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Lateral ankle sprain (LAS), which is common in recreational and professional athletes, recurs and becomes chronic if left untreated. Since the number of mechanoreceptors it contains is high, LAS should not be considered only as a musculoskeletal disorder. A detailed clinical evaluation is recommended. Clinically, the patient presents with limitation of dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), muscle atrophy and unequal strength between the muscles, deterioration in walking, running and jumping, and proprioceptive losses. The patient should be approached from a biopsychosocial perspective both in the evaluation and treatment phases. The treatment of the patient is carried out in 3 phases and the transition between phases should be based on mentioned criterias. In the acute phase of rehabilitation, emphasis should be placed on eliminating pain and edema, and preventing loss of ROM and muscle strength. In the subacute and chronic stages, emphasis should be placed on increasing the proprioceptive sense and muscle strength, improving the biomechanics of daily life and sports-specific movements such as walking, running, jumping. If the patient is an athlete, return to sports should be planned after the criterias met.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Rocabado's 6 × 6 exercises on masseter muscle thickness, muscle elasticity, and pain scores in patients with bruxism. Methods: A total of 58 participants with bruxism were divided into 2 groups as the exercise group (EG) and control group (CG). A self-care program was applied for the participants in the CG. For those in the EG, in addition to the self-care program, an exercise treatment was performed for 6 days per week for a total of 8 weeks. Using ultrasonography, bilateral masseter muscle thickness and elasticity were assessed before and after treatment. Pain was measured using a visual analog scale. Changes over time within the groups and group–time interactions for continuous variables were assessed using mixed 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The improvement in muscle elasticity (P =.015; P =.004) and pain values (P =.049; P =.040) were greater in the EG compared with the CG. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for masseter muscle thickness (P >.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that Rocabado's 6 × 6 exercises are effective in the treatment of muscle elasticity and pain values in participants with bruxism. © 2022

Patients with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) may face motor control problemsand health disability barriers during various tasks. However, studies investigating theextent of these disadvantages, and possible associated factors are quite limited inpatients with NSLBP. To compare motor control performances and physical assessment domains between patients with NSLBP and asymptomatic controls. Twentyseven patients with NSBLP and 27 age- and sex-matched asymptomatic controls participated in this cross-sectional study. Ultrasonographic imaging was used to determine abdominal and multifidus muscles thicknesses and adipose tissue rate. Visualanalog scale was used to assess LBP severity. Body mass index (BMI) and OswestryDisability Index (ODI) scores of the participants were physical assessment domains ofLBP. BMI values were greater in the NSLBP group compared to the asymptomaticparticipants. ANCOVA revealed a significant interaction effect regarding externalabdominal oblique and multifidus lumborum muscles thickness, and abdominal adipose tissue (p = 0.015; p = 0.001; p = 0.006), respectively in terms of two groups.The thicknesses of these muscles were lesser in the NSLBP group compared with thecontrol group. Similarly, abdominal adipose tissue was higher in the NSLBP group.The stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the Oswestry Disability Index and abdominal adipose tissue rate were significant and independent factors of the low back pain severity with 73.5% of the variance. The study resultsindicate that increased disability and fat infiltration are possible determinantsinfluencing pain severity, although further research is required. Examining musculoskeletal properties of lumbar region could provide information about the limitationin patients with NSBLP.KEYWORDSabdominal muscles, adipose tissue, back pain, diagnostic imaging, paraspinal muscles

Dear Editor, We have received and gladly read the letter entitled “Letter to the editor, “The effects of combined sternocleidomastoid muscle stretching and massage on pain, disability, endurance, kinesiophobia, and range of motion in individuals with chronic neck pain: A randomized, single blind-study”” related to our recently published study. We hope that the following response will reduce the concerns raised in the letter. In our article, we haccet that both the evaluator physiotherapist and the participants were blind to the group allocations and to the content of the treatment program to be applied. However, this study is not suitable for a double-blind study since the person who planned the study, made the statistical analysis, and reported the study was also the person who treated the patients in the study. Portney GL (2015) stated that the terminology used to describe blinding is inconsistent and the design can be misunderstood. Also, rather than using “single” or “double-blind” as a descriptor, the guidelines recommend being specific about whether participants, caregivers, outcome measurers, or other study participants were blinded to the group assignment (Moher et al., 2010; Portney GL, 2015)...

