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Accelerated growth during infancy is associated with the development of overweight and obesity later in life. Although this problem is attributed to formula feeding, as opposed to breastfeeding, it is not a rule; it also occurs in exclusively breastfed infants, possibly associated with the maternal diet. Our objective is to discuss an answer to the option of preventing accelerated growth in breastfed infants through the maternal diet. During pregnancy, dietary intake is key to ensure a proper development in uterus, where sources of folate, choline, betaine, vitamins B2, B6 and B12, which participate in one-carbon metabolism, are essential. Hence, we could infer that the consumption of these nutrients by mothers would influence a proper development of breastfed children. In addition, these compounds in breast milk contribute to the composition of the infant gut microbiota, which in turn participates in metabolic processes, including growth and development. Therefore, a diet rich in nutrients participating in one-carbon metabolism in breastfeeding mothers could contribute to a proper infant growth, preventing the development of overweight and obesity in the immediate and longterm future of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the hygiene hypothesis, allergic rhinitis and other disorders were due to poor hygiene and infant infections. It changed to the microbiota hypothesis related to the development of infant immunity and it was expanded to chronic inflammatory diseases. Today, it evolved to the theory of the biota alteration, since destabilization of the immune system by the current life style, can result in an overreaction to diverse antigens including the auto-antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A weekly conference series paired with lectures entitled "Microbiome-MX: exploring the Microbiota and Microbiome Research in Mexico" was organized to provide a multidisciplinary overview of the most recent research done in Mexico using high-throughput sequencing. Scientists and postgraduate students from several disciplines such as microbiology, bioinformatics, virology, immunology, nutrition, and medical genomics gathered to discuss state of the art in each of their respective subjects of expertise, as well as advances, applications and new opportunities on microbiota/microbiome research. In particular, high-throughput sequencing is a crucial tool to understand the challenges of a megadiverse developing country as Mexico, and moreover to know the scientific capital and capabilities available for collaboration. The conference series addressed three main topics important for Mexico: i) the complex role of microbiota in health and prevalent diseases such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis, HIV, autoimmune diseases and gastric cancer; ii) the use of local, traditional and prehispanic products as pre/probiotics to modulate the microbiota and improve human health; and iii) the impact of the microbiota in shaping the biodiversity of economically important terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Herein, we summarize the contributions that Mexican microbiota/microbiome research is making to the global trends, describing the highlights of the conferences and lectures, rather than a review of the state-of-the-art of this research. This meeting report also presents the efforts of a multidisciplinary group of scientist to encourage collaborations and bringing this research field closer for younger generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total replacement of fishmeal using marine co-product meals in the diets for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its effects on growth, feed utilization and muscle HUFA and sterol composition were assessed in a 45-day feeding trial with juvenile shrimp (0.32 g mean initial weight). Eight dietary treatments were tested: a control diet containing fishmeal ( FM), a commercial shrimp diet as external reference and six diets where the FM in the control diet was totally replaced by pen shell scallop viscera ( Pinna rugosa), squid viscera ( Dosidicus gigas) or whole chub mackerel ( Scomber japonicus) meals, produced by two methods: (i) cooking followed by grinding and drying and (ii) grinding followed by drying. Survival in all treatments was above 92%, except in the commercial diet (77%). The growth response, feed utilization and chemical composition of shrimp varied among the treatments and were affected in different ways by the by-products and the meals preparation process. Growth and feed intake were significantly higher in shrimp fed diets containing cooked-dried squid and pen shell scallop viscera meals, and whole mackerel meal produced by