Search

International audience; Core–shell SiO2@Au@TiO2 materials have shown excellent catalytic performances in the base-free oxidation of furfural (FF) to furoic acid (FA). The enhanced catalytic behaviour with respect to that observed over supported SiO2@TiO2@Au catalysts suggests a key role of the TiO2 shell, which could prevent Au deactivation by irreversible FA adsorption, improve metal–oxide interaction and presumably, give rise to the formation of new active sites located at the perimeter of the Au–TiO2 interface.

Furfural (FF) has a high potential to become a major renewable platform molecule to produce biofuels and bio-based chemicals. The catalytic performances of AuxPty and AuxPdy bimetallic nanoparticulate systems supported on TiO2 were studied in a base-free aerobic oxidation of furfural to furoic acid (FA) and maleic acid (MA) in water. The characterization of the catalysts was performed using standard techniques. The optimum reaction conditions were also investigated, including the reaction time, the reaction temperature, the metal ratio, and the metal loading. The present work shows a synergistic effect existing between Au, Pd, and Pt in the alloy, where the performances of the catalysts were strongly dependent on the metal ratio. The highest selectivity (100%) to FA was obtained using Au3-Pd1 catalysts, with 88% using 0.5% Au3Pt1 with about 30% of FF conversion at 80 °C. Using Au-Pd-based catalysts, the maximum yield of MA (14%) and 5% of 2(5H)-furanone (FAO) were obtained by using a 2%Au1-Pd1/TiO2 catalyst at 110 °C.

International audience; The production of n-paraffins from biomass derivatives appears as an alternative to petroleum-derived compounds for the production of fuels, energy, and chemicals. Deoxygenation reactions, especially decarboxylation (DCX), are economically viable and are generally carried out with noble metal catalysts (Pt and Pd). Taking into account the cost and deactivation issues related to these catalysts, the development of non-noble metal catalysts is highly desirable yet challenging. For this purpose, non-noble monometallic catalysts (Ni, Fe, Cu, and Ag) and Ni-based bimetallic catalysts were studied for the DCX of palmitic acid (PA). Surprisingly, Ni–Cu/C systems were by far the most advantageous; the presence of Cu prevents the deactivation of the catalyst, decreases the reduction temperature, and significantly improves the yield of n-pentadecane (n-PD). The as-prepared catalysts formed a Ni–Cu alloy, but Cu- and Ni-rich phases were formed upon annealing. The higher Ni content in the 10% Ni 10% Cu/C catalyst resulted in a higher proportion of metallic Ni on the surface and a higher charge transfer from Ni to Cu. Thus, the best catalytic performance with full PA conversion and 95% selectivity to n-PD in 6 h was obtained at 320 °C, using 10 vol% of H2 in N2 and an operating pressure of 40 bar. Furthermore, this catalyst exhibited excellent recyclability under similar reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies confirmed the high catalyst selectivity, and excellent performance was observed for the DCX of stearic acid. This highlights the potential of this Ni–Cu catalyst for DCX of other fatty acids

International audience; 1,6-Hexanediol is one of the most relevant building blocks originating from biomass and it transforms into adipic acid for polymer synthesis. Herein, we examine the selective oxidation of 1,6-hexanediol to adipic acid over Au-based catalysts, in the aqueous phase, under base-free conditions. Particularly, the absence of a base allows the neutralization step at the end of the reaction to be avoided. The influences of various supports (MgO, BaO, NiO, and TiO2) and substrate/gold molar ratios were studied. Under the conditions used, the leaching of Mg in the mixture of MgF2 and MgO was limited by diluting the basic sites in the support. The highest selectivity to adipic acid (43%) was achieved at 110 °C under 15 bar of air in the presence of 2 wt% Au/0.6MgF2–0.4MgO

