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•Leadership training is under-emphasized in traditional medical education.•An effective leadership curriculum must be dynamic and requires genuine investment from participants.•Through didactic education, self-reflection, and real-world perspective we can actively mold future leaders in gynecologic oncology., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnoses during the peri-operative and survivorship periods in patients following surgical management of endometrial cancer (EC)., Methods: An IRB-approved, retrospective single-institution cohort study was performed in patients who underwent surgical management of EC from 2014 to 2020. The perioperative period was defined as the 30 days before and after surgery. T2DM diagnoses occurring during survivorship were recorded. T2DM diagnoses were defined by a HgbA1c ≥6.5% or a random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL. Sequelae of peri-operative T2DM and predictors of future T2DM were examined utilizing univariate analysis., Results: Of 519 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 37 (7.1%) were diagnosed with T2DM in the perioperative period. Patients diagnosed with T2DM in the perioperative period had significantly higher BMI (p = 0.006) compared to no T2DM, but there were no significant differences in age (p = 0.20), ethnicity/race (p > 0.05) or ECOG score (p = 0.19). The rates of intraoperative complications between groups did not significantly differ, except for vascular complications (p = 0.005), and the incidence of any postoperative complication was higher in the perioperative T2DM group (p = 0.01). With a median follow-up of 29 months [range 11.6-49.0 months], an additional 18.3% (n = 88) of the cohort met diagnostic criteria for T2DM. BMI (p < 0.001), perioperative glucose (p < 0.001), and HgbA1c (p = 0.002) demonstrate risk for a T2DM diagnosis during survivorship., Conclusion(s): In this retrospective cohort of EC patients, 25.4% were diagnosed with T2DM, with the majority diagnosed in the survivorship period. Surgical management and subsequent surveillance of EC presents an opportunity to diagnose at-risk patients with T2DM., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement C.M.C. has received funds from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline. D.O.M. receives institutional research funding from AbbVie, Agenus, Aravive, AstraZeneca, Boston Biomedical, Clovis Oncology, Eisai, Exelixis, Genmab, GOG Foundation, ImmunoGen, IOVANCE Biotherapeutics, Leap Therapeutics, Merck, Mersana Therapeutics, NRG Oncology, OncoQuest, Precision Therapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Rubuis Therapeutics, Sutro Biopharma, TESARO, Advaxis, Alkermes, Arcus Biosciences, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Deciphera Pharma, EMB Serono, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffman-La Roche, Incyte Corporation, Karyopharm, Ludwig Institute, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, NCI, NovoCure, OncoC4 Inc., Pfizer Inc., Prelude Therapeutics, RTOG, Seattle Genetics (SeaGen), SWOG, and Verastem Inc. L.Copeland reports personal fees from Celsion Corporation, personal fees and other from Corcept Therapeutics, Inc., personal fees from Elevar Therapeutics, grants and personal fees from GSK, Inc., personal fees from Myriad Genetics, Inc., personal fees from Rubius Therapeutics, personal fees from Sorrento Therapeutics, personal fees from Tarveda Therapeutics, personal fees from Toray Industries, Inc., grants from Abbvie, grants from Advaxis, grants from Agenus, grants from Ajinomoto, grants from Array BioPharm, grants from AstraZeneca, grants from Bristol Myers Squbb, grants from Clovis Oncology, grants from Deciphera Parma, grants from Eisai, grants from EMD Serono Inc., grants from ERGOMED Clinical Research, grants from Exelixis, grants from Genentech/Roche, grants from Genmab, grants from Hoffman-LaRoche, grants and personal fees from Immunogen, grants from Incyte Corporation, grants from Iovance Biotherapeutics, grants from InVentive Health Clinical, grants from Jansen R&D, grants from Leap Therapeutics, grants from Ludwig Institute for Pharmaceuticals, grants from Merck, grants from Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., grants from Novocure, grants from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, grants from OncoQuest, grants from PRA International, grants from Regeneron Pharnaceuticals, grants from Seattle Genetics, grants from Serono, grants from Sutro Biopharm, grants from Tesaro (GSK), grants from Arcus Biosciences, Inc., grants from Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Oncolgy, grants from Cerulean Pharma, grants from Karyopharm, grants from BeiGene USA, Inc., grants from Ovagene, grants from Pfizer Inc., grants from Pharma Mar USA, Inc., grants from Precision Therapeutics, Inc., grants from Sanofi, grants from Stemcentrx, Inc., grants from TRACON Pharm, grants from Verastem, Inc., personal fees from VBL Therapeutics, Inc., personal fees from OncoNova, Inc., personal fees from Inx Med, personal fees from Luzsana Biotechnology, outside the submitted work; .D.O.M. receives consulting fees from AbbVie, Adaptimmune, Agenus Inc., Arquer Diagnostics, Arcus Biosciences Inc., AstraZeneca, Atossa Therapeutics, Boston Biomedical, Cardiff Oncology, Celcuity, Clovis Oncology, Corcept Therapeutics, Duality Bio, Eisai, Elevar, Exelixis, Genentech Inc., Genelux, GlaxoSmithKline, GOG Foundation, Hoffman-La Roche Inc., ImmunoGen Inc., Imvax, InterVenn, INXMED, IOVANCE Biotherapeutics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Laekna, Leap Therapeutics Inc., Luzsana Biotechnology, Merck & Co, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, Mersana Therapeutics Inc., Myriad, Novartis, NovoCure, OncoC4 Inc., Onconova, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Repimmune, R Pharm, Roche Diagnostics, Seattle Genetics (SeaGen), Sorrento, Sutro Biopharma, Tarveda Therapeutics, Toray, Trillium, Umoja, Verastem