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The World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours (WCT) is a widely used resource for medical professionals and researchers. The upcoming sixth edition (WCT-6) is currently being planned and will build upon the fifth edition (WCT-5) based on user feedback and new research evidence. The aim of WCT-6 is to improve the classification framework, content, and image quality, as well as address evidence gaps. The subcommittees for WCT-6 will address various issues, such as the impact of molecular-based classifications in regions without access to molecular diagnostics and the integration of computational pathology. The WCT-6 series will be published in late 2025, with three volumes initially planned. The WCT is recognized as the global authority in tumor classification and continues to adapt to the challenges of tumor diagnosis. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: US patients have increased access to their medical records, yet the information is not always understandable. To improve patient understanding, we tested a patient-centered pathology report (PCPR) containing results for recent colon cancer screening or surveillance colonoscopy. Methods: A pilot randomized trial assessed the impact of addition of the PCPR to a standard pathology report on knowledge accuracy, decisional self-efficacy and control, and therapeutic alliance. Results: 55 participants were enrolled; 20 participants in the intervention group and 24 controls completed follow-up. There was no significant difference in polyp knowledge between groups at baseline or 30-days, with similar confidence in understanding their diagnoses, decisional self-efficacy, and therapeutic alliance. Most participants receiving a PCPR felt that it helped them understand their diagnosis better and should always be provided with the standard pathology report. Conclusion: Although patient attitudes toward the PCPR were positive, receiving it did not significantly improve knowledge accuracy or measures of self-efficacy. Further iterations should be explored to communicate key knowledge about colorectal polyp results. Innovation: A stakeholder-driven approach to PCPR development facilitated construction of a personalized document that has potential to increase patient's understanding for their results and needed follow-up.

Purpose: New federal legislation in the United States grants patients expanded access to their medical records, making it critical that medical records information is understandable to patients. Provision of informational summaries significantly increase patient perceptions of patient-centered care and reduce feelings of uncertainty, yet their use for cancer pathology is limited. Methods: Our team developed and piloted patient-centered versions of pathology reports (PCPRs) for four cancer organ sites: prostate, bladder, breast, and colorectal polyp. The objective of this analysis was to identify common barriers and facilitators to support dissemination of PCPRs in care delivery settings. We analyzed quantitative and qualitative data from pilot PCPR implementations, guided by the RE-AIM framework to explore constructs of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Results: We present two case studies of PCPR implementation – breast cancer and colorectal polyps—that showcase diverse workflows for pathology reporting. Cross-pilot learnings emphasize the potential for PCPRs to improve patient satisfaction, knowledge, quality of shared decision-making activities, yet several barriers to dissemination exist. Conclusion: While there is promise in expanding patient-centered cancer communication tools, more work is needed to expand the technological capacity for PCPRs and connect PCPRs to opportunities to reduce costs, improve quality, and reduce waste in care delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of cell differentiation is a hallmark for the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues constitute a valuable resource for studying the differentiation of OSCC and can offer valuable insights into the process of tumor progression. In the current study, we performed LC–MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics of FFPE specimens from pathologically-confirmed well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated, and poorly-differentiated OSCC cases. The data were analyzed in four technical replicates, resulting in the identification of 2376 proteins. Of these, 141 and 109 were differentially expressed in moderately-differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC cases, respectively, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. The data revealed significant metabolic reprogramming with respect to lipid metabolism and glycolysis with proteins belonging to both these processes downregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC when compared to well-differentiated OSCC. Signaling pathway analysis indicated the alteration of extracellular matrix organization, muscle contraction, and glucose metabolism pathways across tumor grades. The extracellular matrix organization pathway was upregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC and downregulated in poorly differentiated OSCC, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. PADI4, an epigenetic enzyme transcriptional regulator, and its transcriptional target HIST1H1B were both found to be upregulated in moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC, indicating epigenetic events underlying tumor differentiation. In conclusion, the findings support the advantage of using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based FFPE archival blocks for clinical and translational research. The candidate signaling pathways identified in the study could be used to develop potential therapeutic targets for OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer treatments become more effective now. One cause of these therapeutic promotions is based on drug selective paradigms in the clinic. A small range of drug selective paradigms (pharmacogenomics, precision-oncology, biomarkers and drug sensitivity testing) have been widely used worldwide. To accelerate the performance of these drug selective strategies, improved understanding of different mechanisms may be useful. Among these four classes of selective systems, drug sensitivity testing (DST) plays a unique role in clinical trials. Biomedical advances of knowledge and technology in current drug selective systems are increasingly importance. In the past two decades, knowledge gap between pathology and therapeutics is gradually filling, especially among different predictive mechanisms. The different drug selective systems are competitive, progress and advantageous in different clinical situations. To face with this diversity of drug selective strategies, guiding principle and technical feasibility need to emphasize. As a powerful platform, DST have some unique characters—high-quality quantification and comparison of responses among anticancer drug of interests. The smooth progress of DST platform depends on increasingly understanding of cancer biology, pathology and pharmacology—including medical knowledge (cancer heterogeneity, plasticity, stem cells and metastasis) and technical versatility (micro-fluidity and apoptotic evaluation). The medical and technical insights into various and uniqueness of DST are especially highlighted in this article.

