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2. The relation between gestural imitation and naming in young children

Author

Camoes-Costa, Vera, Erjavec, Mihela, and Horne, Pauline

Subjects
155.419
Abstract

Humans are distinguished from other animals by their extensive imitation repertoires, but the determinants of this behaviour are still not fully established. The present programme of research explored the relationship between children's ability to name the components of modelled actions and their matching accuracy, in tests that presented them with modelling of empty-handed gestures that terminated on different parts of body. A total of 106 children, aged between 2 and 4 years, participated in seven experiments. The first two studies, presented in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6, employed correlational group designs to establish which body parts and movements children can accurately name in response to the experimenter's modelling, and produce in response to the experimenter's verbal instructions. Children's responses were more accurate for body parts than for body movements; they responded best to those body parts that commonly feature in naming-and-matching games played with their caregivers; and their patterns of errors were similar to those previously observed in imitation tests. Next, three single-case experiments presented in Chapter 7 systematically tested the effects of tact and listener training of previously unnamed body parts on children's generalised imitation of gestures that terminated on these locations. Children's matching of hand-to-body gestures markedly improved as the result of body part naming training. Next, a single-case experiment presented in Chapter 8, and a group experiment presented in Chapter 9, tested the effects of training the children to name the movements "across" and "to the side" on the accuracy of their matching of hand-to-body gestures that incorporated these movements. This training was effective in reducing the rates of ipsilateral mismatches to contralateral models, which are typically very high in imitation tests. These results are in agreement with the predictions of the naming account of Horne and Lowe (1996), who consider naming to be the earliest form of self-instructional behaviour. The present results show that the ability to name features of the actions that they see is an important determinant of imitation in children. These findings have wide-reaching implications for the interpretation of children's performances in matching tests, and for the evaluation of behaviour-analytic and cognitive-developmental accounts and theories of imitation.

Published
2011

4. The Impact of Body-Part-Naming Training on the Accuracy of Imitative Performances in 2- to 3-Year-Old Children

Author

Camoes-Costa, Vera, Erjavec, Mihela, and Horne, Pauline J.

Abstract

A series of three experiments explored the relationship between 3-year-old children's ability to name target body parts and their untrained matching of target hand-to-body touches. Nine participants, 3 per experiment, were presented with repeated generalized imitation tests in a multiple-baseline procedure, interspersed with step-by-step training that enabled them to (i) tact the target locations on their own and the experimenter's bodies or (ii) respond accurately as listeners to the experimenter's tacts of the target locations. Prompts for on-task naming of target body parts were also provided later in the procedure. In Experiment 1, only tact training followed by listener probes were conducted; in Experiment 2, tacting was trained first and listener behavior second, whereas in Experiment 3 listener training preceded tact training. Both tact and listener training resulted in emergence of naming together with significant and large improvements in the children's matching performances; this was true for each child and across most target gestures. The present series of experiments provides evidence that naming--the most basic form of self-instructional behavior--may be one means of establishing untrained matching as measured in generalized imitation tests. This demonstration has a bearing on our interpretation of imitation reported in the behavior analytic, cognitive developmental, and comparative literature. (Contains 2 tables and 10 figures.)

Published
2011

5. Systematic Literature Review: The Effect of Dairy Milk on Markers of Recovery Optimisation in Response to Endurance Exercise

Author

Russo, Isabella, Camoes-Costa, Vera, Gaskell, Stephanie K., Porter, Judi, Burke, Louise, and Costa, Ricardo J. S.

Subjects
Gastrointestinal, food and beverages, Immune function, Muscle protein synthesis, Rehydration, Muscle glycogen
Abstract

The food and fluid provided in the acute post-exercise period plays an essential role in endurance exercise recovery and adaptation. The current systematic literature review (SLR) aimed to identify and synthesize research that investigated the effect of dairy milk beverages in comparison to alternative post-exercise beverages on markers of ‘exercise recovery optimisation’, which may influence subsequent endurance exercise performance. Seventeen papers met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment was undertaken using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias. Intervention beverages included fresh dairy milk (n= 3), chocolate flavoured dairy milk (n= 6), dairy milk-based sports beverages (n= 4), or a combination of the aforementioned beverages (n= 4). Results indicate dairy milk enhanced muscle protein synthesis (i.e., mixed fractional synthetic rate: 0.11%/h dairy milk vs. 0.08%/h control), and elicited similar rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis (5.9 mmol/kgWW/h) compared to a carbohydrate replacement beverage (7.6 mmol/kgWW/h). Seven studies investigated the effect of dairy milk beverages on hydration status, three of which found no differences in restoring net fluid balance after consumption of a dairy milk or dairy milk-based beverage compared to a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and (or) water, when consumed ad libitum. The remaining four studies observed a greater net fluid balance after consumption of a dairy milk or dairy milk-based beverage compared to an isovolumetric dose of a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and (or) water. To date, no study has investigated the effect of dairy milk consumption after endurance exercise on markers of immune competency or gastrointestinal status. Five studies observed enhanced time-trial or time-to-exhaustion performance (7.4% to 52.4%) with a dairy milk beverage compared to an isocaloric beverage, while another study found no differences. It is concluded that dairy milk may provide either comparable or superior recovery nutrition qualities with regards to muscle protein synthesis, glycogen replenishment, rehydration, and subsequent endurance exercise performance, when compared to non-nutritive, carbohydrate replacement, and (or) carbohydrate-electrolyte alternatives.

Published
2019

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