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El vermicompost (VC) es una alternativa eficiente para mejorar el crecimiento y productividad de las plantas y la aplicación del bioestimulante Microorganismos eficientes (ME-50®) es una estrategia económica que promueve el crecimiento de los cultivos, por lo tanto, el uso combinado de ambos bioproductos podría ser una opción atractiva y económica para producir alimentos saludables. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las respuestas agroproductivas del pepino a la fertilización individual, combinada con los bioproductos de Microorganismos eficientes. Un experimento bajo condiciones de organoponía fue dispuesto en un diseño en bloques al azar, esquema factorial (4×2), con cuatro réplicas. Cuatro concentraciones del biofertilizante ME-50® [0 (sin aplicación), 50, 100 y 200 mL/L] se combinaron con la ausencia y presencia (5 t/ha) de vermicompost, para la determinación del crecimiento se empleó la altura de la planta, área foliar y masa seca de la parte aérea y para la productividad el número, longitud, masa de los frutos y rendimiento del pepino. Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación individual de vermicompost y/o ME-50® aumentan el crecimiento de la planta y la productividad del pepino. Además, la combinación del vermicompost y ME-50® incrementaron los parámetros de crecimiento y rendimiento en comparación a la aplicación individual de ellos. Adicionalmente, se recomienda la inoculación de las semillas con el bioestimulante ME-50® a 200 en la ausencia de vermicompost y la inoculación con 100 en presencia de vermicompost (5 t/ha), respectivamente. Los resultados de este trabajo indican que con la aplicación combinada de los bioproductos vermicompost y ME-50®, representan una estrategia económica, eficiente y viable para el manejo sostenible y agroecológico y así mismo, se consiguió aumentar el rendimiento del pepino en condiciones de organoponía.

Abstract Aluminum (Al) inhibits growth and limits plant productivity in acidic soils. An important strategy to increase Al tolerance is the use of silicon (Si) nutrition. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive role of Si in increasing the growth, physiological and morphoanatomy responses of sugarcane plants under Al toxicity. A 4 × 2 factorial scheme in a completely randomized design was used to study the impact of Si (2 mM) on attenuating Al toxicity (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg L−1, as Al2(SO4)3·18H2O) in sugarcane seedlings. After 45 days, Al toxicity affected sugarcane growth by increasing Al uptake and accumulation, modifying root growth, thickness, and morphoanatomy, and decreasing pigment content, gas exchange parameters, and the number of adaxial and abaxial stomata. However, Si attenuated Al toxicity in the sugarcane seedlings by limiting Al uptake and transport to the shoots, causing positive changes in root morphoanatomy, higher pigment content, improving gas exchange parameters, thereby increased growth. Furthermore, cultivar ‘CTC9003’ showed beneficial impacts from Si supplementation than ‘CTC9002’, especially under Al toxicity. The findings of this study suggest that Si plays a notable role in improving anatomical and physiological aspects, particularly the growth of sugarcane seedlings under Al toxicity.

The exponential growth of the world population makes it necessary to look for alternatives to increase food production. Amino acids are widely used to improve crop productivity, however, in table beet cultivation they are not widespread. Therefore, the objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of an amino acid solution on the physiological indices and production of red beet. A randomized block experiment was designed with five treatments and six replications. Four concentrations of the amino acid solution VA1 (0.3 ml L-1), VA2 (0.6 ml L-1), VA3 (0.9 ml L-1), VA4 (1.2 ml L-1) were evaluated. 1) and a control treatment VA0 (0). The dry biomass of the plants, leaf area, growth rates, total chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, relative water content and agricultural yield were evaluated. The results showed lower growth and production when the amino acid solution was not used and a significant increase in the dry biomass of the plants when the solution was used in all its variants. Growth rates, chlorophyll content, as well as leaf temperature, were also benefited by amino acids. The highest productive efficiency was obtained with 0.6; 0.9- and 1.2-ml L-1 and the best performance response was at the 1.2 ml L-1 dose. Therefore, the foliar application of amino acids is an alternative to increase the growth and production of red beets.