Inc., VBL Therapeutics, Vincerx Pharma, Xencor, and Zentalis. No research or consulting funding was utilized in the execution or formulation of this study., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy, with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. The existing paradigm for OC detection involves a serum marker, CA125, and ultrasound examination, neither of which is sufficiently specific for OC. This study addresses this deficiency through the use of a targeted ultrasound microbubble directed against tissue factor (TF)., Methods: TF expression was examined in both OC cell lines and patient-derived tumor samples via western blotting and IHC. In vivo microbubble ultrasound imaging was analyzed using high grade serous ovarian carcinoma orthotopic mouse models., Results: While TF expression has previously been described on angiogenic, tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells (VECs) of several tumor types, this is first study to show TF expression on both murine and patient-derived ovarian tumor-associated VECs. Biotinylated anti-TF antibody was conjugated to streptavidin-coated microbubbles and in vitro binding assays were performed to assess the binding efficacy of these agents. TF-targeted microbubbles successfully bound to TF-expressing OC cells, as well as an in vitro model of angiogenic endothelium. In vivo, these microbubbles bound to the tumor-associated VECs of a clinically relevant orthotopic OC mouse model., Conclusion: Development of a TF-targeted microbubble capable of successfully detecting ovarian tumor neovasculature could have significant implications towards increasing the number of early-stage OC diagnoses. This preclinical study shows potential for translation to clinical use, which could ultimately help increase the number of early OC detections and decrease the mortality associated with this disease., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Effective second-line treatment options for patients with recurrent ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) are limited. This case series sought to report tumor characteristics and oncologic outcomes in a small group of patients treated with combination lenvatinib and pembrolizumab. A retrospective analysis of patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma treated with combination lenvatinib and pembrolizumab at a single institution was performed. Patient and tumor characteristics were collected including demographics and germline/somatic testing. Clinical outcomes were also evaluated and reported. Three patients with recurrent OCCC were included in the study. The median age of patients was 48 years old. All patients had platinum-resistant disease and had received 1-3 prior lines of therapy. The overall response rate was 100% (3/3). Progression-free survival ranged from 10 months to not-yet-reached. One patient remains on treatment, while the other two died of disease with overall survival of 14 and 27 months. Combination lenvatinib-pembrolizumab demonstrated favorable clinical response in these patients with platinum-resistant, recurrent, ovarian clear cell carcinoma., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (©2023PublishedbyElsevierInc.)

Background: With the increasing rates of same-day discharge following minimally invasive surgery for endometrial cancer, the need for and value of routine postoperative testing is unclear., Objective: This study aimed to determine whether routine postoperative laboratory testing following minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometrial cancer leads to clinically significant changes in postoperative care., Study Design: This was a single-institution retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometrial cancer by a gynecologic oncologist between June 2014 and June 2017. Patient demographics, preoperative comorbidities, operative and postoperative data, and pathologic findings were manually extracted from the patients' medical records. The financial burden of laboratory testing was computed using hospital-level cost data., Results: Of the 649 women included in the analysis, most (91.4%) were White, with a mean age of 61 years, and mean body mass index of 38.0 kg/m 2 . The most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (31.9%, n=207), chronic pulmonary disease (7.9%, n=51), and congestive heart failure (3.2%, n=21). Median operative time was 151 minutes (range, 61-278), and median estimated blood loss was 100 mL (range, 10-1500). Most patients (68.6%, n=445) underwent lymphadenectomy. All patients had postoperative laboratory tests ordered: 100% complete blood count, 99.7% chemistry, 62.9% magnesium, 46.8% phosphate, 37.4% calcium, and 1.2% liver function tests. Twenty-six patients (4.0%) had a change in management owing to postoperative laboratory test results. Of these 26 women, 88% experienced a change in clinical status that would have otherwise prompted testing. Only 3 (0.5% of entire cohort) were asymptomatic: 1 received a blood transfusion for asymptomatic anemia, and the other 2, who did not carry a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, had interventions for hyperglycemia. On univariable analysis, peripheral and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus with end-organ damage, and a Charlson Comorbidity Index of ≥3 were associated with increased odds of change in management; these were not significant on multivariable analysis. Routine postoperative laboratory evaluation in this cohort increased hospital costs by $292,000., Conclusion: Routine postoperative laboratory tests are unlikely to lead to significant changes in management for women undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometrial cancer, and may increase cost without providing a discernible clinical benefit. In the setting of strict postoperative guidelines, laboratory tests should be ordered when clinically indicated rather than as part of routine postoperative management for women undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometrial cancer., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the association between pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and survival outcomes among patients with recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors., Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors from 2016 to 2021 was conducted. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes were assessed for patients stratified by NLR (<8 vs ≥ 8) utilizing Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable analysis was performed to compare baseline characteristics between the two groups., Results: A total of 49 patients were included in analysis. A majority of patients had squamous cell histology (57%), were PD-L1 positive (55%), received ≤ 1 prior lines of systemic therapy (57%), and had distant metastatic disease at the time of treatment (69%). The groups were well-balanced with respect to age, race, histology, smoking status, PD-L1 positivity, prior lines of treatment (≤1 vs > 1), prior radiation therapy, ECOG performance status, and disease distribution for patients with a NLR < 8 (n = 35) compared to those with a NLR ≥ 8 (n = 14). A pre-treatment NLR of < 8 was associated with improved survival (p < 0.01), with 57% (95% CI: 41%, 78%) probability of survival at one year compared to 26% (95% CI: 10%, 66%) for those with NLR ≥ 8. No statistically significant differences in probability of PFS at 1 year were seen between NLR < 8 compared to those with NLR ≥ 8 (p = 0.70)., Conclusions: Pre-treatment NLR may hold prognostic value for patients with metastatic/recurrent cervical cancer treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, with NLR < 8 associated with improved survival., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: TMEM205 is a novel transmembrane protein associated with platinum resistance (PR) in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (OC), however, the specific mechanisms associated with this resistance remain to be elucidated., Methods: TMEM205 expression was evaluated in platinum-sensitive (PS) versus platinum resistant (PR) ovarian cancer cell lines and patient serum/tissues. Exosomal efflux of platinum was evaluated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after pre-treatment with small molecule inhibitors (L-2663/L-2797) of TMEM205 prior to treatment with platinum. Cytotoxicity of combination treatment was confirmed in vitro and in an in vivo model., Results: TMEM205 expression was 10-20 fold higher in PR compared to PS ovarian cancer cell lines, serum samples, and tissues. Co-localization with CD1B was confirmed by in-situ proximity ligation assay suggesting that TMEM205 may mediate PR via the exosomal pathway. Exosomal secretion was significantly increased 5-10 fold in PR cell lines after treatment with carboplatin compared to PS cell lines. Pre-treatment with L-2663 prior to carboplatin resulted in significantly increased intracellular concentration of fluorescently-labeled cisplatin and decreased exosomal efflux of platinum. Decreased cell survival and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo was observed when PR cells were treated with a combination of L-2663 with carboplatin compared to carboplatin alone., Conclusion: TMEM205 appears to be involved in the development of PR in ovarian cancer through the exosomal efflux of platinum agents. This study provides pre-clinical evidence that TMEM205 could serve as a possible biomarker for PR as well as a therapeutic target in combination with platinum agents., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Ovarian cancer typically presents at an advanced stage and while initial chemotherapy response rates are favorable, a majority of patients experience recurrence with the subsequent development of chemoresistance. Recurrent, platinum-resistant disease is associated with a very poor prognosis as treatment in this setting is often limited by systemic toxicity. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel therapeutic agents designed to target antigens specific to ovarian tumor cells with direct delivery of cytotoxic agents to combat recurrent, platinum-resistant disease while limiting systemic toxicity., Areas Covered: The basic structure and function of ADCs will be reviewed as well as the current data on ADCs under investigation in ovarian cancer., Expert Opinion: ADCs represent a promising class of targeted therapy in recurrent ovarian cancer with excellent response rates particularly when utilized as combination therapy. While mirvetuximab soravtansine is the only ADC that has been evaluated in a phase 3 trial, many other ADCs and trials are on the horizon. As the field of targeted therapy continues to evolve, continued development of target antigens and ADCs are likely to represent a key development in treatment of recurrent, platinum-resistant disease.

Purpose of Review: This article provides a comprehensive review of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) under investigation in gynecologic cancers. The structure and function of ADCs are reviewed with a focus on clinical benefit as well as toxicity profiles., Recent Findings: Several ADCs with various target antigens have been investigated in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. ADCs have consistently demonstrated favorable safety/tolerability profiles both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. In ovarian cancer, response rates have ranged from 9 to 46% for monotherapy with response rates as high as 83% in combination therapy. In patients with cervical cancer with progressive disease despite doublet therapy and bevacizumab, response rates as high as 24% have been observed. ADCs represent a rapidly evolving field of targeted therapy which have demonstrated notable clinical benefit both as monotherapy but also in combination therapy with an overall favorable toxicity profile. With continued refinement of the target biomarkers utilized, improved clinical benefit is likely to be observed.