Purpose. Carrying out medical and statistical analysis of morbidity and mortality of the population with malignant neoplasms, development of proposals for greater accessibility and areas of improvement of specialized including high-tech medical care (HTMC) for patients with cancer in the Moscow region.Materials and methods. The analysis of morbidity and mortality of the population of the Moscow region from malignant neoplasms and the organization of specialized, including high-tech, medical care to cancer patients on the basis of forms of Federal state statistical observations in relation to the three-level system of the organization of medical care to the population of the region with identification of organizational and financial problems.Results. The incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Moscow region in 2017 amounted to 364.9 per 100 thousand population, which is 1.0% below the level of 2016-365.9 per 100 thousand population and below the average for the Central Federal district and the Russian Federation. The mortality rate from neoplasms in the Moscow region decreased in 2017 to 174.7 cases per 100 thousand population, which is less than the average for the Central Federal district — 207.1 and the Russian Federation — 196.9 per 100 thousand population. At the same time, the volume of specialized medical care (including high — tech medical care) for malignant tumors, in a 24-hour hospital is more than twice the average Russian standard — 13% for SMC and 50% for HTMC. Exceeding the standard of medical care is mainly due to the HTMC 2, which is not planned in the subject of the Russian Federation and is usually in Federal clinics. The share of oncological medical care received outside the medical organizations of the MR is 16%, which exceeds the share of medical care in all other profiles received outside the Moscow region (12%). This situation contributes to the availability of cancer care to the population of the Moscow region.Conclusion. The performed work allowed to draw conclusions that in normative legal acts of Federal level it is necessary to define separately the standard of volumes of specialized, including hi-tech medical care, on the profile of Oncology. Large volumes of HTMC cannot be an unambiguous characteristic of the availability of medical care in General, since HTMC is medical care with the use of complex methods of diagnosis and treatment in clinically complex cases. Large volumes of HTMC can be a consequence of the complexity of clinical cases, but also a consequence of neglect of the disease due to the lack of diagnosis and treatment in the provision of primary health care (PHC) at the 1st level. In the Moscow region, there is a need to redistribute the volume of this medical care not only to cancer dispensaries, but also to other medical organizations. After that, there is a need for the distribution of patients, taking into account the morbidity in the territories, the place of residence of citizens, and taking into account the capabilities of medical organizations for the treatment of cancer patients (surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy). Medical organizations of the subject of the Federation shall be ranked taking into account the applied technologies and opportunities of drug therapy. As a result, a clear routing of patients with cancer should be developed in the subject of the Russian Federation.