Inoculation between bacteria and fungi can be an efficient and viable alternative for production of horticultural crops. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation between Trichoderma harzianum and the biostimulant ME-50® on the growth promotion and productivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and green beans [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpen]. Two experiments under garden conditions were carried out, in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, in a random blocks with five replicates, to evaluate the effects of inoculation (100 mL L−1) and not inoculation to the soil with the bioestimulant ME-50® in combination with seed inoculation (100 mL L−1) and non-inoculation seeds with T. harzianum strain A-34 to improve the growth (height, leaf area and dry matter of leaves and stems) and productivity (number, length and mass of fruits and yield) of cucumber and green beans. Inoculation with the biostimulant ME-50® promoted greater growth and productivity of cucumber and green bean plants compared to the inoculation with T. harzianum. However, coinoculation between both biostimulants was more efficient in the growth and development of both plant species; increasing the productivity of cucumber (133 %) and green beans (138 %). The results of this study suggest that coinoculation between the biostimulant ME-50® and T. harzianum has a synergistic, efficient and viable effect on the growth and productivity of cucumber and green beans plants, being considered useful in organic, ecological and sustainable of the crops.

The use of adequate plant density in combination with the amino acid application can play a decisive role in achieving optimal yields in sesame crops. In order to evaluate the effects of the influence of plant densities and the application of amino acids on the growth and yield of sesame seeds in the rainy season, an experiment was carried out between June and October 2023. Three doses of amino acids (AV) were examined: without VA, 0.25 and 0.50 L ha-1 and two plant densities (25,000 and 29,000 plants/ha), distributed in Split-plots, in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that plant densities influence the growth and yield of the sesame crop, the density of 25,000 plants ha-1 influenced the number of plant leaves, leaf area and the AF/NH ratio, while the density of 29,000 plants ha-1 showed greater plant height and yield. Additionally, the dose of 0.25 L ha-1 promoted the growth of sesame plants at the density of 25,000 plants/ha and a higher yield at the density of 29,000 plants/ha, while the dose of 0 .50 L ha-1 of amino acids showed greater productivity at the density of 25,000 plants/ha. The results of this study suggest that the use of high plant densities in combination with the foliar application of amino acids is an viable strategy to increase sesame productivity in the rainy season.

Nitrogen (N) holds a prominent position in the metabolic system of plants, as it is a main constituent of amino acids, which are the basic building blocks of proteins and enzymes. Plants primarily absorb N in the form of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−). However, most plants exhibit severe toxicity symptoms when exposed to NH4+ as the sole N source. Addressing NH4+ stress requires effective strategies, and the use of silicon (Si) has shown promising results. However, there is a lack of underlying studies on the impact of NH4+ toxicity on C:N:P stoichiometric balance and the role of Si in these ratios. In this study, we explored the effects of varying NH4+ concentrations (1, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 mmol L−1) on the C:N:P stoichiometry and yield of beetroot in hydroponic conditions. Additionally, we investigated whether the application of Si (2 mmol L−1) could mitigate the detrimental effects caused by toxic NH4+ levels. The experiment followed a randomized block design based on a 5 × 2 factorial scheme with four replicates. Results revealed that in the presence of Si, both [N] and [P] significantly increased in shoots and roots, peaking at 15 mmol L−1 of NH4+ in the nutrient solution. While shoot [C] remained stable, root [C] increased with NH4+ concentrations of 22.5 and 30 mmol L−1, respectively. Moreover, shoot and root [Si] increased with higher NH4+ levels in the nutrient solution. The findings underscored homeostatic instability under the highest NH4+ levels, particularly in plants cultivated without Si in the nutritive solution, leading to a reduction in both shoot and root dry matter production.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de los bioestimulantes QuitoMax® y OPLANT+® en la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicumL.). En condiciones de laboratorio, se realizó un experimento en esquema factorial (7 × 3), en un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con tres repeticiones. Tres concentraciones de QuitoMax® (2,5, 5 y 10 mg/L), tres diluciones de OPLANT+® (1:40, 1:50 y 1:60 (v:v)) y un control (agua) se combinaron con tres tiempos de imbibición (TI) (10, 20 y 30 min). Otro experimento se realizó en condiciones de campo en bloques al azar, con tres tratamientos y siete réplicas. Un control (sin bioestimulantes), semillas embebidas en 5 mg/L de QuitoMax® por 20 min y 1:60, v:v de OPLANT+® por 30 min. Los resultados indican que el QuitoMax® y el OPLANT+® mostraron efectos similares en la germinación en los tratamientos con 5 mg/L por 20 min y 1:60 por 30 min, respectivamente. La masa seca de la parte aérea y de las raíces se incrementó en 24 % y 98 % con el QuitoMax®, y 11 % y 90 % con el OPLANT+® en relación con el tratamiento control. Sin embargo, el QuitoMax® fue más promisorio en la promoción del crecimiento de las plantas que las sustancias húmicas. Este estudio sugiere que ambos bioestimulantes son eficientes y viables para estimular la germinación y el crecimiento de las plantas de tomate, lo cual sugiere su utilización en la producción sostenible en estas etapas del cultivo.