grinding followed by drying. Muscle fatty acid profiles were improved for human consumption when these ingredients were used, compared with the diets containing FM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effect of maize zeins on cellular immune response as compared to that of wheat gliadins for exacerbating celiac disease due to a hypothetical similar response in some patients.In vitroactivation of celiac duodenal mucosa with gliadin or zein immunoreactive peptides and pro-inflammatory response of CACO-2 cells to digested gliadin or zein fractions were evaluated as indicators of adaptive and innate response, respectively. In 3/5 biopsies, zein increased production of IFN-γ, whereas gliadin has done it in all the patient biopsies. In CACO-2 cells, two zein fractions (3–5 and 1–3 kDa), similar to gliadin fractions, stimulated the production of IL-8, p38 MAPK, COX2, and release of ZO-1 as compared to medium alone. The 3–5 kDa zein fraction increased permeability in cell monolayers, although less than gliadin. Zein peptides are immunogenic for some patients and induce a similar innate response, but to a lesser extent than gliadin peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Celiac disease is it an autoimmune disease caused by a permanent sensibility at gluten of wheat proteins and others like proteins, contents in rye, barley and oats, is necessary a genetic susceptibility. The clinical manifestation occurs during gluten introduction in the diet and includes: chronic diarrhea, dehydration, recurrent abdominal, pain, abdominal distention, anorexia and in other patients, hyperorexia failure to thrive, intestinal malabsorption, stoll fetid, muscle wasting more evident in gluteus. In adolescents and adults the clinical manifestation are atypical, sometimes within enteropathy. The diagnostic test include; anti-gliadin antibody anti-endomisial antibody, anti-transglutaminase antibody. By genetics test there are identify alleles, which provides haplotypes through, intestinal biopsy is it possible identify different grade of histological lesions, by Marsh-Oberhuber classification until atrophy and hyperplasia of crypts. The treatment is the elimination of gluten in the diet, these provide improve of the health in the majority of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora" (HIES) is a third level hospital, designed 35 years ago to provide care for children of Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Baja California and Baja California Sur. Since its incorporation to the state government of Sonora in 1983, the ancestry of the population it serves has been modified to be primarily Sonoran population, although it is unknown to what degree. Objective: To know the ancestry of infants born in the HIES by the places of birth of their parents and grandparents. Subjects and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in March 2013 in HIES applying a semi-structured interview to a stratified random group of 200 women in immediate puerperium. Responses were classified according to the birthplace of parents and grandparents. Results: Of the 1,200 total results, including parents and grandparents, 1.053 (87.8%) came from the northwest, with 938 (78.2%) of Sonora, and only 147 (12.25%) were from other regions. If we consider only the parents, 92.8% was from the northwest, with 84.5% Sonoran population. Conclusion: Children born in the HIES are 78.2% and 87.8% Sonoran descent Northwest, because of their parents and grandparents. These data imply that it is covering the target population of the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: nutritional therapy is essential for the treatment of critically ill patients, although its right application fails frequently, which increases the risk for undernutrition and complications. Objective: to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of patients with enteral nutritional support in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: a cohort study was conducted including adults admitted to the ICU with enteral support and stay ≥ 7 days. Demographic data, severity of the disease, and clinical and nutritional scores, including IL-6 levels and body composition, were evaluated at admission. Nutritional intake was recorded daily in relation to the target intake according to international guidelines, for calculation of caloric and protein deficiencies. Results: in all, 26 from 132 admitted patients were included. Their probability of mortality was 20-25 % due to disease severity by APACHE (16.6 ± 6.02) and SOFA (8 ± 4.4). Undernutrition risk was 5.6 ± 1.09 by NRS-2002 and 4.3 ± 1.2 by angle phase. Caloric deficiency was -674 kcal/day, with 13 % proteins (28 ± 11.5 g/d) and 42 % lipids, including 17.5 % of non-nutrient calories from propofol. NUTRIC was significantly associated with percentages of the caloric prescription at days 3 and 7 (R2 = 0.21, p = 0.01). Conclusion: patients had a caloric/protein deficit with critical protein deficit of -85.2 g/day, and an inadequate proportion between protein calories and non-protein calories, increasing their risk of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding is essential for infant nutrition, but different cultural, economic and social barriers affect it; thus, it is important to identify these barriers in order to develop adequate promotion strategies. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate printed materials culturally appropriate, based on experiences with Sonoran mothers, to establish and maintain breastfeeding. We follow-up 91 mothers during 5 months after discharge from a public hospital, and educate them on how to solve problems associated with breastfeeding. Based on their main motives for breastfeeding cessation or change to partial bottle feeding, we designed 5 printed materials for breastfeeding promotion. We tested and modified these materials according to the opinions of mothers in several group discussions. Their main motives were a) mother perception that the baby was not satisfied, b) their milk production was not enough, and c) breast or nipple sore and pain. Two short comics and three brochures were well received by participating mothers; some of their comments were that materials were novel, practical, easy to understand and valuable for breastfeeding mothers. Designed materials could be used to support public and social initiatives on breastfeeding programs in Sonora State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: nutritional therapy is essential for the treatment of critically ill patients, although its right application fails frequently, which increases the risk for undernutrition and complications. Objective: to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of patients with enteral nutritional support in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: a cohort study was conducted including adults admitted to the ICU with enteral support and stay ≥ 7 days. Demographic data, severity of the disease, and clinical and nutritional scores, including IL-6 levels and body composition, were evaluated at admission. Nutritional intake was recorded daily in relation to the target intake according to international guidelines, for calculation of caloric and protein deficiencies. Results: in all, 26 from 132 admitted patients were included. Their probability of mortality was 20-25 % due to disease severity by APACHE (16.6 ± 6.02) and SOFA (8 ± 4.4). Undernutrition risk was 5.6 ± 1.09 by NRS-2002 and 4.3 ± 1.2 by angle phase. Caloric deficiency was -674 kcal/day, with 13 % proteins (28 ± 11.5 g/d) and 42 % lipids, including 17.5 % of non-nutrient calories from propofol. NUTRIC was significantly associated with percentages of the caloric prescription at days 3 and 7 (R2 = 0.21, p = 0.01). Conclusion: patients had a caloric/protein deficit with critical protein deficit of -85.2 g/day, and an inadequate proportion between protein calories and non-protein calories, increasing their risk of complications.

Due to an increasing incidence of celiac disease (CD) and other gluten-related disorders, different gluten-free breads have been developed using starches and additives as a substitute for gluten. Thus, patients miss not only the taste and aroma of wheat bread but also risk their sensitive intestines. Therefore, modifying gluten to avoid an immune response in CD and its application to baking is in progress. The aim of the study was to enzymatically modify gluten on wheat flour, during bread-making avoiding the use of additives, to reduce immunoreactivity, preserving its properties. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) or chymotrypsin (ChT) was used to bind lysine or valine to gluten proteins in a model system. The best conditions were directly applied to wheat flour for bread-making with and without punching at 45 min. Subsequently, the rheological properties of the doughs, specific volume of the loaves, immunoreactive gluten content and modification of the extracted proteins were evaluated. ChT-treated breads presented a better appearance with a more homogeneous crumb, higher specific volume values (3.34-4.25 cm(3) g(-1)) and higher reactive gluten reduction (up to 71%) than the mTG-treated ones (1.23-2.66 cm(3) g(-1)) with only a 42% reactive gluten reduction. Thus, transpeptidation during bread-making is a promising technology, although it is necessary to improve the modification process to obtain the reactive gluten reduction required in breads for the treatment of CD patients and other gluten-related disorders.

