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Carbon dioxide (CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$) fluxes in regulated Alpine rivers are driven by multiple biogeochemical and anthropogenic processes, acting on different spatiotemporal scales. We quantified the relative importance of these drivers and their effects on the dynamics of CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$concentration and atmospheric exchange fluxes in a representative Alpine river segment regulated by a cascading hydropower system with diversion, which includes two residual flow reaches and a reach subject to hydropeaking. We combined instantaneous and time‐resolved water chemistry and hydraulic measurements at different times of the year, and quantified the main CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$fluxes by calibrating a one‐dimensional transport‐reaction model with measured data. As a novelty compared to previous inverse modeling applications, the model also included carbonate buffering, which contributed significantly to the CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$budget of the case study. The spatiotemporal distribution and drivers of CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$fluxes depended on hydropower operations. Along the residual flow reaches, CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$fluxes were directly affected by the upstream dams only in the first ∼${\sim} $2.5 km, where the supply of supersaturated water from the reservoirs was predominant. Downstream of the hydropower diversion outlets, the CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$fluxes were dominated by systematic sub‐daily fluctuations in CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$transport and evasion fluxes (“carbopeaking”) driven by hydropeaking. Hydropower operational patterns and regulation approaches in Alpine rivers affect CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$fluxes and their response to biogeochemical drivers significantly across different temporal scales. Our findings highlight the importance of considering all scales of CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$variations for accurate quantification and understanding of these impacts, to clarify the role of natural and anthropogenic drivers in global carbon cycling. Rivers play a key role in the transport, processing and exchange of carbon and CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$between land, atmosphere, and oceans. CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$fluxes are governed by biological, chemical, and hydraulic processes which may be perturbed by human activities, such as hydropower. Understanding and quantifying these effects is challenging due to the various processes and temporal and spatial scales involved. We conducted an extensive measurement campaign over several days and across all seasons along an Alpine river where hydropower strongly affects hydraulic conditions, and used the data to calibrate a numerical model and estimate the main sources of CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$fluxes. CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$levels were high near the dam, where water with high CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$concentration was released from the hydropower reservoir, but decreased rapidly along the river as CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$was either released into the atmosphere or absorbed through photosynthesis. During peaks in hydropower activity, CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$concentration and emissions into the atmosphere increased rapidly, a phenomenon called “carbopeaking.” The study highlights the importance of considering both natural and human sources of river CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$fluxes to fully understand the role of rivers in the carbon cycle and to predict their response to human activities and climate change. Flow regulation in an Alpine river affects the spatiotemporal variability and drivers of CO2fluxesDiel metabolism and carbonate buffering sustained by lateral inflows dominate CO2dynamics in the residual flow reachesIntense and localized peaks in CO2concentration and evasion rate are observed downstream of the hydropower outlets during hydropeaking Flow regulation in an Alpine river affects the spatiotemporal variability and drivers of CO2fluxes Diel metabolism and carbonate buffering sustained by lateral inflows dominate CO2dynamics in the residual flow reaches Intense and localized peaks in CO2concentration and evasion rate are observed downstream of the hydropower outlets during hydropeaking

ABSTRACTLake surface water temperature (LSWT) responds rapidly to changes in climatic variables. This response is heterogeneous in space and its spatial distribution is primarily influenced by lake bathymetry and latitude. Such heterogeneity is not captured by one-dimensional water temperature models, which can accurately predict only the average LSWT. We performed a spatially distributed application of the hybrid physically based/data-driven model air2waterto predict the LSWT variability in the 5 Laurentian Great Lakes and to deepen our understanding of the role of local depth and latitude in shaping this heterogeneous response. Daily remotely sensed LSWT data were used to calibrate and validate the model during 1995–2018, and additional simulations considering a synthetic warmer climate scenario in which air temperature was increased by 2 °C were run to assess the inter- and intra-lake differences in LSWT warming rates. The model reproduces the observed spatial distribution of LSWT with an average root mean squared error of 1.2 °C and suggests that, under the warmer scenario, the LSWT of the 5 lakes could increase heterogeneously, with the deepest zones showing the maximum warming rates. Summer stratification lengthening is expected to increase with higher local depth; this behaviour attenuates with increasing latitude, whereas the LSWT warming is essentially dependent on the local depth, irrespective of latitude. We highlight the importance of accounting for LSWT spatial heterogeneity to adequately assess the thermal response of the Great Lakes to a warming climate.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has imposed the adoption of strategies to limit the risk of contagion for cancer patients without compromising their healthcare. As well as cancers of other sites, the treatment of certain ocular and periocular malignancies is considered non-deferrable and should proceed despite the pandemic. Delays in treatment of these patients may result in negative outcomes. Herein, we provide some practical considerations deriving from our experience at the Ocular Oncology Unit of Careggi University Hospital (Florence, Italy).

