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Hazelnut oral immunotherapy (H-OIT), a promising alternative to hazelnut-free diet for patients with hazelnut allergy, has not been extensively studied.To investigate the effectiveness of H-OIT for children with hazelnut allergy.Retrospective medical record review of children treated by H-OIT in the University Hospital of Lyon (France) was reported. Clinical and laboratory data were collected, and the satisfaction of the children treated by H-OIT was evaluated using a questionnaire.A total of 70 patients treated by H-OIT for an immunoglobulin E-mediated hazelnut allergy (94.3%) or an immunoglobulin E sensitization to hazelnut (5.7%) were included. Among these, 22.9% entered the maintenance phase at 1-year consultation and 60.0% entered the maintenance phase during the study period. At home, 57.1% of the patients experienced at least 1 adverse effect and 2.9% experienced severe systemic allergic reactions. Among the 212 oral food challenges conducted at hospital, 3.3% led to severe systemic reactions and epinephrine was used 4 times. A total of 21.4% of children discontinued treatment; aversion to hazelnut was the main reason. There were 42 children aged 8 years or more and their parents who answered the questionnaire. H-OIT was considered a strain for children but effective and was recommended to other children with allergy.H-OIT seemed to be effective and well accepted by children. This is counterbalanced by a high rate of H-OIT discontinuation, mainly owing to aversion to hazelnut, and an important rate of adverse reactions, which are however mostly mild.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04841850.

The cutaneous microbiota contributes to skin barrier function, ensuring effective protection against pathogens and contributing to the maintenance of epidermal integrity. Dysbiosis is frequently present in atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory disease associated with skin barrier defects. Dysbiosis is associated with reduced bacterial diversity and marked Staphylococcus aureus colonization, which is favoured in the case of certain local AD-specific properties such as reduced skin acidity, eased bacterial adhesion and decreased antimicrobial peptide production. Furthermore, S. aureus-associated skin dysbiosis, via the production of staphylococcal virulence factors, may also participate in the immunopathology of AD by altering the epidermal barrier and inducing an inflammatory response. However, there are currently no arguments for recommending screening for, and treatment of S. aureus-associated dysbiosis outside the setting of cutaneous superinfection. Nonetheless, modulation of the skin microbiota may hold promise for AD management. Here, we describe the relationships that exist between the skin microbiota and AD.

Background Chronic venous disease (CVD) is secondary to venous hypertension, leading to vascular inflammation and tissue changes. The impact of CVD on skin structure and barrier function is not well characterized. Objective We aimed to assess the characteristics of skin alterations in mild-to-moderate CVD by non-invasive techniques based on a prospective exploratory study. Material & methods Female subjects (30-75 years) with CVD (Stage C2 to C4, CEAP classification) were eligible. Stage C0-C1 CVD subjects were used as controls. Women with leg surgery or a medical history that could impact the results were excluded. The skin changes on lesional (LS) and non-lesional (NLS) areas were assessed by biometric analysis including skin echography, viscoelasticity evaluation, confocal microscopy and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. Results Thirty-four subjects were enrolled. Based on computation of 26 biometric parameters using Principal Component Analysis, a significant difference between LS and NLS zones, regardless of the CEAP class, was evidenced. C2-C4 subjects presented with dermal thickening suggesting oedema associated with decreased cell density, while no difference in skin viscoelasticity was observed compared to the C0-C1 control group. Epidermal structural modifications were associated with increased TEWL correlating with CVD severity. Conclusion Skin alterations in CVD patients are detectable by non-invasive methods. These findings may help to better assess new therapeutic strategies.

The epidermis is a living, multilayered barrier with five functional levels, including a physical, a chemical, a microbial, a neuronal, and an immune level. Altogether, this complex organ contributes to protect the host from external aggression and to preserve its integrity. In this review, we focused on the different functional aspects.

Food allergy reduces the quality of allergic children life because of a lethal risk. Current recommendations are favouring introduction of potentially allergenic foods according to usual, non-delayed, practices. In allergic children, intramuscular epinephrine is the key treatment of anaphylaxis. A self-injectable device must be prescribed in the presence of a severe reaction risk. Allergen avoidance is currently best to avoid an allergic reaction. Specific immunotherapy, essentially oral, is the only treatment for tolerance induction in allergic patients, and may be discussed to prevent severe reactions in the case of accidental ingestion.L’allergie alimentaire (AA) est responsable d’une altération de la qualité de vie de l’enfant allergique, exposé à un risque parfois vital. Les recommandations pour la prévention de l’AA prévoient une introduction, puis l’administration régulière des aliments à risque selon le schéma habituel, non retardé. Chez l’enfant devenu allergique, l’adrénaline intramusculaire est le traitement de l’anaphylaxie et doit être prescrite pour une utilisation en cas de risque d’allergie sévère. Dans le quotidien, l’éviction de l’aliment en cause est la règle, avec une prévention réfléchie du risque d’allergie associée. L’immunothérapie spécifique, principalement orale, est le seul traitement ayant permis une induction de tolérance chez ces patients ; elle peut être proposée au cas par cas, notamment afin d’éviter les accidents lors d’ingestions involontaires.

The airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit decreased nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, which might affect airway function. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of NO on ion transport in human airway epithelia. Primary cultures of non-CF and CF bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells were exposed to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and bioelectric variables were measured in Ussing chambers. Amiloride was added to inhibit the Na+channel ENaC, and forskolin and ATP were added successively to stimulate cAMP- and Ca2+-dependent Cl−secretions, respectively. The involvement of cGMP was assessed by measuring the intracellular cGMP concentration in bronchial cells exposed to SNP and the ion transports in cultures exposed to 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, an inhibitor of the soluble guanylate cyclase (ODQ), or to 8Z, a cocktail of 8-bromo-cGMP and zaprinast (phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor). SNP decreased the baseline short-circuit current ( Isc) and the changes in Iscinduced by amiloride, forskolin, and ATP in non-CF bronchial and bronchiolar cultures. The mechanism of this inhibition was studied in bronchial cells. SNP increased the intracellular cGMP concentration ([cGMP]i). The inhibitory effect of SNP was abolished by 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, an NO scavenger (PTIO) and ODQ and was partly mimicked by increasing [cGMP]i. In CF cultures, SNP did not significantly modify ion transport; in CF bronchial cells, 8Z had no effect; however, SNP increased the [cGMP]i. In conclusion, exogenous NO may reduce transepithelial Na+absorption and Cl−secretion in human non-CF airway epithelia through a cGMP-dependent pathway. In CF airways, the NO/cGMP pathway appears to exert no effect on transepithelial ion transport.

Gas permeability of pyrocarbon (PyC) coatings of Biso fuel particles for high temperature gas cooled reactors has been evaluated by various methods both physical and physical chemistry measurements. It was established that the gaseous chlorine leach method associated with ceramographic examinations of ThO 2 kernels is more suitable than PyC texture tests for routine control; the flow measurement of a labelled gas ( 14 CO 2 ) accross the PyC coating is a technique available only in the laboratory. Moreover, it seems that the pore volume-size distribution is related to the permeability which would be rather attributed to the micropores.