Furfural (FF) is a strategic product for the development of highly valued chemicals from biomass. The oxidation product of FF, furoic acid (FA), is an important precursor for the synthesis of green esters, such as methyl furoate. Taking into account issues with the direct furfural oxidation, furfural derivatives, such as alkyl furoates, can be easily prepared via oxidative esterification. Here, Au nanoparticles that were immobilized on alkaline-earth metal oxide supports were studied for the oxidative esterification of furfural while using alcohol as both reactant and solvent. The formation of esters is favored by the presence of basic sites on catalyst surface, resulting in high selectivity, preventing the formation of the acetal as a by-product. The Au/MgO sample provided up to 95% methyl furoate (MF) yield, a fast reaction rate, and high performance for furfural:Au molar ratios between 50 and 300. Furthermore, this catalyst was stable during reuse, since both the selectivity and the activity were maintained after four cycles. Oxidative esterification products were achieved in the presence of other alcohols, leading to the formation of esters of up to C5 (isopentyl furoate) with high selectivity (&gt, 99%). Linear and branched esters were formed, but the long-chain linear alcohols resulted in higher yields, such as n-butyl furoate in 94% yield.

The heterogeneous catalytic partial oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes in the liquid phase usually needs the addition of a homogeneous base, which in turn makes the products&rsquo, recovery cumbersome, and can further induce undesired side reactions. In the present work, we propose the use of novel catalysts based on metallic Au, Pd and bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles embedded in a titanosilicate matrix. The as-prepared catalysts showed good efficiency in the base-free partial oxidation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Au4Pd1@SiTi catalyst showed high selectivity (78%) to monoacids (namely, 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid) at 50% 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) conversion. The selectivity even reached 83% in the case of furfural oxidation to furoic acid (at 50% furfural conversion). The performances of the catalysts strongly depended on the Au&ndash, Pd ratio, with an optimal value of 4:1. The pH of the solution was always below 3.5 and no leaching of metals was observed, confirming the stabilization of the metal nanoparticles within the titanosilicate host matrix.

AuPd alloyed nanoparticles are regarded as very active catalysts for oxidation of alcohols. However we found that their catalytic activity can be further improved after calcination in air, which lead to the restructuring of alloyed AuPd nanoparticles and PdO segregation on the surface. The alloyed character was partially recovered upon reduction with H2 atmosphere, but the yet Pd‐rich surface was less active in the oxidation of the model molecule benzyl alcohol. 11;16

Gold nanoparticles have shown excellent catalytic properties in selective oxidation of alcohols in the presence of base; however, the influence of the nature and concentration of the base on gold catalyst activity and selectivity is not completely understood. We here present a study of the effect of using weak and strong bases on the conversion and selectivity of PVA-stabilized gold nanoparticles supported on titania (AuPVA/TiO2) for benzyl alcohol oxidation. The increase in the concentration of base had little effect on conversion when a weak base was used (K2CO3, Na2B4O7 and Na(CH3COO)), due to the buffer effect, but strongly affected selectivity. The bases with higher pKa values provided higher conversions and increased production of benzoic acid. For the strong base NaOH, benzoic acid was always the major product, although conversion decreases in excess of base. The formation of benzoic acid is avoided by using K2CO3 in non-aqueous media; benzaldehyde is the main product in cyclohexane whereas benzyl benzoate is also formed in significant amounts in solvent-free conditions. The promotion effect observed in the presence of base was discussed in terms of reaction mechanism.

We report herein HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and furfural oxidation to 2,5-furandicarboxylic (FDCA) and furoic acids, respectively, in water, under base-free conditions and using supported gold nanoparticles. Prepared catalysts showed high catalytic activity under environmentally friendly conditions. Especially, the use of base-free conditions enables getting rid of the most usually needed neutralization step generating salts that must be further handled/eliminated. We showed that the conversion and the selectivity to desired products depend on the basicity of the support. To this respect, the Au/MgO catalyst was the most active sample (100% and 90% yields to furoic acid and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, respectively), although a partial leaching of Mg was observed (89 ppm). Novel Au/MgF2-MgO catalysts were also very active (97% yield of furoic acid) with a final pH of 7.5. High yields of acid were also obtained (78%) with an acid final pH of 3.8, actually enabling the isolation of products under their acid form directly from the reaction medium without a neutralization step. 6