Soil microorganisms found in agricultural residues and the so-called efficient microorganisms (EM) are attractive for their potential applications and benefits in the bioremediation of complex ecosystems. However, the knowledge about Who is doing what?, as well as the trophic interaction in those communities that explain its benefits are limited; a better understanding of this microbiome is needed to explain its benefits. The objective of this research was to characterize the microorganisms isolated from two soil communities and the efficient microorganisms obtained in laboratory (EM16 consortium), taking into account physico-chemical characteristics, diversity, quantification, and taxonomic identification through microbiological and molecular techniques. A microbiological analysis was performed according to the morphological characteristics of the colonies as well as the study of the dynamics and taxonomic identification of the microbial populations through the TRFLP and Ion Torrent techniques. The diversity, dynamics, and taxonomic identification achieved in these studies showed the prospects for using these soil EM in bioremediation, considering the diverse metabolic pathways that these species have and their symbiotic interactive potential for biodegradation of lignocellulosic-resilient compounds. This study provides the first molecular characterization of the EM (EM16 consortium) and soil isolates from agricultural residues (sugarcane crop and bamboo field). The results suggest that the use of microbiological and molecular tools in a polyphasic approach allows the complete characterization of non-cultivable microorganisms that could contribute to sustainable environmental management and crop production.

The use of adequate plant densities can be a key and important factor to increasing rice productivity (Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of four population densities (DP) on the growth and agricultural production of rice. The INCA-LP-5 cultivar was managed between April and August 2016. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, with four population densities (250,000, 350,000, 450,000 and 550,000 plants ha-1) and five replications. The effects of the PD were verified by observing the following parameters: evaluated the following indicators, plant height (cm), tiller number per hill, number of panicles per m2, number of grains per panicle, panicle length (cm), 1000 grains weight (g) and grain yield (t ha-1). The results indicated that the DP of 450,000 plant ha-1 showed the best results in rice productivity. These results were possible because the DP of 450,000 plants ha-1 increased the morphological and productive parameters in relation to the other densities studied. The findings of this study indicated that the use of optimal plant densities plays a fundamental role in the growth and productivity of rice, which leads to a sustainable development of the crop.