The Italian American autobiographical protagonist of Louise DeSalvo’s Vertigo: A Memoir(1996) uses food to discuss issues of identity, gender, and social class. This article focuses in particular on the chapter ‘Anorexia’ where her disordered eating habits, shaped by her problematic relationship with her mother and other family members, encounter the deadly eating troubles of one of her college friends, thus allowing the protagonist to engage in deep reflection on the meaning of her unconventional relationship with food. Framing my reading within Susie Orbach’s Hunger Strike(1983) and other influential feminist works on anorexia, bulimia, and food-related pathologies, I will reflect on the role that the corporeal language of self-harm plays as a way of rejecting the family and the dominant culture as well as a paradoxical instrument of empowerment, thus placing DeSalvo’s memoir in the emerging genre of Bulimanografie.

High-fat diet (HFD) alters the glycosylation patterns of intestinal mucins leading to several health problems. We studied by histochemical and lectin-binding methods mucin alterations in the duodenum of mice fed a HFD for 25 weeks. Histochemical methods included periodic acid–Schiff, alcian blue pH 2.5, and high-iron diamine. Lectin-binding experiments were performed with SBA, PNA, WGA, MAA-II, SNA, ConA, UEA-I, LTA, and AAA. SBA, PNA, WGA, MAA-II, and SNA were tested also after desulfation and ConA after periodate-sodium borohydrate treatments (paradoxical ConA). Duodenal mucins are secreted by Brunner’s glands and goblet cells in the villi. Brunner’s glands of HFD mice showed increased secreting activity and a general reduction of glycosylated residuals, such as fucose and terminal α1,4-linked GlcNAc. Moreover, a general reduction of glycosylated residuals in the goblet cells of villi such as the fucosylated and sulfated ones was observed. Since the cited residuals are involved in cytoprotective and cytostatic functions, as well as in interactions with the intestinal microbiota and protection against parasites and inflammatory disorders, we conclude that HFD can predispose duodenum to several possible health disorders.

Healthful dietary patterns and bioactive compounds supplementation can be adopted as simple and easy intervention to prevent, attenuate or cure clinical disorders, especially when it comes to degenerative and chronic diseases. In the recent years, a growing body of evidence indicates Aquaporins (AQPs), a family of membrane channel proteins widely expressed in the human body, among the targets underlying the beneficial action played by some food nutrients and phytochemical compounds. Here, we provide an overview of what is known regarding the AQP modulation exerted by healthful dietary patterns and plant polyphenols.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal diseases. In IBS multiple pathophysiological mechanisms including alterations in intestinal motility, permeability, nutrient absorption, and intestinal microbiota have been implicated. Foods are commonly reported by patients to be a trigger of symptoms and therefore are likely involved in the generation of symptoms in IBS. Among all possible therapeutic options, a first-line approach to IBS is dietary education and identification of foods potentially responsible for the onset or worsening of symptoms. Dietary approaches include reduction of gas-producing foods (i.e. fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs)), lactose and gluten. Further studies are required to link the ultimate role of diets in different IBS subtypes.