Objective: For patients with a new cancer diagnosis, the pathology report is a critical tool to support diagnosis and decision-making, yet they are designed for providers, not patients. We sought to qualitatively explore patients' experiences receiving and interpreting pathology reports for breast and colorectal cancers.Methods: We conducted four focus groups with patients (n = 23) who had received diagnostic or surgical pathology reports for breast cancer, colorectal cancer or polypectomy. Focus groups discussed patients' experiences with pathology reports and recommendations for improving the patient-centeredness of report design. Focus groups were transcribed and thematic analysis was used to explore patient perspectives.Results: Participants described experiences with pathology reports that were fraught with confusion and variability. Three central themes were identified related to how 1) the experience receiving the pathology report, 2) the pathology report language, and 3) the format of pathology reports all influence patient understanding and ability to engage in treatment decision-making.Conclusion: Due to their complex medical language and challenging framing, traditional pathology reports can contribute to the confusion and uncertainty patients experience as they navigate a new cancer diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal of the study. To study the dependence of the clinical course of the papilloma viral infection and cytological characteristics of lesions in the cervical mucosa on the quantitative indices of human papilloma virus (HPV). Materials and methods. The study involved 175 female patients with HPV of a high carcinogenic risk including 125 subjects with clinical forms of the papilloma viral infection (PVI) and 50 subjects with subclinical and latent forms of the disease. Laboratory tests were carried out with the use of the polymerase chain reaction including real-time PCR for the quantitative determination of HPV. Cytological examinations of scrapes from the exocervical and endocervical mucosa were carried out according to Leishman I, and the results were interpreted according to Bethesda. Results. The authors established an association between clinical forms of PVI and infection with two or more HPV genotypes, and latent and subclinical forms of the disease and infection with one HPV genotype; HPV Genotype 16 prevails within the structure of HPV of a high carcinogenic risk. It was shown that patients infected with two or more HPV genotypes as well as subjects with subclinical and latent forms of the disease underwent reliably higher viral loads than subjects with anogenital warts and patients infected with one HPV genotype only. A higher HPV viral load was also noted in case of a persisting course of PVI and in patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (H-SIL). Conclusion. Women with latent and subclinical forms, persistent PVI course and infected with two or more HPV genotypes of a high carcinogenic risk belong to the high-risk group developing expressed epithelial affections in the cervical mucosa. Quantitative HPV indices exceeding 5 lg of copies of HPV DNA per 100,000 cells belong to unfavorable predictors for the development of intraepithelial affections in the cervical mucosa and stipulate the need to conduct an additional examination (colposcopy or cytology) to exclude their development.

In cancer research, pathology report text is a largely untapped data source. Pathology reports are routinely generated, more nuanced than structured data, and contain added insight from pathologists. However, there are no publicly available datasets for benchmarking report-based models. Two recent advances suggest the urgent need for a benchmark dataset. First, improved optical character recognition (OCR) techniques will make it possible to access older pathology reports in an automated way, increasing the data available for analysis. Second, recent improvements in natural language processing (NLP) techniques using artificial intelligence (AI) allow more accurate prediction of clinical targets from text. We apply state-of-the-art OCR and customized post-processing to report PDFs from The Cancer Genome Atlas, generating a machine-readable corpus of 9,523 reports. Finally, we perform a proof-of-principle cancer-type classification across 32 tissues, achieving 0.992 average AU-ROC. This dataset will be useful to researchers across specialties, including research clinicians, clinical trial investigators, and clinical NLP researchers., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Building on previous work on 'regulatory objectivity,' the paper examines recent translational research and cancer genomics to explore the bundle of scientific and regulatory activities that generate and manage the platforms at the core of clinical trials, the 'gold standard' of clinical research and evidence-based medicine. In particular, the paper explores the activities of a chain of mediators within a seamless regulatory web characterized by the interaction of endogenous and hybrid regulatory activities that are neither hierarchical nor linear. We contend that a full understanding of the dynamics of regulation in the biomedical domain ought to consider this chain of mediations; that their analysis necessitates understanding the content of the practices they regulate; and that in addition to examining the interactions between different regulatory modalities, we need to pay attention to their development insofar as regulation, far from being mere routine, leads to the emergence of novelty by coproducing the entities it regulates. These activities include not only setting out the conditions that must be respected in order to produce reliable test results, but also the conditions that define the relations (within a clinical context) between the different components of diagnosis as well as the consequences of such relations on clinical judgment. This is why we cannot treat organizational practices as distinct from the content of bio-clinical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical efforts on precision medicine are driving the need for accurate diagnostic, new prognostic and novel drug predictive assays to inform patient selection and stratification for disease treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that a combination of cancer pathology and artificial intelligence (AI) can meet this requirement. In the present review, the past, present and emerging integrations of AI into cancer pathology were comprehensively reviewed, which were divided into four main groups to highlight the roles of AI‑integrated cancer pathology in precision medicine. Furthermore, the unsolved problems and future challenges in AI‑integrated cancer pathology were also discussed. It was found that, although AI‑integrated cancer pathology could enable the amalgamation of complex morphological phenotypes with the multi‑omics datasets that drove precision medicine, synergies of cancer pathology with other medical tools could be more promising for the clinic when making an accurate and rapid decision in personalized treatments for patients. It was hypothesized by the authors that exploring the potential advantages of the multimodal integration of cancer pathology, imaging‑omics, protein‑omics and other‑omics, as well as clinical data to decide upon appropriate management and improve patient outcomes may be the most challenging issue of cancer precision medicine in the future.