Objective: To evaluate changes in weight and body fat of Mexican adolescent compared to those of adult lactating women from the Northwest (NM) and Central (CM) regions of Mexico in the first trimester postpartum., Methods: A prospective design was used to evaluate 41 exclusively breastfeeding women (21 adolescents and 20 adults) recruited 1-2 days after delivering a healthy singleton at the Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora (Northwest Mexico) and Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, in Mexico City. Socioeconomic status, height, body weight and composition, dietary intake, physical activity, and milk volume (quantified by deuterium dilution method) were measured at the 1st and 3rd month postpartum., Results: Women did not lose weight throughout the first trimester postpartum. Mean postpartum weight retention at the end of the study was 3.8 kg. No differences in weight and body mass index (BMI) were found between adolescent and adult women in both periods. Energy and macronutrient intakes, physical activity and milk volume were similar between the two groups of women. In both periods, adolescents from the CM region had lower weight, BMI, and body fat than adolescents from the NM region (P<0.05). At the 3rd month, pregestational weight (P < 0.0001) was a predictor of BMI, and region (P < 0.05) and milk volume (P < 0.01) were associated with percentage of body fat., Conclusions: Exclusively breastfeeding for 3 months did not reduce weight or body fat in the Mexican population of this study. Efforts to avoid weight retention in the lactation period may contribute to prevent overweight and obesity in women., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Aim: To study the histological and pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA accumulation changes of pancreas from acute phase of caerulin-induced pancreatitis to recuperation in rats., Methods: Acute pancreatitis was induced by caerulein in male Wistar rats and followed up for 90 d by histological and mRNA analyses of pancreas. Pancreases were dissected at 0, 9, 24 h and 3, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90 d post-induction. Edema (E), polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuolization (V), zymogen granule depletion (ZD) and acinar disorganization (AD) were microscopically evaluated. Accumulation of pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) and L13A mRNAs were quantified by real-time PCR., Results: The main histological changes appeared at 9 h post-induction for PMN infiltration and cytoplasmic V, while at 24 h and 3 d for E and ZD, respectively. All the parameters were recovered after 5 d, except for ZD which delayed more than 30 d. The main AD was observed after 15 d and values returned to normal after 30 d. Similarly to histological changes, accumulation of the PAP mRNA was increased at 9 h with the highest accumulation at 24 h and differences disappeared after 5 d., Conclusion: From the acute phase to recuperation of pancreatitis, regeneration and re-differentiation of pancreas occur and PAP expression is exclusively an acute response of pancreatitis.

Thirty four subjects (13 men and 21 women), 24 to 70 years old from northern Mexico, were measured for body density by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) with the BOD-POD, and for total body water by deuterium oxide dilution and infrared spectroscopy (IRS-DOD). Subjects were given a 30 g dose of deuterium oxide. Saliva samples were filtered, sublimated, and deuterium was measured using a Miran 1 FF, IRS. Linear regression of the fat mass (FM) derived from both methods showed that the intercept (0.071) was not different from zero (p = .96) and the slope was 0.96 (p < .0001) demonstrating the techniques to be equivalent. Further, mean FM was 26.7 +/- 12.4 and 25.6 +/- 12.4 kg, for IRS-DOD and ADP techniques, respectively (p = .08). Precision analysis by the model R2 showed that 92.3% of the variability was explained (SEM = 3.4 kg). Bland-Altman analysis showed no significant bias (r = 0.017; p = .93). Mean difference between methods was -1.08 (CI: -2.3 to + 0.13) kg FM.

Measurements of deuterium oxide concentrations (DOC) in saliva by infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were compared for the calculation of infants' milk intake and maternal body fat. Deuterium oxide (30 g) was given to the mother. DOC by IRS and IRMS were 340 +/- 209 and 345 +/- 202 ppm. The mean difference between both methods (4.62 +/- 76.3) was not different from zero (p = .57). Bland and Altman analysis showed no significant overall bias (r = 0.10; p = .33), but dispersion within the limits of agreement. The mean milk intake in the infants' by IRS and IRMS were 624 +/- 296 g/day and 634 +/- 327 g/day (p = .642) and the mothers' mean body fat were 31.3 +/- 12% and 31.5 +/- 13% (p = .755). The results appear to be the same for milk intake and body fat by the two methods and no evidence of bias was found.