Metal nanoparticles have received intense scientific attention in the field of catalysis. Precise engineering of nanomaterials’ size, shape and surface composition, including adsorbed capping ligands, is of utmost importance to control activity and selectivity, and distinguish colloidally prepared metal nanoparticle catalysts from traditional heterogeneous catalysts. The interface between the material and the reaction medium is where the key interactions occur; therefore, catalysis occurs under the influence of capping ligands. In this Perspective review, we focus on the choice of capping ligands (or stabilizing agents), and their role and fate in different steps from preparation to catalysis. Evaluating the influence of the ligands on the catalytic response is not trivial, but the literature provides examples where the ligands adsorbed on the nanoparticle surface dramatically change the activity and selectivity for a particular reaction, while acting either as a dynamic shell or a passivation coating. Steric and electronic effects resulting from the presence of adsorbed ligands have been proposed to influence the catalytic properties. Attempts to remove the capping ligands are discussed, even though they are not always successful or even necessary. Finally, we outline our personal understanding and perspectives on the use of ligands or functionalized supports to tune the activity and selectivity of supported metal nanoparticles.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T18:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-01 [RuCl2(S-DMSO)2(X-py)2] type complexes, with X = H (1), 4-CONH2 (2), or 3-CONH2 (3), exhibited trans,cis,cis conformational isomer (species A), with additional cis,cis,cis isomer type (species B) for 1. Electronic spectra with bands in the wavelength range of 270-450 nm were unchanged for 120 min at 25 °C in CH3CN. Irradiation at 350 nm provided replacement of DMSO ligands by CH3CN solvent molecules. Cyclic voltammetry studies in CH3CN revealed an electrochemical-chemical process with a Ru-(S-DMSO) to Ru-(O-DMSO) linkage isomerization for species B from 1. The complexes were inactive for the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) for 60 min at 25°C. However, polyNBE was produced by aging the complex solutions for 90-200 min at 25°C, raising the temperature to 50°C, irradiating the solutions at 350 nm for 5-10 min or when the complexes were in the presence of NBu4ClO4. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Instituto de Química de São Carlos Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP

A novel ionic metathesis catalyst, [Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2Py+)2(IMesH2)(CH-2-{2-PrO}-5-NO2C6H3)][OTf−]2 (3 b; IMesH2=1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene, Py=pyridine), has been prepared. 3 b and the Grubbs–Hoveyda catalysts [Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2Py+)2(IMesH2)(CH-2-{2-PrO}C6H4)][OTf−]2 (3 a) and [RuCl(1-CH3-4-CO2Py+)(IMesH2)(CH-2-{2-PrO}C6H4)][OTf−] (5 a) were used for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions under both homogeneous and biphasic liquid–liquid conditions by using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BDMIM+][BF4−]) and toluene. All catalysts were active in the ROMP of norborn-2-ene-based monomers, with cis-cyclooctene and dicyclopentadiene providing good yields under homogeneous conditions and complex 5 a the most active catalyst. With all catalysts, the use of a chain transfer agent (CTA) allowed for the synthesis of polymers with low metal contents between 10 and 80 ppm, corresponding to a ruthenium removal of 98–99.8 % without any additional purification step. In addition, the use of a CTA allowed for recycling experiments under biphasic conditions, in which 3 a and 5 a were particularly active for several cycles.

The [RuCl3(PCy3)2] complex presented high reactivity toward ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornadiene (NBD) in a non-degassed solution upon addition of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). Quantitative yields of polyNBD were obtained instantaneously at 25 °C. ROMP of norbornene (NBE) occurred better at 50 °C for 60 min, with 95% of isolated polyNBE. Copolymers with different porous structures were obtained from ROMP of NBE in the presence of NBD with different starting [NBE]/[NBD] molar ratios at 25 °C. SEM micrographs showed a more organized porous structure as the NBD loading decreased. A well-defined honeycomb-like pattern was recorded for the copolymer from the run with an NBE : NBD molar ratio load of 5000 : 500. The Tg values varied from 37 °C in polyNBE to 90 °C in poly[NBE-co-NBD] as the NBD loading increased.

Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of cyclic olefins is a powerful transition metal-catalyzed reaction for syntheses of polymers and copolymers. The key feature of this reaction is the [2+2]-cycloaddition mechanism, with retention of the olefinic unsaturation in the polymer chain and occurrence of living polymerization. With the development of metal-carbene type catalysts for this process, many addressed polymeric materials have been successfully prepared to be employed in several fields of the science and technology. This review summarizes recent examples of syntheses of polymers with amphiphilic features such as block, graft, brush or star copolymers; as well syntheses of biomaterials, dendronized architectures, photoactive polymers, cross-linked or self-healing materials, and polymers from renewed supplies.

The reactivity of the new complex [RuCl2(PPh3)2(3,5-Me2piperidine)], complex 1, was investigated for ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) in CHCl3. The aim is to observe the combination of PPh3 and an amine as ancillary ligands concerning the steric hindrance and the electronic perturbation in the properties of the N-bound site when replacing the amines. Thus, the results with 1 were compared to the results obtained when the amine is piperidine (complex 2). Reaction with 1 provides 70% yield of isolated polyNBE (Mn = 8.3 × 104 g/mol; PDI = 2.03), whereas 2 provides quantitative reaction (Mn = 1.2 × 105 g/mol; PDI = 1.90) with [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000, [EDA]/[Ru] = 48 and 1.1 μmol of Ru for 5 min at 25 °C. The resulting polymers showed c.a. 62% of trans-polyNBE, determined by 1H NMR, and Tg = 32 °C, determined by DSC and DMTA. For ROMP of NBD, 1 showed quantitative yield with PDI = 2.62 when [NBD]/[Ru] = 5000 for 20 min at 25 °C, whereas the reaction with 2 reached 55% with PDI = 2.16 in the same conditions. It is concluded that the presence of the two methyl groups in the piperidine ring provides an increase in the induction period to produce the Ru-carbene species justifying better polyNBE results with 2, and a greater amine ⟶ σ Ru ⟶ π monomer synergism which contributed to the best activation of less tensioned olefin as NBD.

The oxidation of bio-based molecules in general, and of carbohydrates and furanics in particular, is a highly attractive process. The catalytic conversion of renewable compounds is of high importance. Acids and other chemical intermediates issued from oxidation processes have many applications related, especially, to food and detergents, as well as to pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and the chemical industry. Until now, the oxidation of sugars, furfural, or 5-hydroxymethylfurfural has been mainly conducted through biochemical processes or with strong inorganic oxidants. The use of these processes very often presents many disadvantages, especially regarding products separation and selectivity control. Generally, the oxidation is performed in batch conditions using an appropriate catalyst and a basic aqueous solution (pH 7–9), while bubbling oxygen or air through the slurry. However, there is a renewed interest in working in base-free conditions to avoid the production of salts. Actually, this gives direct access to different acids or diacids without laborious product purification steps. This review focuses on processes applying gold-based catalysts, and on the catalytic properties of these systems in the base-free oxidation of important compounds: C5–C6 sugars, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. A better understanding of the chemical and physical properties of the catalysts and of the operating conditions applied in the oxidation reactions is essential. For this reason, in this review we put emphasis on these most impacting factors. 7;11