El uso de microorganismos benéficos en conjunto con bioestimulantes vegetales puede ser una alternativa eficiente para mejorar la productividad del fríjol. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación individual y combinada entre los bioestimulantes ME-50® y FitoMas-E® en el incremento agroproductivo del fríjol en época de siembra tardía. La investigación, se desarrolló en la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios “Mártires de Taguasco”, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Se realizó un experimento en condiciones de campo con el cultivar ʻVelazco largoʼ. Los tratamientos, se distribuyeron en bloques al azar, en esquema factorial 2×2, con cinco réplicas, dos niveles ausencia y presencia del consorcio ME-50® y su combinación con la no aplicación y aplicación de FitoMas-E. Los efectos de los bioestimulantes se observaron en los parámetros de i) crecimiento: hojas por planta, área foliar y la masa seca y ii) productivos: número de vainas por planta, granos por vaina, masa de 100 granos y el rendimiento. Los resultados revelaron que la aplicación conjunta de ambos bioestimulantes fue más eficiente en el aumento del crecimiento y la productividad, que la aplicación individual y la no aplicación de bioestimulantes, al incrementar el rendimiento en 10 y 71 %, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren que la combinación entre el ME-50® y el FitoMas-E® constituye una alternativa eficiente, económica y viable, para aumentar la productividad del fríjol en época de siembra tardía.

The use of Efficient Microorganisms (EM) can be an effective alternative to improve plant growth and yield in the bean cultivation. Therefore, different forms of application of efficient microorganisms were evaluated in the production of two cultivars of the common bean from November of 2013 to March of 2014. Two factors were studied; the first one was comprised of the two cultivars, Velazco Largo (VL) and Cuba Cueto (CC-25-9-N). The second factor consisted of four treatments with EM; without EM (control), soil inoculation (100 mL L-1), foliage applications (100 mL L-1), and the combined soil inoculation (100 mL L-1) plus foliar applications (100 mL L-1). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in factorial outline 2×4, with three repetitions. The agronomic indicators were evaluated as the number of leaves per plant, the height of plants, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, the mass of 100 seeds (g) and the yield (t ha-1). The results showed that the different forms of application of efficient microorganisms stimulated the agronomic indicators evaluated in both crops. The associated applications between the inoculation of the soil and foliage applications of efficient microorganisms provided better results, producing increments in the yield of 1.13 t ha-1 in VL and 2.15 t ha-1 in CC-25-9-N.

Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de dos bioestimulantes en el comportamiento agrícola del cultivo del tabaco negro `Sancti Spíritus 2006´. El experimento se desarrolló en la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios “Sindulfo García”, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, de octubre a diciembre de 2015. Se evaluaron los siguientes tratamientos, control, inoculación y aplicación foliar de microrganismos eficientes (ME-50) a 100 mg L-1, aplicación foliar de Biobras-16® a 0,05 mg L-1 y la combinación de ambos. Las principales observaciones correspondieron a las siguientes variables morfoagronómicas: distancia entre nudos (cm), largo y ancho de las hojas centrales (cm), altura de las plantas (cm) y el número de hojas por planta. Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de los bioestimulantes ME-50, Biobras-16®, así como su combinación incrementaron las variables morfológicas en la variedad de tabaco negro `Sancti Spíritus 2006´. Los mayores resultados fueron logrados con la aplicación combinada de los dos bioestimulantes porque incrementaron en todas las observaciones, la distancia entre nudos, la longitud y ancho de las hojas centrales, la altura de las plantas y aumentaron en 35,51 % el número de hojas por planta a los 64 días después del trasplante en relación al tratamiento control.