Background: Atrophy can occur in the lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle quickly as a result of various musculoskeletal problems. Knowing factors influencing muscle thickness of the LM will provide important clues about lumbopelvic stability. Objectives: Although there are several studies in the literature investigating the adverse effects of foot–ankle postural disorders on the lumbopelvic region, to our knowledge there has been no investigation of plantar pressure distribution (PPD) as a factor influencing muscle thickness of the LM. The aim of this study was to determine whether PPD could affect LM muscle thickness. Methods: This observational study consisted of 25 asymptomatic individuals. Ultrasonographic imaging was used to determine the thickness of the LM. All participants were subjected to PPD analysis using the Digital Biometry Scanning System and Milletrix software in 9 different plantar pressure zones. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to examine the correlations between the LM muscle thickness and other variables. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the variables with the greatest influence on LM muscle thickness. Results: Peak pressures of medial and lateral zones of the heel were the significant and independent factors influencing static LM thickness, with 39.5% of the variance; moreover, the peak pressures of heel medial and fourth metatarsal bone were the significant and independent factors influencing dynamic LM thickness, with 38.7% of the variance. Conclusions: Plantar pressure distribution could be an important factor influencing LM thickness, although further research is required. Examining foot–ankle biomechanics may provide information about the stability of the LM. © 2020

Background Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may display a motor and/or cognitive disadvantage during dual tasking. However, studies investigating dual task are quite limited in patients with COPD. Aims To compare cognitive and motor performances (i.e., muscle force production and functional balance/mobility together with a cognitive task) in dual task between patients with COPD and healthy controls. Methods Thirty-five clinically stable patients with COPD and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in this cross-sectional controlled study. The muscle force production (knee extension muscle strength assessed with an isokinetic strength dynamometer) and functional balance/mobility (Timed Up and Go (TUG) test) were performed with and without a cognitive task. Dual-task interference (DTI) was assessed. Additionally, the rate of correct responses per second (RCR) was calculated to evaluate cognitive performance. Results The decrease in RCR(muscle force production)values was greater in the COPD group compared with the control group (p= 0.045). Similarly, the cognitive DTI in muscle force production test was higher in the control group than in the COPD group (p< 0.001). There was no significant difference in other outcome measures between the two groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion The study results indicate that in individuals with COPD, cognitive performance deteriorations are more pronounced than motor performance defects during dual tasking. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of dual task taking into account this disadvantage in patients with COPD rather than focusing solely on motor performance.

Purpose Although sacralization is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the spine, its effect on surrounding muscles is still not well known. This study was conducted to determine the size of the lumbar and abdominal muscles of the individuals with sacralization and to compare with the control group. Methods Eighty-five participants with sacralization phenomena and fifty-six asymptomatic participants were included in this study. Sacralization was classified according to the Castellvi classification. The cross-sectional area of the multifidus lumborum, erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscles, and the section thicknesses of external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles were measured bilaterally on axial computed tomography images at the L1-2 and L4-5 levels. Results ANCOVA revealed that there is no any significant group*side interaction effect regarding muscles sizes in terms of two groups in L1-L2 and L4-L5. In addition, ANCOVA revealed a both side effect [(p = .020; η2p = .038)] and group*side interaction effect [(p = .010; η2p = .049)] regarding length of the L5 transverse process (p˃.05). Conclusions Regardless of low back pain, muscle sizes are not associated with the sacralization phenomenon.

