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Background: The chicken eggshells and their subcrustal membranes are a valuable source of calcium, but they are not further processed but disposed of as waste from the food industry. Chicken eggshells have high content (>95%) of calcium carbonate. Some properties suggest that eggshells may be a promising alternative to the present calcium sources used in the pharmaceutical industry., Methods: The effect of roasting chicken eggshells with a selected organic acid (citric or fumaric or lactic acid) on microbiological purity, including the presence of fungi and bacteria Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli of obtained calcium salts, was investigated. In this study, chicken eggshells were subjected to chemical reactions with organic acids (citric, fumaric or lactic acid) at two different calcium-acid molar ratios (1:1 or 1:3) and the mixture was heat-treated for 1 or 3 hours at a temperature of 100°C or 120°C., Results and Discussion: It was found that lactic acid was 100% effective against fungi, and the remaining citric and fumaric acids were -50% (regardless of the other examined conditions). The type of acid used has a significant effect on fungal growth inhibition (p<0.05). Fumaric acid and lactic acid will be nearly 100% effective against bacteria (100% fumaric acid and 97% lactic acid effectiveness), regardless of other factors., Conclusion: Lactic acid is the most effective against pathogenic flora - fungi and bacteria. The transformation of chicken eggshells into calcium lactate can provide us with sterile calcium salt, free of 100% fungi and 97% of all bacteria., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Scallop shell powder is called bioshell calcium oxide (BiSCaO), which is known to possess deodorizing properties and broad antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, spores, and fungi., Objective: This study aims to investigate the applications of BiSCaO suspension cleansing in clinical situations, for instance for the prevention and treatment of infections in chronic wounds in healing-impaired patients, without delaying wound healing., Methods: The bactericidal activities of 1000 ppm BiSCaO suspension; 500 ppm hypochlorous acid; 1000 ppm povidone iodine; and saline were compared to evaluate in vivo disinfection and healing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected wounds in hairless rats., Results: Cleansing of the infected wounds with BiSCaO suspension daily for 3 days significantly enhanced wound healing and reduced the in vivo bacterial counts, in comparison to hypochlorous acid, povidone iodine, and saline. Furthermore, histological examinations showed significantly advanced granulation tissue and capillary formation in the wounds cleansed with BiSCaO suspension than in those cleansed with the other solutions., Conclusions: This study suggested that the possibility of using BiSCaO suspension as a disinfectant for infected wounds and limiting disinfection to 3 days may be sufficient to avoid the negative effects on wound repair.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) in the removal of filling remnants from root canals after rotary phase of retreatment and to examine the difference in the amount of residual material considering the type of sealer. Thirty-six extracted single-rooted human teeth were instrumented and randomly divided into three groups according to the filling material used: group 1: EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brassler, USA), group 2: MTA Fillapex (Angelus Solucoes Odontologicas, Londrina, Brasil), and group 3: AH Plus sealer (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). Cold lateral condensation technique was used. After 2 weeks, the root canals were retreated with a rotary phase retreatment system (ProTaper Universal Retreatment, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), followed by Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation (photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming, PIPS). The specimens were scanned in a micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) device after root canal filling, after the rotary retreatment, and after the PIPS. There was significant reduction in the amount of filling material after the rotary phase of retreatment in all groups (p < 0.05), the highest in the MTA Fillapex group (p < 0.001) and no difference between the EndoSequence BC and the AH Plus (p = 0.608). There was significant reduction of the filling remnants after the PIPS in all groups (p < 0.05). The MTA Fillapex was the most easily removed during rotary phase of the retreatment, and there were no differences in the amount of the remaining filling material between EndoSequence BC and the AH Plus groups after rotary phase of the retreatment. The PIPS improved the removal of filling remnants in all groups.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of trace element-contaminated soil using air pollution control residues (APCRs) prior to disposal in landfill sites. Two soil samples (with low and moderate concentrations of organic matter) were stabilized using three APCRs that originated from the incineration of municipal solid waste, bio-fuels and a mixture of coal and crushed olive kernels. Two APCR/soil mixtures were tested: 30% APCR/70% soil and 50% APCR/50% soil. A batch leaching test was used to study immobilization of As and co-occurring metals Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. Solidification was evaluated by measuring the unconfined compression strength (UCS). Leaching of As was reduced by 39-93% in APCR/soil mixtures and decreased with increased amounts of added APCR. Immobilization of As positively correlated with the amount of Ca in the APCR and negatively with the amount of soil organic matter. According to geochemical modelling, the precipitation of calcium arsenate (Ca3(AsO4)2/4H2O) and incorporation of As in ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O) in soil/APCR mixtures might explain the reduced leaching of As. A negative effect of the treatment was an increased leaching of Cu, Cr and dissolved organic carbon. Solidification of APCR/soil was considerably weakened by soil organic matter.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Here we present the results of an ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal plants used by the Miu, a virtually unresearched ethnolinguistic group who live in the mountainous interior of Papua New Guinea's West New Britain Province. We compare the findings for those previously reported for the neighbouring inland Kaulong speaking population. Three species, Trema orientalis, Spondias dulcis and Ficus botryocarpa are used in combination with locally prepared slaked lime to produce intensely coloured mixtures which are applied to dermatological infections. Their effects on dermal fibroblast viability with and without slaked lime are examined. The sap of F. botryocarpa which is used to treat tropical ulcers was examined further with assays relevant to wound healing., Materials and Methods: Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were used to acquire information on the uses of plants, vouchers of which were collected and identified by comparison with authentic herbarium specimens. LC-MS and NMR were used to identify chemical components. Cell viability assays were used to examine the effects of added slaked lime on dermal fibroblasts. For the sap of F. botryocarpa, fibroblast stimulation assays and antibacterial growth inhibition with Bacillus subtilis were carried out., Results: The survey identified 33 plants and one fungal species, and clear differences with the inland Kaulong group despite their close proximity. Added slaked lime does not greatly increase the cytotoxicity of plant material towards dermal fibroblasts. The sap of F. botryocarpa contains the alkaloid ficuseptine as a single major component and displays antibacterial activity., Conclusions: The results demonstrate the potential for variation in medicinal plant use amongst Papua New Guinea's numerous language groups. The addition of slaked lime to plant material does not appear to present a concern for wound healing in the amounts used. The sap of F. botryocarpa displays antibacterial activity at concentrations that would occur at the wound surface and could be used as a highly accessible alternative to conventional antiseptics for remote communities in Papua New Guinea., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lactic acid is a platform chemical with various industrial applications, and its derivative, calcium lactate, is an important food additive. Fermentation coupled with in situ product removal (ISPR) can provide more outputs with high productivity. The method used in this study was based on calcium lactate crystallization. Three cycles of crystallization were performed during the fermentation course using a Bacillus coagulans strain H-1. As compared to fed-batch fermentation, this method showed 1.7 times higher average productivity considering seed culture, with 74.4% more L-lactic acid produced in the fermentation with ISPR. Thus, fermentation coupled with crystallization-based ISPR may be a biotechnological alternative that provides an efficient system for production of calcium lactate or lactic acid., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A new process for producing calcium acetate, a non-corrosive deicer, is proposed. The process consists of a two-step continuous-flow hydrothermal conversion of vegetable wastes into acetic acid and the production of calcium acetate, followed by the separation and condensation of the product. The experiments for acetic acid production showed that there were almost no significant differences in acetic acid yields for the five different kinds of vegetables selected for the batch experiments or for their mixture in batch and continuous-flow experiments. Electrodialysis was chosen as a satisfactory method for separating and condensing the calcium acetate produced from the acetic acid solution obtained from the vegetable wastes. After purification by reverse-osmosis, the residual, depleted acid solution could be safely discharged. The calculation of the carbon balance for the proposed process showed that 21.3% of the TOC from vegetable wastes could be used as calcium/magnesium acetate (CMA) and over 22% as an environmentally friendly deicer., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The antifungal activity of scallop-shell powder heated at 1000 degrees C for 1 h against Trichophyton was kinetically investigated and the possibility of applying the powder to the treatment of dermatophytosis was examined. The death rate of T. mentagrophytes NBRC5466 in the heated shell powder slurry increased with powder concentration, following first-order reaction kinetics. Elevated slurry temperatures increased both the apparent first-order death rate constant (k) and the dilution coefficient (n) representing the dependence of k on reagent concentration. The activation energy for the death of NBRC5466 was almost equal to that for bacteria, whereas the n value was much smaller than that for bacteria. In addition, the trial using heated shell powder treatment on feet showed the possibility of its application to treat dermatophytosis.