The cultivated area of soybean has increased worldwide in past decades, including regions with saline soils, strongly decreasing growth and productivity. The use of amino acids (AAs) as buffering compounds against stressful conditions can be a useful strategy to mitigate salt stress in these regions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar application of AA mixtures on the growth, physiology, and biochemistry traits of salt-stressed soybean plants. A pot experiment was designed as a factorial scheme (4 × 3) in a randomized complete design (RCD). Treatments consisted of four concentrations of AA mixtures of a non-VA application, 0.4 mL L−1, 0.8 mL L−1, and 1.2 mL L−1 (VIUSID Agro® (VA) source), which were combined with non-salt stressed and salt-stressed groups (50 and 100 mmol L−1 NaCl), to analyze improvement in growth and potassium (K+) accumulation, maintenance of relative water content (RWC), net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll content, and increase of proline accumulation and water use efficiency (iWUE). Moderate and high salinity induced a notable increase in oxidative and ionic biomarkers, coupled with higher Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and Na+ accumulation. Alternatively, soybean growth, K+ accumulation, and physiological and biochemical parameters were decreased under salinity. Foliar spraying of AAs drastically increased osmolyte accumulation associated with sustained iWUE and RWC, increased proline accumulation, and improved A, E, gs, and chlorophyll content. Greater outcomes were achieved with the foliar spraying of amino acids at 1.2 mL L−1. Collectively, foliar application of AA mixtures plays an important role in salt stress remediation by modifying important physiological and biochemical processes, thereby resulting in a higher growth of soybean plants.

High ammonia (NH4+) concentration can exert stress on many plants, which causes nutritional disorders and reduction on plant growth. However, depending on the intensity of the stress, it may be attenuated by silicon. In this work, the response of impact of cations and silicon accumulations and plant growth in cultivated papaya plants was investigated under different toxic ammonia concentrations regardless of the presence of silicon (Si). The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) with papaya seedlings, variety ‘Grupo Formosa’ (Calimosa híbrida 01), grown in a glass greenhouse, in 1.7 dm3pots filled with pine and coconut fiber-based substrate. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were five ammonium concentrations: 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 mmol L-1that were delivered via nutrient solution, in the absence and presence of Si (2 mmol L-1), with five replicates. After 31 days of growth, the cations and silicon accumulations in the shoot, plant height, stem diameter, root, and shoot dry matter were evaluated. Results revealed that increased ammonia concentration showed toxicity in papaya plants and stronger reductions in Ca, Mg, K and Si accumulations, plant heights, stem diameters, and root and shoot dry matter production, even when silicon was present and with greater effects on the shoot dry matter (87 %) than that of the roots (13 %).

With the objective of to evaluate the effect of different biostimulants in the increase of morphophysiological and productive indicators of common bean, the following research was carried out at the collective farmer "Joe Westbrook" in Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, from November 2014 to February 2015. The sowing of cv. Bat-304 was carried out manually form at a distance of 0.80 m between rows and 0.15 m between plants. The following treatments were evaluated: Efficient Microorganisms (ME-50), ME-Agitado and LEBAME, Fitomas E, Biobras-16® and a control (without application). The evaluated variables were: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, dry matter, grains per pod, mass of 100 grains and yield. The results showed that the foliar application of the different biostimulants increased the morphophysiological and yield indicators evaluated. The highest yields when biostimulants ME-50 and Biobras-16® were applied, with 2.01 and 2.00 t ha-1 respectively.

The sowing density consist in achieve the seed distribution in the space, for to increase the yields. Most bean producers use inadequate densities and below the recommended. For prove this, was developed performed in the Agro-industrial Grain Enterprise of Sancti Spiritus “Valle Caonao”, from November 2016 to February 2017, on a Red lixiviate Ferralitic soil. The sowing of cultivar “Buenaventura” was carried out of machine forms for to regulate the four sowing densities fallowing: 160000, 180000, 200000 and 220000 plants ha-1. The cultivar used was with red grain colors and sowing was done. The morph-physiologic indicators determine were: average number of leaf per planta, average high, dry matter (g plantas-1), average legumes, average grain per legume, mass of 100 seeds (g 100 seeds-1) and yield (ton/ha). The results showed that the largest significant increases of sowing densities on morph-physiologies indicators and yields of the bean grains. The best results were achieving by the density of 200000 plants per hectare and overcome the national media production in ton/ha.