Um novo iniciador para metátese do tipo GH nitro-substituído [Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)2(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-5-NO2-C6H3)][OTf-]2 (3b) foi preparado. Os comprimentos de ligação e deslocamentos químicos foram comparáveis aos do iniciador 3a ([Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)2(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-C6H3)][OTf-]2), embora o substituinte NO2 na porção benzilideno resulte numa ligação Ru-O mais curta. A comparação entre os iniciadores do tipo GH e 5-NO2-GH indica que a substituição dos cloretos por pseudo-haletos resulta em maior polarização da ligação Ru=C e uma ligação Ru-O mais forte. O iniciador 3b e os iniciadores análogos do tipo GH [Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)2(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-C6H4)][OTf-]2 (3a) e [RuCl(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-C6H4)][OTf-] (5a) foram usados para reações de ROMP em meio homogêneo e em meio bifásico líquido/líquido usando o líquido iônico [BDMIM+][BF4-] e tolueno. Os catalisadores foram ativos para a ROMP de monômeros a base de norborneno (NBE), cis-cicloocteno (COE) e diciclopentadieno (DCPD) em meio homogêneo com bons rendimentos. O catalisador mono-iônico 5a foi mais ativo que os catalisadores 3a e 3b. As reações de ROMP em meio bifásico permitiram a síntese de polímeros com baixos valores de IPD (1,2-2,4) e altos rendimentos. O uso de um agente de transferência de cadeia (ATC) gerou polímeros com baixo teor de metal (entre 10 e 80 ppm), o que corresponde a uma remoção de 98-99,4% do Ru inicial. Em adição, o uso do ATC permitiu a realização de experimentos de reciclagem em meio bifásico para a ROMP de NBE, onde 3a e 5a foram ativos por vários ciclos. Apesar de menos ativo, 3a foi mais estável, por manter a atividade por maior número de ciclos. Foi observada baixa contaminação de Ru nos polímeros após cada ciclo (8-75 ppm), o que representa uma remoção de 98-99,9%. Como uma segunda parte do trabalho, os novos complexos [RuCl2(PPh3)2(4-CH2R-pip)], com R = H (1), Ph (2) e OH (3), foram sintetizados e aplicados como iniciadores para a ROMP de norborneno (NBE) e norbornadieno (NBD) sob diferentes tempos de reação, temperaturas e concentrações de monômero. Houve uma clara diferença nos rendimentos de homopolímero na ordem 1 > 2 > 3 na razão molar [monômero]/[Ru] = 5000 a 25 °C de 5-60 min. A diferença nos rendimentos tende a desaparecer a 50 °C, com rendimentos quantitativos para 15-30 min usando qualquer iniciador. Os resultados dos copolímeros obtidos a TA por 60 min a partir de soluções contendo quantidades fixas de NBE e quatro quantidades diferentes de NBD sugerem que o tipo de iniciador também afeta as reações, com maior inserção de NBD com 1. A ocorrência de ligações cruzadas aumentou com o aumento da carga de NBD, evidenciado pelo decréscimo nos valores de Mc e aumento valores de Tg. Em outra parte do doutorado, o novo complexo de RuIII [RuCl3(PCy3)2] foi sintetizado e caracterizado, se mostrando estável ao ar. O complexo foi aplicado como iniciador para ROMP em ar e apresentou significante diferença na reatividade para norborneno (NBE) e norbornadieno (NBD). Rendimentos quantitativos de poliNBD foram obtidos instantaneamente a 25 °C, enquanto 40 % de poliNBE foi produzido em 5 min a 25 °C e 95% em 60 min a 50 °C. A copolimerização de NBE e NBD com diferentes razões molares iniciais [NBD]/[Ru] a 25 °C resultaram em materiais com uma grande quantidade de NBD. Os valores de Tg mudaram de 37 (poliNBE) para 90 °C (poli[NBE-co-NBD]) com o aumento da carga de NBD. A caracterização morfológica mostrou que os copolímeros apresentam uma tendência a serem mais organizados com a diminuição da carga de