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8. Influenza A in Wild Boars: Viral Circulation in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy) between 2017 and 2022

Author

Prosperi, Alice, primary, Soliani, Laura, additional, Canelli, Elena, additional, Baioni, Laura, additional, Gabbi, Valentina, additional, Torreggiani, Camilla, additional, Manfredi, Roberta, additional, Calanchi, Irene, additional, Pupillo, Giovanni, additional, Barsi, Filippo, additional, Bassi, Patrizia, additional, Fiorentini, Laura, additional, Frasnelli, Matteo, additional, Fontana, Maria Cristina, additional, Luppi, Andrea, additional, and Chiapponi, Chiara, additional

Published
2022
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10. West Nile virus: characterization and diagnostic applications of monoclonal antibodies

Author

Lelli Davide, Moreno Ana, Brocchi Emiliana, Sozzi Enrica, Capucci Lorenzo, Canelli Elena, Barbieri Ilaria, Zeller Herve, and Cordioli Paolo

Subjects
West Nile virus, Monoclonal antibody, Epitope, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Diagnosis of West Nile virus (WNV) infections is often difficult due to the extensive antigenic cross-reactivity among flaviviruses, especially in geographic regions where two or more of these viruses are present causing sequential infections. The purpose of this study was to characterize a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced against WNV to verify their applicability in WNV diagnosis and in mapping epitope targets of neutralizing MAbs. Methods Six MAbs were produced and characterized by isotyping, virus-neutralization, western blotting and MAb-epitope competition. The MAb reactivity against various WNVs belonging to lineage 1 and 2 and other related flaviviruses was also evaluated. The molecular basis of epitopes recognized by neutralizing MAbs was defined through the selection and sequencing of MAb escape mutants. Competitive binding assays between MAbs and experimental equine and chicken sera were designed to identify specific MAb reaction to epitopes with high immunogenicity. Results All MAbs showed stronger reactivity with all WNVs tested and good competition for antigen binding in ELISA tests with WNV-positive equine and chicken sera. Four MAbs (3B2, 3D6, 4D3, 1C3) resulted specific for WNV, while two MAbs (2A8, 4G9) showed cross-reaction with Usutu virus. Three MAbs (3B2, 3D6, 4D3) showed neutralizing activity. Sequence analysis of 3B2 and 3D6 escape mutants showed an amino acid change at E307 (Lys → Glu) in the E protein gene, whereas 4D3 variants identified mutations encoding amino acid changed at E276 (Ser → Ile) or E278 (Thr → Ile). 3B2 and 3D6 mapped to a region on the lateral surface of domain III of E protein, which is known to be a specific and strong neutralizing epitope for WNV, while MAb 4D3 recognized a novel specific neutralizing epitope on domain II of E protein that has not previously been described with WNV MAbs. Conclusions MAbs generated in this study can be applied to various analytical methods for virological and serological WNV diagnosis. A novel WNV-specific and neutralizing MAb (4D3) directed against the unknown epitope on domain II of E protein can be useful to better understand the role of E protein epitopes involved in the mechanism of WNV neutralization.

Published
2012
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13. Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in an Italian zoo

Author

Pascotto Ernesto, Gelmetti Daniela, Moreno Martin Ana M, Sozzi Enrica, Lelli Davide, Lavazza Antonio, Luppi Andrea, Canelli Elena, Sandri Camillo, Magnone William, and Cordioli Paolo

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract A fatal Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection epidemic involving fifteen primates occurred between October 2006 and February 2007 at the Natura Viva Zoo. This large open-field zoo park located near Lake Garda in Northern Italy hosts one thousand animals belonging to one hundred and fifty different species, including various lemur species. This lemur collection is the most relevant and rich in Italy. A second outbreak between September and November 2008 involved three lemurs. In all cases, the clinical signs were sudden deaths generally without any evident symptoms or only with mild unspecific clinical signs. Gross pathologic changes were characterized by myocarditis (diffuse or focal pallor of the myocardium), pulmonary congestion, emphysema, oedema and thoracic fluid. The EMCV was isolated and recognized as the causative agent of both outbreaks. The first outbreak in particular was associated with a rodent plague, confirming that rats are an important risk factor for the occurrence of the EMCV infection.

Published
2010
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14. Efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine in pigs experimentally infected with a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (HP-PRRSV-1)

Author

Canelli, Elena, primary, Catella, Alessia, additional, Borghetti, Paolo, additional, Ferrari, Luca, additional, Ogno, Giulia, additional, De Angelis, Elena, additional, Bonilauri, Paolo, additional, Guazzetti, Stefano, additional, Nardini, Roberto, additional, and Martelli, Paolo, additional

Published
2018
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15. A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) strongly modulates cellular innate and adaptive immune subsets upon experimental infection

Author

Ferrari, Luca, primary, Canelli, Elena, additional, De Angelis, Elena, additional, Catella, Alessia, additional, Ferrarini, Giulia, additional, Ogno, Giulia, additional, Bonati, Luca, additional, Nardini, Roberto, additional, Borghetti, Paolo, additional, and Martelli, Paolo, additional

Published
2018
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16. Phenotypic characterization of a highly pathogenic Italian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 1 subtype 1 isolate in experimentally infected pigs