The exponential growth of the world population makes it necessary to look for alternatives to increase food production. Amino acids are widely used to improve crop productivity, however, in table beet cultivation they are not widespread. Therefore, the objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of an amino acid solution on the physiological indices and production of red beet. A randomized block experiment was designed with five treatments and six replications. Four concentrations of the amino acid solution VA1 (0.3 ml L-1), VA2 (0.6 ml L-1), VA3 (0.9 ml L-1), VA4 (1.2 ml L-1) were evaluated. 1) and a control treatment VA0 (0). The dry biomass of the plants, leaf area, growth rates, total chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, relative water content and agricultural yield were evaluated. The results showed lower growth and production when the amino acid solution was not used and a significant increase in the dry biomass of the plants when the solution was used in all its variants. Growth rates, chlorophyll content, as well as leaf temperature, were also benefited by amino acids. The highest productive efficiency was obtained with 0.6; 0.9- and 1.2-ml L-1 and the best performance response was at the 1.2 ml L-1 dose. Therefore, the foliar application of amino acids is an alternative to increase the growth and production of red beets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of an adequate plant density in combination with amino acid spry can play a decisive role in achieving optimal yield in sesame crops. To evaluate the effects of plant densities and amino acids on the growth and yield of sesame seeds in rainy season, an experiment was carried out between June and October 2023. Three doses of amino acids (AV) were evaluated: without AV, 0.25 and 0.50 L ha-1 and two plant densities (25,000 and 29,000 plants ha-1) were distributed with a split-plots, in a randomized block design with three replicates. The results showed that plant density influenced the growth and yield of sesame crop, the density of 25,000 plants ha-1 affected the number of plant leaves and leaf area, while the density of 29,000 plants ha-1 showed greater plant height and yield. Additionally, 0.25 L ha-1 promoted growth of sesame plants at of 25,000 plants ha-1 plant density, and a higher yield at 29,000 plants ha-1 plant density, while 0.50 L ha-1 of amino acids showed greater productivity at a 25,000 plants ha-1 plant density. The results suggested that using high plant densities combined with foliar spry of amino acids is a viable strategy to increase sesame productivity in the rainy season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los principales problemas de la producción de pepino, residen mayormente en la escasez de fertilizantes minerales, afectaciones climatológicas y limitado uso de los biofertilizantes, por lo cual, es importante buscar alternativas eficientes que aumenten la productividad, la racionalidad y la sustentabilidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la utilización individualizada y asociada de los biofertilizantes microorganismos eficientes y vermicompost lixiviado en el incremento agroproductivo del pepino. El trabajo fue desarrollado en la unidad productiva “El Estadio”, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, entre enero a abril de 2015 y fue utilizado el cultivar Su Yi Sung de pepino. Los tratamientos aplicados fueron un control, inoculación al suelo y aplicaciones foliares de Microorganismos eficientes y vermicompost lixiviado, a 100 y 200mL L-1 y la inoculación al suelo, con Microorganismos eficientes, a 100mL L-1 y aplicaciones foliares con vermicompost lixiviado, a 100mL L-1. Las variables evaluadas fueron el número de hojas, de flores femeninas y de frutos por planta, longitud de frutos (cm), masa de los frutos (g) y el rendimiento (kg m-2). Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación individual y combinada de los biofertilizantes tuvieron un efecto bioestimulante en la producción de pepino y la aplicación de microorganismos eficientes a 100mL L-1 y la combinación con vermicompost lixiviado a 100mL L-1 constituyen una alternativa en la productividad del cultivo, especialmente, porque aumentaron el número de hojas, flores femeninas, frutos, masa y longitud de los frutos e incrementaron el rendimiento en 42% con relación al tratamiento control.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la asociación entre diferentes formas de aplicación de microorganismos eficientes y la inoculación con Rhizobium en el comportamiento morfológico y productivo del frijol común se desarrolló un experimento en la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios “Mártires de Taguasco”, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, de octubre de 2012 a febrero de 2013 y se utilizó el cv. Cuba cueto. Fueron evaluados dos factores, el primero fue la utilización de Rhizobium (sin y 1 kg/46 kg de semilla) y el segundo fue cuatro formas de aplicación de microorganismos eficientes, sin (0), al surco (100 mg/L), foliares (100 mg/L) y la asociada (surco más la foliar). Los indicadores morfológicos y productivos que se determinaron fueron: promedio de hojas por plantas, altura de las plantas (cm), legumbres por plantas, granos por legumbres, masa de 100 granos (g/100 semillas) y rendimiento (t/ha). Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación asociada al surco más la foliar de microorganismos eficientes comparadas con las otras formas, incrementó los parámetros morfológicos y productivos evaluados como la producción de hojas, altura de la planta, legumbres por planta, granos por legumbre, la masa de 100 semillas y el rendimiento del grano en 153,23 % cuando no fueron inoculadas con Rhizobium y 100,00 % con la inoculación en relación al tratamiento control.