NBD, com um padrão bem definido do tipo favo de mel para a amostra contendo a menor quantidade de NBD. A novel Grubbs-Hoveyda (GH) nitro-substituted ionic metathesis initiator [Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)2(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-5-NO2-C6H3)][OTf-]2 (3b) has been prepared. Bond lengths and chemical shifts were comparable to 3a ([Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)2(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-C6H3)][OTf-]2), although the NO2 substituent in the benzilidene moiety affords shorter Ru-O bond. Comparison between GH and 5-NO2-GH initiators indicates that the replacement of chlorides by pseudo-halides result in higher polarization of Ru=C bond and stronger Ru-O bond. 3b and the parent GH initiators [Ru(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)2(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-C6H4)][OTf-]2 (3a) and [RuCl(1-CH3-4-CO2-Py+)(IMesH2)(=CH-2-(2-PrO)-C6H4)][OTf-] (5a) were used for ROMP reactions under homogeneous and biphasic liquid/liquid conditions using the ionic liquid [BDMIM+][BF4-] and toluene. The catalysts were active for ROMP of norbornene(NBE)-based monomers, cis-cicloocteno (COE) and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) under homogeneous conditions providing good yields. The monoionic catalyst 5a was more active than the dicationic 3a and 3b. ROMP under biphasic conditions allowed for preparing polymers with lower PDIs (1.2-2.4) and higher yields. The use of a chain transfer agent (CTA) allowed for polymers with low metal content (range between 10 and 80 ppm), which corresponds to a Ru-removal of 98-99.4%. In addition, the use of a CTA allowed for recycling experiments under biphasic conditions for ROMP of NBE, were 3a and 5a were active for several cycles. Besides less active, 3a was more stable, once it was active for more cycles. Low Ru contamination was observed for the polymers after each cycle (8-75 ppm), a Ru-removal of 98-99.8%. As a second part of the work, the novel [RuCl2(PPh3)2(4-CH2R-pip)] complexes, with R = H (1), Ph (2) or OH (3), were synthesized and applied as initiators for ROMP of norbornene (NBE) and norbornadiene (NBD) under different reaction times, temperatures and monomer concentrations. There was clear difference in the homopolymer yields in the order 1 > 2 > 3 at [monomer]/[Ru] molar ratio of 5000, at 25 °C for 5-60 min. Difference in the yields tend to disappear at 50 °C, with quantitative yields for 15-30 min with any type of initiator. Results from copolymers obtained at RT for 60 min from fixed amounts of NBE with four different amounts of NBD suggest that the type of initiator also affects the reactions, with more insertion of NBD with 1. The occurrence of cross-linking enhanced as the NBD loading increased, evidenced by decrease in the Mc and increase in the Tg values. In other part of PhD, the novel RuIII complex [RuCl3(PCy3)2] was synthesized and characterized, being stable in air. The complex was applied as initiator for ROMP in air and presented significant difference in reactivity for ROMP of norbornene (NBE) and norbornadiene (NBD). Quantitative yields of polyNBD were obtained instantaneously at 25 °C, whereas 40 % of polyNBE resulted for 5 min at 25 °C or 95% for 60 min at 50 °C. Copolymerization of NBE and NBD with different starting [NBD]/[Ru] molar rations at 25 °C resulted in materials with large amount of NBD. Tg values changed from 37 (polyNBE) to 90 °C (poly[NBE-co-NBD]) as the NBD loading increased. Morphological characterization showed that the copolymers present a tendency to be more organized as the NBD loading decreases, with a well-defined honeycomb-like pattern for the copolymer isolated from the run with the lowest NBD load.