In cancer research, pathology report text is a largely un-tapped data source. Pathology reports are routinely generated, more nuanced than structured data, and contain added insight from pathologists. However, there are no publicly-available datasets for benchmarking report-based models. Two recent advances suggest the urgent need for a benchmark dataset. First, improved optical character recognition (OCR) techniques will make it possible to access older pathology reports in an automated way, increasing data available for analysis. Second, recent improvements in natural language processing (NLP) techniques using AI allow more accurate prediction of clinical targets from text. We apply state-of-the-art OCR and customized post-processing to publicly available report PDFs from The Cancer Genome Atlas, generating a machine-readable corpus of 9,523 reports. We perform a proof-of-principle cancer-type classification across 32 tissues, achieving 0.992 average AU-ROC. This dataset will be useful to researchers across specialties, including research clinicians, clinical trial investigators, and clinical NLP researchers., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Purpose: Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is diagnosed with or without a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component. Previous analyses have found significant differences in tumor characteristics between pure IDC lacking DCIS and mixed IDC with DCIS. We will test our hypothesis that pure IDC represents a form of breast cancer with etiology and risk factors distinct from mixed IDC/DCIS.Methods: We compared reproductive risk factors for breast cancer risk, as well as family and smoking history between 831 women with mixed IDC/DCIS (n = 650) or pure IDC (n = 181), and 1,620 controls, in the context of the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS), a case-control study of breast cancer in African-American and European-American women. Data on reproductive and lifestyle factors were collected during interviews, and tumor characteristics were abstracted from pathology reports. Case-control and case-case analyses were conducted using unconditional logistic regression.Results: Most risk factors were similarly associated with pure IDC and mixed IDC/DCIS. However, among postmenopausal women, risk of pure IDC was lower in women with body mass index (BMI) 25 to <30 [odds ratio (OR) 0.66; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.35-1.23] and BMI ≥ 30 (OR 0.33; 95 % CI 0.18-0.67) compared to women with BMI < 25, with no associations with mixed IDC/DCIS. In case-case analyses, women who breastfed up to 12 months (OR 0.55; 95 % CI 0.32-0.94) or longer (OR 0.47; 95 % CI 0.26-0.87) showed decreased odds of pure IDC than mixed IDC/DCIS compared to those who did not breastfeed.Conclusions: Associations with some breast cancer risk factors differed between mixed IDC/DCIS and pure IDC, potentially suggesting differential developmental pathways. These findings, if confirmed in a larger study, will provide a better understanding of the developmental patterns of breast cancer and the influence of modifiable risk factors, which in turn could lead to better preventive measures for pure IDC, which have worse disease prognosis compared to mixed IDC/DCIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Breast cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy known worldwide. The consumption of certain foods may modify the risk for its development. Peanuts and other seeds have shown anticarcinogenic effects in vitro, but there are a few studies that evaluate the effect of their consumption on the development of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is an association between the consumption of peanuts, walnuts, and almonds and the development of breast cancer. Methods: We analyzed 97 patients presenting with breast cancer and 104 control subjects that did not have the pathology (BIRADS 1-2). An analysis of the main clinical characteristics and lifelong seed consumption was carried out. The association between the consumption of these foods and the risk for breast cancer was estimated by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, controlling other risk factors, using the Mantel-Haenszel analysis. Results: The high consumption of peanuts, walnuts, or almonds significantly reduced the risk for breast cancer by 2-3 times. This protective effect was not found with low or moderate seed consumption when compared with null consumption. Conclusions: High consumption of peanuts, walnuts, and almonds appears to be a protective factor for the development of breast cancer. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The techniques and qualities of drug sensitivity testing (DST) for anticancer treatment have grown rapidly in the past two decades worldwide. Much of DST progress came from advanced systems of technical versatility (faster, highly-throughput, highly-sensitive, and smaller in tumor quantity). As the earliest drug selective system, biomedical knowledge and technical advances for DST are mutually supported. More importantly, many pharmacological controversies are resolved by these technical advances. With this technical stride, the clinical landscape of DST entered into a new phase (>500 samples per testing and extremely low quantity of tumor cells). As a forerunner of the drug selection system, DST awaits a new version that can adapt to complicated therapeutic situations and diverse tumor categories in the clinic. By upholding this goal of pathogenic and therapeutic diversity, DST could eventually cure more cancer patients by establishing high-quality drug selection systems. To smoothen DST development, there is a need to increase the understanding of cancer biology, pathology and pharmacology (cancer heterogeneity, plasticity, metastasis and drug resistance) with well-informative