El uso de bioestimulantes vegetales conjuntamente con microorganismos eficientes puede ser una alternativa para cambiar el metabolismo de las plantas y, en consecuencia, mejorar el rendimiento del cultivo de frijol. Bajo esta circunstancia, se evaluó el efecto entre microorganismos eficientes y Fitomas E en el incremento productivo del frijol común en dos épocas de siembra. Dos experimentos fueron desarrollados, de octubre de 2014 a abril de 2015. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron: el control, inoculación y aplicaciones foliares de microorganismos eficientes, inoculación y aplicaciones foliares con Fitomas E y la asociación entre estos. Los indicadores evaluados fueron: el número de hojas por planta, materia seca, número legumbres por planta, granos por legumbre, masa de 100 granos y el rendimiento. Los resultados mostraron que las mayores respuestas, fueron obtenidas en época de siembra intermedia y la producción de frijol fue favorecida con la aplicación asociada entre microorganismos eficientes y Fitomas E, comparado con las formas individuales, porque aumentó el número de hojas por planta, masa seca, cantidad de legumbre por planta, promedio de granos por legumbre, la masa de 100 granos y producir 1090,0 kg.ha-1 en época intermedia y 660,0 kg.ha-1 en la tardía en relación al control.

The work was done en the cultivation houses of ̈La Quinta ̈ of t he company of several cultivations of Sancti Spíritus in the months of March to July of 2011. In t wo house of cultivation of tomato 540 m 2. One week before the floor to reason of 0.5 kg/m2 (270kg) blended with 2.16 kg of Trichoderma harzianum A-34 solid with a concentration of 2.5x 109 conidios for g(4g/m2 ) of floor). After the crop was incorporate to the floor a treatment of on experimental formulated of Trichoderma (Trichobiol 34 PH) with the fatirriego system to reason of 5x1012 conidios/ha. With the objective of evaluate the levels of affe ctation for nematodes. The use of Trichoderma solid and blended with worm humus and the addition of a prepara tion of commercial powdered Trichobiol (34 PH) reduce the contamination degree of nematodes 2, to degree 1 in a period of 13 days in the treated house and they statued at that level until the crop

The work was done en the cultivation houses of ̈La Quinta ̈ of the company of several cultivations of Sancti Spíritus in the months of March to July of 2011. In two house of cultivation of tomato 540m2. One week before the floor to reason of 0.5 kg/m2 (270kg) blended with 2.16 kg of Trichoderma harzianum A-34 solid with a concentration of 2.5x 109 conidios for g(4g/m2) of floor). After the crop was incorporate to the floor atreatment of on experimental formulated of Trichoderma (Trichobiol 34 PH) with the fatirriego system to reason of 5x1012 conidios/ha. With the objective of evaluate the levels of affectation for nematodes. The use of Trichoderma solid and blended with worm humus and the addition of a preparation of commercial powdered Trichobiol (34 PH) reduce the contamination degree of nematodes 2, to degree 1 in a period of 13 days in the treated house and they statued at that level until the crop.