The novel [RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 (4-CH 2 R-pip)] complexes, with R = H (complex 1 ), Ph ( 2 ) or OH ( 3 ), were synthesized and applied as initiators for ROMP of norbornene (NBE) and norbornadiene (NBD) under different reaction times, temperatures and monomer concentrations. There is a clear difference in the homopolymer yields in the order 1 > 2 > 3 at [monomer]/[Ru] molar ratio of 5000, at 25 °C for 5–60 min. Difference in the yields tends to disappear at 50 °C, with quantitative yields for 15–30 min with any type of initiator. Results from copolymers obtained at RT for 60 min from fixed amounts of NBE with four different amounts of NBD suggest that the type of initiator also affects the reactions, with more insertion of NBD with 1 . The occurrence of cross-linking enhanced as the NBD loading increased, evidenced by decrease in the M c and increase in the T g values, besides the influence of the type of initiator.

Copolymers of norbornene (NBE) with norbornadiene (NBD) were obtained via ROMP with [RuCl2(PPh3)2(L)] type complexes as initiators (1 for L = piperidine and 2 for L = 3,5-Me2piperidine). The reactions were performed using a fixed quantity of NBE (5000 equivalents/[Ru]) for different concentrations of NBD (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 equivalents/[Ru]) in CHCl3, initiated with ethyl diazoacetate at room temperature. The presence of NBD in the NBE chains was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR. Whereas the copolymer microstructure was influenced neither by the NBD quantity nor by the initiator type, the Mn and PDI values were improved when increasing the NBD quantity in the medium. When raising the NBD amount, DMA results indicated increased cross-linking with increasing Tg and E′ storage modulus, as well as the fact that SEM micrographs indicated decreased pore sizes in the porous isolated copolymers.

Os complexos [RuCl2(PPh3)3], cct-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2], ttt-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2], [RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)(pip)] e [RuCl2(CO)(PPh3)2(DMF)] foram investigados em ROMP de norborneno. O objetivo foi observar a influência eletrônica das moléculas CO, PPh3, piperidina e dimetilformamida como ligantes ancilares na reatividade dos complexos. Experimentos realizados por 1 h à 50°C na razão [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 mostraram que o complexo [RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)(pip)] é inerte para ROMP, o complexo cct-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2] apresentou valores não maiores que 1% e o complexo ttt-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2] formou 3,75% de poliNBE. Sugere-se que a reação ocorra pela liberação de uma molécula de CO para a formação do complexo carbeno, o que explica a reatividade dos diferentes complexos. O complexo [RuCl2(CO)(PPh3)2(DMF)] foi ativo tanto a 50 como a 25 °C, com 25,0 and 12,2% de rendimento, respectivamente, com a razão [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 por 1 h. A atividade desse complexo está associada à liberação da molécula DMF, como observado nos espectros de RMN de 31P e UV-visível. Os valores de IPD e Mn foram 1,7-1,8 e na ordem de 104 g/mol, respectivamente. A outra espécie presente em solução foi observada por RMN de 31P na razão de 2/3 o qual foi inerte para ROMP. Assim, considerando apenas 1/3 de espécie ativa, o rendimento de poliNBE pode ser aceito como cerca de 75 e 36% à 50 e 25 °C, respectivamente. O valor à 50 °C é similar àquele obtido com o precursor [RuCl2(PPh3)3] (70% de rendimento em 5 min) e melhor que à 25 °C, no qual o precursor é inerte. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os complexos contendo CO ácido-π como ligante ancilar podem ser ativos para ROMP de norborneno quando uma posição lábil no complexo ocorra. The complexes [RuCl2(PPh3)3], cct-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2], ttt-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2], [RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)(pip)] and [RuCl2(CO)(PPh3)2(DMF)] were investigated for ROMP of norbornene. The aim is to observe the electronic influence of the CO, PPh3, piperidine and dimethylformamide molecules as ancillary ligands in the reactivity of the complexes. Experiments performed for 1 h at 50 °C with the ratio [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 showed that the complex [RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)(pip)] is inert for ROMP, the complex cct-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2] yielded values not higher than 1% and the complex ttt-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2] provided 3.75% of polyNBE. It is suggested that the reactions occur via release of a CO molecule for the formation of the carbene complex, thus explains the reactivity of the different complexes. The complex [RuCl2(CO)(PPh3)2(DMF)] was active either at 50 or 25 °C, with 25.0 and 12.2% yield, respectively, with the ratio [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 for 1 h. The activity of this complex is associated to the release of the DMF molecule, as observed in the 31P NMR and UV-visible spectra. The IPD and Mn values were 1.7-1.8 and 104 g/mol in magnitude. Other specie present in solution was observed in the 31P NMR spectra in a ratio of 2/3 which is inert for ROMP. Thus, considering just 1/3 of active specie, the yield of polyNBE can be acceptable as c.a. 75 and 36% at 50 or 25 °C, respectively. The value at 50 °C is similar to that obtained with the precursor [RuCl2(PPh3)3] (70% yield for 5 min) and better at 25 °C, where the precursor is inert. The obtained results showed that the complexes containing π-acid CO as ancillary ligand can be active for ROMP of norbornene when a labile position in the complex occurs.