Background: Management of central venous catheters (CVC) is a frequent procedure in intensive care units (ICUs) and the risk of bloodstream infections (CLABSI) is found to be high. The literature provides healthcare professionals with guidelines to prevent the risk of CLABSI infections. The aim of this study was to observe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of ICU nurses on the prevention of CLABSI.Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2023 and September 2023; the research was carried out among six ICUs in Bari both on the web and in paper mode. The survey consisted of multiple-choice questions structured in two sections: demographic sample data and the 2017 Esposito MR questionnaire, drawn up based on the 2011 guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, consisting of four dimensions: knowledge, attitudes, practices, information.Results: 121 nurses (57.1%) participated in the study. 72% were unfamiliar with the guidelines, especially nurses aged 41–50 years (RR = 1.88; CI = 0.78–4.51; p= 0.13) and more than 10 years’ work experience (RR = 1.56; CI = 0.76–3.23; p= 0.20). Regarding attitudes, nurses were aware of the usefulness of the guidelines (Me = 10; IQR = 8–10) and the importance of hand washing for prevention (Me = 10; IQR = 10–10) despite 39.7% (n= 48) believing that gloves replace hand washing, and there were no statistically significant differences in comparing scores with age, work experience, and educational qualification. 96.7% always substituted dressing for CVC; 120 nurses (99.2%) were always replacing infusion sets and 71.2% always sanitized the access ports before infusions. Finally, 102 participants (84.3%) felt the need to get more information about the prevention of CLABSI.Conclusions: We observed a reduced knowledge of the guidelines for the prevention of CLABSI despite the attitudes and practices of the nurses being satisfactory. In addition to implementing training, strategies for disseminating guidelines should be adopted.

Compared to other organisms, plants have evolved a greater number of aquaporins with diverse substrates and functions to adapt to ever-changing environmental and internal stimuli for growth and development. Although aquaporins were initially identified as channels that allow water molecules to cross biological membranes, progress has been made in identifying various novel permeable substrates. Many studies have characterized the versatile physiological and biophysical functions of plant aquaporins. Here, we review the recent reports that highlight aquaporin-facilitated regulation of major physiological processes and stress tolerance throughout plant life cycles as well as the potential prospects and possibilities of applying aquaporins to improve agricultural productivity, food quality, environmental protection, and ecological conservation.

The Caledonian and Variscan orogens in northern Europe and the Alpine-age Apennine range in Italy are classic examples of thrust belts that were developed at the expense of formerly rifted, passive continental margins that subsequently experienced various degrees of post-orogenic collapse and extension. The outer zones of orogenic belts, and their adjoining foreland domains and regions, where the effects of superposed deformations are mild to very mild make it possible to recognize and separate structures produced at different times and to correctly establish their chronology and relationships. In this paper we integrate subsurface data (2D and 3D seismic reflection and well logs), mainly from the North Sea, and structural field evidence, mainly from the Apennines, with the aim of reconstructing and refining the structural evolution of these two provinces which, in spite of their different ages and present-day structural framework, share repeated pulses of alternating extension and compression. The main outcome of this investigation is that in both scenarios, during repeated episodes of inversion that are a characteristic feature of the Wilson cycle, inherited basement structures were effective in controlling stress localization along faults affecting younger sedimentary cover rocks.

Background: Immunosenescence is a remodeling of the immune system, caused by aging, with changes in the function of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and Treg cells. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the expression of molecules CD11b, CD16 and CD64 (neutrophils), CD154 (T lymphocytes), CD40 (B lymphocytes), and to quantitatively analyze the Treg cell subpopulation. Methods: 49 elderlies (≥60 years) and 49 adults (≤35 years) were studied. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of surface molecules and the subpopulation of Treg cells, and the results between the groups were compared statistically by the t-test. Results: There was a decreased significance in the expression of CD11b and CD40 in the elderly. Conclusion: Decreased CD11b expression can result in susceptibility to infectious diseases, and impairment of phagocytic capacity. Decreased CD40 expression can result in a decline in B lymphocyte activation. The other molecule studied presented alterations not significant, but compatible with the immunological changes in aging.