. The largest clade was found to be CcABCG which reflects their functional significance. CcABC proteins were mainly basic in nature and found to be localized in the plasma membrane. The secondary structure prediction revealed the dominance of α-helix. The canonical transmembrane and nucleotide binding domain, signature motif LSSGQ, Walker A, Walker B region, and Q loop were also identified. A class-specific exon-intron pattern was also observed. In addition to core elements, different cis-acting regulatory elements like stress, hormone, and cellular responsive were also identified. Expression profiling of CcABC genes at various developmental stages of different anatomical tissues was performed and it was noticed that CcABCF3, CcABCF4, CcABCF5, CcABCG66, and CcABCI3 had the highest expression. The results of the current study endow us with the further functional analysis of Cajanus ABC in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to optimize and develop a scale-up process design for higher yields of phenolic compounds, as well as propose and validate their antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects when extracted from Cajanus cajan leaves. The optimization procedure included 17 experimental runs using microwave-assisted extraction parameters such as temperature (50–70 °C), power (400–1000 W), and time (15–45 min), and was optimized using response surface methodology for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and antioxidant activities like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was found to be 52.15 mg GAE/g dw, 25.12 mg QE/g dw, 43.02 mg TAE/g dw, 35.16%, and 43.25 mg TE/g dw, respectively. The optimized values of response variables were achieved at 700 W of power, 60 °C of temperature, and 40 min of processing time. Purification, thin-layer chromatography, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) spectral analysis of the plant extract revealed the existence of 18 bioactive phenolic compounds. The in silico investigation found that fifteen out of eighteen bioactive phenolic compounds had strong binding affinities in the range of −4.0 to −8.8 kcal/mol, along with enhanced pharmacokinetic characteristics and a low to moderate level of toxicity. The IC50 values of in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were 46.49 ± 2.2 and 59.51 ± 3.57 µg/mL, respectively, indicating a high level of enzymatic inhibition activity. In addition, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) tests revealed that cytotoxicity was minimal up to a concentration of 62.5 µg/mL of the extract. The results of this study will open new doors for researchers, scientists, and industrialists in the food and pharmaceutical industries who intend to develop antidiabetic food formulations and antidiabetic drugs as a way for diabetic people to manage their disease and improve their overall health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is one of the important grain legume crops cultivated in the semi-arid tropics, playing a crucial role in the economic well-being of subsistence farmers. India is the major producer of pigeonpea, accounting for over 75% of the world’s production. Sterility mosaic disease (SMD), caused by Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) and transmitted by the eriophyid mite (Aceria cajani), is a major constraint to pigeonpea cultivation in the Indian subcontinent, leading to potential yield losses of up to 100%. The recent characterization of another Emaravirus associated with SMD has further complicated the etiology of this challenging viral disease. This review focuses on critical areas, including the current status of the disease, transmission and host-range, rapid phenotyping techniques, as well as available disease management strategies. The review concludes with insights into the future prospects, offering an overview and direction for further research and management strategies.