Author

Canelli, Elena, primary, Catella, Alessia, additional, Borghetti, Paolo, additional, Ferrari, Luca, additional, Ogno, Giulia, additional, De Angelis, Elena, additional, Corradi, Attilio, additional, Passeri, Benedetta, additional, Bertani, Valeria, additional, Sandri, Giampietro, additional, Bonilauri, Paolo, additional, Leung, Frederick C., additional, Guazzetti, Stefano, additional, and Martelli, Paolo, additional

Published
2017
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17. DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS TO BE APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF AVIAN ROTAVIRUSES

Author

CANELLI, ELENA

Abstract

Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young animals of mammalian and avian species. In avian species, group A and D are represented with high frequency, while group F and G are sporadic. Enteric syndrome in young birds is a major concern to the poultry industry, causing severe economic losses. Monitoring Rotavirus distribution in different avian species is crucial to uncover diversity among strains and to better understand RV ecology in the field. The aims of this project were: i) to provide information on distribution of the different RV groups in avian species suffering enteritis in Italy; genetic diversity of RVs in these species; dynamics and timing of RV infection within flocks; and ii) to develop new and updated diagnostic protocols to be applied in the diagnostic routine and for research use. The data collected during a period of nine years, indicate that the infection is widespread in the Italian production, with an average prevalence of 20% in commercial flocks and 15% in game-hunting species. All the 117 samples analysed in the present study originated from poultry flocks that presented one or more clinical signs and lesions associated with enteric diseases. Clinical manifestations consisted mostly of diarrhoea, dehydration, anorexia, weight loss and increased mortality. By statistical analysis it was not observed any significant correlation between the general clinical signs/lesions or gastro-enteric lesions observed in the field and at post mortem examination with the presence of different AvRV groups or different combinations of groups, even with regard to the different species involved (p>0.05). From the 117 samples tested by group-specific RT-PCRs, AvRV-D was detected in 107 (91.5%), AvRV-A in 70 (59.9%), AvRV-F in 61 (52.1%) and AvRV-G in 31 (26.5%). Only 17% of samples showed the presence of a single rotavirus group (AvRV-A or AvRV-D), but dual or multiple presence of rotaviruses of different AvRV groups was observed in the majority of samples. Group D is the predominant RV in Italy, representing the most commonly found RV in all the species investigated. The identification of several avian rotaviruses (AvRVs) belonging to group F and group G in partridge, pheasant and guinea fowl, suggests that the lack of specific detection methods could have underestimated the real diffusion of these two groups in the past. The use of new group-specific RT-PCRs developed and performed on a set of clinical specimens tested positive for RVs by Electron Microscopy (EM), allowed the rapid genetic screening of AvRVs circulating within the avian rotavirus main groups. In this study, 175 complete sequences were obtained (17 of NSP4A, 20 of VP6A, 5 of VP4A, 35 of NSP4D, 34 of VP6D, 9 of VP4D, 17 of VP7D, 21 of VP6F and 13 of VP6G). No correlation between year of isolation nor avian species and the different RV-groups was observed. Regarding results obtained from longitudinal studies in turkeys, the infection was already present in the first weeks of life; after 2/3 weeks a second infection outbreak happened in the same herds. Phylogenetic analysis of samples collected during the longitudinal study in turkey flocks showed that different RV-groups and different strains from the same group were present in the same flock, evidencing complex RV groups/strains patterns that modified in time. Results of chicken longitudinal study reinforced the hypothesis of a primary pathogenetic role of astrovirus-rotavirus infections in enteric syndrome during first weeks of life.

Published
2015
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18. Impact of maternally derived immunity on piglets’ immune response and protection against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) after vaccination against PCV2 at different age

Author

Martelli, Paolo, primary, Saleri, Roberta, additional, Ferrarini, Giulia, additional, De Angelis, Elena, additional, Cavalli, Valeria, additional, Benetti, Michele, additional, Ferrari, Luca, additional, Canelli, Elena, additional, Bonilauri, Paolo, additional, Arioli, Elena, additional, Caleffi, Antonio, additional, Nathues, Heiko, additional, and Borghetti, Paolo, additional

Published
2016
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21. Extended Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Frequency of Genotypes and Subtypes in Cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013

Author

Luzzago, Camilla, primary, Lauzi, Stefania, additional, Ebranati, Erika, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Moreno, Ana, additional, Cannella, Vincenza, additional, Masoero, Loretta, additional, Canelli, Elena, additional, Guercio, Annalisa, additional, Caruso, Claudio, additional, Ciccozzi, Massimo, additional, De Mia, Gian Mario, additional, Acutis, Pier Luigi, additional, Zehender, Gianguglielmo, additional, and Peletto, Simone, additional

Published
2014
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22. Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in an Italian zoo

Author

Canelli, Elena, primary, Luppi, Andrea, additional, Lavazza, Antonio, additional, Lelli, Davide, additional, Sozzi, Enrica, additional, Moreno Martin, Ana M, additional, Gelmetti, Daniela, additional, Pascotto, Ernesto, additional, Sandri, Camillo, additional, Magnone, William, additional, and Cordioli, Paolo, additional

Published
2010
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