parameters before chemotherapy. In this article, medicinal and technical insights into DST are especially highlighted., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objective: The aim of the study is comparative assessment of the main risks of the global burden of cancer in the total burden of death., Patients and Methods: Materials and methods: A comparative assessment of the main risks of the global burden of cancer within the overall burden of deaths was carried out based on the data of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), data from the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine. The methods of comparative analysis, systematic approach and system analysis, bibliosemantic and medical-statistical methods were used., Results: Results: Higher attributable risk of death in most nosological forms of cancer among the population of Ukraine (bronchial, tracheal and lung cancer, laryn-geal, pharyngeal, lip and esophageal cancer) have been observed. Behavioral factors at the level of Ukraine, compared to the world level, are characterized by signi!cantly higher rates of attributable risk with regard to tobacco smoking (cancer of the larynx, pharynx, lower lip, esophagus) and alcohol consumption (pharynx, liver, lower lip). Environmental and occupational factors in Ukraine do not exceed the global exposure rates, and are lower for some cancer nosol-ogies, namely bronchial, tracheal, lung and laryngeal cancer. Unlike global trends, metabolic factors prevail among the mortality risks of patients with liver, esophageal, uterine and kidney cancer in Ukraine., Conclusion: Conclusions: Behavioral, occupational, environmental and metabolic risk factors for cancer mortality have high attributable risk. Behavioral risk factors for cancer mortality have the most pronounced impact both globally and in Ukraine, and notably, for the majority of nosological forms of cancer in Ukraine mortality risks are higher compared to the global data.

Aims: Cancer is a high-mortality disease (9.6 million deaths in 2018 worldwide). Given various anticancer drugs, drug selection plays a key role in patient survival in clinical trials., Methods: Drug Sensitivity Testing (DST), one of the leading drug selective systems, was widely practiced for therapeutic promotion in the clinic. Notably, DSTs assist in drug selection that benefits drug responses against cancer from 20-22% to 30-35% over the past two decades. The relationship between drug resistance in vitro and drug treatment benefits was associated with different tumor origins and subtypes. Medical theory and underlying DST mechanisms remain poorly understood until now. The study of the clinical scenario, sustainability and financial support for mechanism and technical promotions is indispensable., Results: Despite the great technical advance, therapeutic prediction and drug selection by DST needs to be miniature, versatility and cost-effective in the clinic. Multi-parameters and automation of DST should be a future trend. Advanced biomedical knowledge and clinical approaches to translating oncologic profiles into drug selection were the main focuses of DST developments. With a great technical stride, the clinical architecture of the DST platform was entering higher levels (drug response testing at any stage of cancer patients and miniaturization of tumor samples)., Discussion: The cancer biology and pharmacology for drug selection mutually benefit the clinic. New proposals to reveal more therapeutic information and drug response prediction at genetic, molecular and omics levels should be estimated overall., Conclusion: By upholding this goal of non-invasive, versatility and automation, DST could save the life of several thousand annually worldwide. In this article, new insights into DST novelty and development are highlighted., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

To clarify the possible mechanisms of α-anordin and probimane on calmodulin Ca++-Mg++ ATPase system, enzyme dynamic study was carried out by determining three dynamic parameters [the substrate concentration (ATP)-response curve, dose (inhibitors)-response curve and time-response curve]. Our data have shown that the inhibitory rates of α-anordrin and probimane are unrelated to substrate (APT) concentrations, but related to calmodulin concentrations. The inhibition of α-anordrin and probimane is very quick that is completed within 1 to 5 min and can maintain more than 1 hr in the same inhibitory rates. So it is possible that α-anordrin and probimane are calmodulin competitors with calmodulin-like binding whose actions can occur by affecting the reaction balance of substrate and product on target enzymes of calmodulin (Ca++-Mg++-ATPase). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of pathology is rapidly transforming from a semiquantitative and empirical science toward a big data discipline. Large data sets from across multiple omics fields may now be extracted from a patient's tissue sample. Tissue is, however, complex, heterogeneous, and prone to artifact. A reductionist view of tissue and disease progression, which does not take this complexity into account, may lead to single biomarkers failing in clinical trials. The integration of standardized multi-omics big data and the retention of valuable information on spatial heterogeneity are imperative to model complex disease mechanisms. Mathematical modeling through systems pathology approaches is the ideal medium to distill the significant information from these large, multi-parametric, and hierarchical data sets. Systems pathology may also predict the dynamical response of disease progression or response to therapy regimens from a static tissue sample. Next-generation pathology will incorporate big data with systems medicine in order to personalize clinical practice for both prognostic and predictive patient care.