The GRAS proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that play a crucial role in various plant physiological processes, including tissue development and stress responses. To date, GRAS family has been comprehensively characterized in Arabidopsis, soybean, rice, chickpea and other plant species. To understand the structural and functional aspects of pigeonpea (C. cajan), we identified 60 putative GRAS (CcGRAS) genes from pigeonpea genome and further analysed their physicochemical properties, subcellular locations, evolutionary classification, exon–intron structures, conserved domains, gene duplication events and cis-promoter regions. Based on the sequence similarity, CcGRAS family was clustered into 9 subfamilies and the genes with a similar structure and motif distribution were clustered in the same group. The gene duplication studies revealed that these genes were derived from tandem and dispersed duplication events. The cis-promoter regulatory analysis of CcGRAS genes indicated the presence of three types of cis-acting elements including light-responsive, hormone-responsive and plant growth and development related. The expression profiling of CcGRAS genes revealed their tissue-specific functions and differential nature. Collectively, this study highlights relevant functional and regulatory elements of GRAS family in pigeonpea creating a significant resource for future functional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an important legume and multi-use crop, which contributes to food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This crop, however, remains less popular and is thus underutilised in west Africa. The objective of this study was to characterise the morphological and phenological features of exotic pigeon pea genotypes in western Burkina Faso in order to provide an entry point for the breeding programme. The study was conducted at two sites, namely Farakoba and Kouentou, located in western Burkina Faso, involved seven exotic genotypes, namely ICP-15029, ICP-14722, ICP-8863, ICPL-20338, ICPH-2740, ICPH-2438 and ICPL-20092, sourced from ICRISAT, India. Also, two local accessions (FKB Cc1 and FKB Cc2) were included as controls. Results showed that semi-spreading (80% of the genotypes) and indeterminate growth habit (80% of the genotypes) were dominant in the genetic materials, with regards to branching pattern and growth habit, respectively. The genotypes including the two checks, were distinguished by three seed colours, viz. brown (three genotypes), dark brown (four genotypes) and grey (two genotypes). There were highly significant differences among the genotypes for phenological (P<0.001) and morphological (P<0.001) traits. The earliest genotype to flower at both sites was ICPL-20338; while the latest was ICPL-20092. A principal component analysis based on the quantitative traits showed that the first two PCs explained 91.78% of the total variation among the genotypes. The most significant contributor traits were stem diameter, leaf size, 50% flowering and plant height. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of transgenic crops with stable gene inheritance and expression over generations is important for effective deployment at field level. In present study, T1 plants of pigeonpea cultivars AL15 and AL201 were evaluated for the presence and expression of cry1Ab gene and protection against Maruca pod borer. Cry1Ab protein in transgene carrying T1 plants ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 µg g-1 flower tissue. In vitro insect bioassay demonstrated up to 49.17 and 53.80% loss in larval body weight after four days of infesting T1 transgenic flowers and pods, respectively. Further, no adults emerged from the pupae of larvae fed on transgenic plants 15-537 and 201-344. All T2 progeny plants of 15-537 exhibited cry1Ab presence; likewise, all T3 progeny plants derived from homozygous T2 plant (15-537-5) displayed presence and expression of transgene, thus establishing stable transgene integration in T1 plants, followed by its stable inheritance and expression in T2 and T3 generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular genetic markers associated with saltpan effluents (NaCl) on two genotypes Cajanus cajan and Sorghum bicolor crop plants were studied in four different field Areas at vegetative stage, anthesis phase and seed set phase of plant growth. Among the 10 primers used only 5 primers produced reproducible and consistent banding pattern, those are OPA-17, OPE-14, OPE-15, OPE-17 and OPA-16. In that OPE-14 produced height 24 bands. And OPA-17 produced 16 bands and in that 14 were polymorphic bands and the percentage of polymorphism was 87.5%. PCR success rate for rbcl was 100% and sequence success rate was also 100% success. BLAST results revealed that the three species sequence for rbcl loci was 98% similar. Finally, the present study revealed the existence of considerable variation at the molecular level in the Cajanus cajan germplasm rather than in germplasm of Sorghum bicolor, which confirms the results of the earlier on morphological and biochemical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylic acid (SA) is an effective elicitor for enhancing product formation in various agricultural practices. This study examined the diverse responses to physiological metabolites and the pathway modifications in broad-spectrum resistance-1 (BSR1) of Cajanus cajan after treatment with SA using a metabolomics technique. The significance of the SA function at the metabolite level was examined by treating C. cajan with various concentrations of SA and germinated by soaking in water for different time periods. The secondary metabolites were recovered and investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for all the periodic conditions. Chemometric analysis of the collected samples showed that the seeds responded to the SA treatment. Acetic acid increased in germinated seeds after the SA treatment. In addition, the up-regulated metabolite production was downregulated in the C. cajan seeds before germination. The levels of metabolites, including hyacinthin, furaneol, citramalic acid, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, tocopherol, glucobrassicin, syringol, and hydroxy acetophenone, were increased after the SA treatment compared to control. Hence, the SA-treated seedling is a potential bio-factory for nutraceutical products to provide significant health benefits to the human population.