This study was conducted to assess availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) to ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and millet (Echinochloa crusgalli) based on the 0.1 mol/L Ca(NO3), extraction. Effect of soil properties on availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of Pb to the two plants was also evaluated. Five soils with pH values varying from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon (OC) contents from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay contents from 11.6% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with Pb to achieve a range of concentrations: 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg. Pb availability in the spiked soils was estimated by extracting soil with 0.1 mol/L Ca(NO3)2. The results indicate that plants yield decreased with decreasing soil pH and increased with increasing soil clay and OC content. Negative relationship between available Pb and the relative dry matter growth (RDMG) of the two plants were significantly related. Available Pb used to assess EC20 (20% effective concentration) and EC50 (50% effective concentration) of millet was 119 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Available Pb used to assess EC20 and ECs, of ryegrass was 63 and 157 mg/kg, respectively. Bioaccumulation, expressed as bioconcentration factors of Pb, was inversely related to soil pH, soil OC and clay content. Strong relationships were found between available lead and uptake by the two plants (i was 0.92 and 0.95 respectively). In general, 0.1 mol/L Ca(NO3)2 available Pb may be used to assess the availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to the two plants tested.

From the decoction of fried malt (Fructus Hordei Germinatus) a kind of amylopsin activator was extracted and distinguished as calcium nitrate (with small amount of sodium chloride). The existence of this activator may can be explain properly why the decoction is helpful to digestion.

Six different blends of zinc oxide, calcium oxide, phosphorous pentoxide (ZCAP) were prepared by mixing zinc oxide (ZnO), calcium oxide (CaO), and phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) powders. The blends were 50:30:20, 48:32:20, 44:26:30, 40:40:20, 30:40:30, and 30:30:40, ZnO:CaO:P2O5 by weight, respectively. The mixed powders were calcined at 800 degrees C for 12 hours. Each blend was then characterized using X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that in some cases the reaction between oxides may not have gone to completion. Compositions of beta-3CaO.P2O5 and alpha-CaZn2(PO4)2 were found in many of the blends.