Objetivo. Identifcar el complejo de especies de larvas urticantes del género Automeris Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), asociadas al cultivo de guandú, Cajanus cajan (L.), que representan un riesgo para la salud de los productores agrícolas en Panamá. Métodos. El estudio es de naturaleza descriptiva y exploratoria. Durante el segundo semestre del año 2022 se realizaron exploraciones en áreas cultivadas con guandú en las provincias de Coclé, Herrera, Veraguas y Chiriquí. Se llevó un registro fotográfco y se realizaron recolectas de especímenes, los cuales fueron sacrifcados con agua hirviendo para luego ser depositados en viales de vidrio con etanol al 70 %. La identifcación se realizó en el laboratorio, consultando literatura especializada. Resultados. Se identifcaron tres especies de larvas del género Automeris asociadas al cultivo de guandú: Automeris zozine Druce, 1886, y Automeris dagmarae Brechlin & Meister, 2011, en la provincia de Chiriquí; Automeris io Fabricius, 1775, en la provincia de Coclé. El género Automeris pertenece a la subfamilia Hemileucinae; la cual comprende varias especies de larvas venenosas que pueden poner en riesgo la salud de las personas, como Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855, conocida comúnmente como la oruga asesina. Conclusiones. Se identifcaron tres especies de larvas urticantes del género Automeris (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae), las cuales representan un riesgo para la salud de los productores

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a grain legume crop from the tropics and subtropics cultivated for its highly nutritious seeds. Relatively low yields have been observed among African accession with little information on germplasm performance. Therefore, it is needed to identify resilient germplasm, varieties or accessions to improve agronomic performance. This study assessed the morphological variability among selected accessions of Nigerian pigeonpea to identify potential lines for agronomic improvement. A total of 52 Nigerian pigeonpea accessions were evaluated using 10 qualitative and 13 quantitative morphological traits. They were planted using a completely randomised design. Yield performance, trait correlation, principal component (PC), and cluster analysis were used to identify potential breeding lines. The study revealed a wide variability among pigeonpea accessions with both qualitative and quantitative traits. The 52 pigeonpeas were clustered into three major groups. Four principal components with eigenvalue > 1 accounted for 68.95% of the total variation observed. The first PC accounted for 30.13% with yield components, which include days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to 50% maturity, and vigour at 50% flowering as major contributors. These traits also showed strong significant correlations between themselves. Hence, they can be improved simultaneously. The study identified several potential accessions based on performance that can be selected for multilocational evaluations and crop improvement.

The combination of Cajanus cajan leaf and Zingiber oficinale rhizome extract resulted in a greater hypoglycemic effect than the single of both extracts. However, no research reported the toxic effect of both extracts. So, this study assessed the toxicity of a combination of C. cajan leaves and Z. officinale extract in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty male and thirty female rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly assigned to six groups of ten rats per group (five males and five females): the control treatment group and three-dose extract treated groups for 28 days-treatment periods. The satellite control group and satellite group were extended for 14 daysrecovery periods. The combination doses of C. cajan leaves extracts, and Z. officinale extract were 200+100, 400+200 and 800+400 mg/kg bw. The number of dead rats, body weight, biochemistry, hematology, and histopathological observation of some organs were observed. The results demonstrated that orally administering the combination of C. cajan and Z. officinale extracts for 28 day did not show any toxic impacts on male and female rats. Moreover, no cumulative effects of the combined extracts were noted during the 14-day recovery period. These findings showed that there were insignificant alterations in body weight, hematology, biochemistry, and histopathological observations. The findings suggest the safety of the combined extract of C. cajan leaf and Z. officinale rhizome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro anti-obesity activity of Cajanus cajan Linn. seeds. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical screening and in vitro studies are performed using pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase activity using methanolic and n-hexane extract of Cajanus cajan Linn. seeds using different doses (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 µg/mL) at the end the percentage inhibition in pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase was measured. Results: The results demonstrated clearly that the alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and glycosides occurring in a variety of plants have been well-cited as the sources of anti-obesity agents. Cajanus cajan Linn. seeds extracts possess dose-dependent pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities which might be due to the existence of alkaloids, steroids, saponin, and/or carbohydrates constituents along with their free radical scavenging potential. Hence, n-hexane, and methanolic seed extracts of Cajanus cajan Linn. show good anti-obesity activity. Conclusion: Overall preliminary and in vitro screening studies reveal the significant anti-obesity potential of Cajanus cajan. Thus, these plants act as an alternative herbal approach for treating anti-obesity effects and its complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]