Amaç: Coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) öncelikle solunum sistemini etkiler ve solunum kaslarını ve akciğer hacmini nasıl etkilediği hala tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Çalışmamız erişkin koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) hastalarında akciğer bilgisayarlı tomografisinde (BT) akciğerlerde ve solunum kası boyutlarında zamana bağlı olarak oluşabilecek değişiklikleri değerlendirmeyi amaçladı.Materyal ve Metot: Evre 1 (0-4 gün) ve evre 6’da (>28 gün) en az iki kontrastsız göğüs BT görüntüsü olan 101 erişkin hastanın klinik ve radyolojik kayıtları geriye dönük olarak toplandı. Akciğer hacimlerini hesaplamak için ImFusion Suite programı kullanıldı ve pektoral ve interkostal kasların kesit alanları da “ImageJ” programı kullanılarak hesaplandı.Bulgular: Yüz bir hasta (51 kadın, %50,49) çalışmaya dahil edildi. ANCOVA, interkostal kasların kesit alanına (KA) ilişkin önemli bir evre*yan etkileşim etkisi ortaya çıkardı [(p=.010; η²p=.064)]. Sırasıyla pektoralis major ve minor kaslarının KA’sında [(p=.314; η²p=.010), (p=.644; η²p=.002)] ve akciğer hacminde [(p=.340; η²p=.009)] iki evre arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı.Sonuç: Covid-19 pnömonisi solunum kaslarında atrofiye neden olur. Ancak yardımcı solunum kasları ve akciğer hacmi üzerinde önemsiz bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Viral enfeksiyonlar sırasında ciddi komplikasyon riskini azaltmak için solunum kaslarının daha fazla araştırılması ve solunum kas eğitimi gereklidir., Aim: Coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) primarily affects the respiratory system, and how it affects respiratory muscles and lung volume is still not fully understood. Our study aimed to assess the time-dependent changes that may occur in lungs and respiratory muscle sizes on chest computed tomography (CT) in adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.Material and Methods: The clinical and radiological records of 101 adult patients who had at least two non-contrast chest CT images in stage 1 (0-4 days) and stage 6 (>28 days) were collected retrospectively. ImFusion Suite program were used to calculate lung volumes, and the cross-sectional areas of the pectoral and intercostal muscles were also calculated using with “ImageJ” program.Results: One-hundred one patients (51 females, 50.49%) were included in the study. ANCOVA revealed a significant stage*side interaction effect regarding cross-sectional area (CSA) of intercostal muscles [(p=.010; η²p=.064)]. There was no significant difference between the two stages in terms of CSA of pectoralis major and minor muscles [(p=.314; η2p=.010), (p=.644; η²p=.002)] respectively and lung volume [(p=.340; η²p=.009)].Conclusion: Covid-19 pneumonia causes an atrophy in respiratory muscles. However, it seems to have a nonsignificant effect on auxiliary respiratory muscles and lung volume. Further investigation of respiratory muscles and respiratory muscle training to reduce the risk of serious complications during viral infections are required.

Amaç: Orta büyüklükte rotator manşet kas yırtığı olan hastalarda konservatif tedaviyle kombine uygulanan humeral baş depresör kas ko-aktivasyon eğitiminin etkilerini değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Toplam yirmi dört katılımcı rastgele iki gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubundaki bireylere toplam 6 hafta olmak üzere haftada 5 gün konservatif tedavi programı uygulandı. Konservatif tedaviye ek olarak tedavi grubundaki katılımcılar için haftada 5 gün 6 haftalıkhumeral baş depresör kas ko-aktivasyon eğitimi uygulandı. Katılımcılar hem tedavi öncesi hem de sonrası ağrı ve eklem hareket açıklığı açısından değerlendirildiler.Bulgular:Tedavi grubunda ağrı (p=.049; p=.008; p=.009; p=.003) ve eklem hareket açıklığı skorlarındaki (p=.047; p=.007; p=.001) iyileşmenin kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek olduğu bulundu. İç rotasyon hareket açıklığı açısından iki grup arasında anlamlı fark yoktu (p = .499).Sonuç: Bu çalışma, orta büyüklükteki rotator manşet yırtıklarının tedavisinde konservatif tedavi ile birlikte humeral baş depresör kas ko-aktivasyon eğitiminin daha iyi bir seçim olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Yaşlı bireylerde üst ekstremite fonksiyonlarını ve dengeyi ayrı ayrı inceleyen birçok çalışma bulunmasına rağmen, üst ekstremite fonksiyonları ile denge arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmaların yetersiz olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı yaşlı bireylerde üst ekstremite fonksiyonları ile denge arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu çalışmaya yaşları 65 ve üzeri olan 80 yaşlı birey dahil edilmiştir. Bireylerin üst ekstremite fonksiyonlarını değerlendirmek için Jamar El Dinamometresi, 9 Delikli Peg Testi ve purdue peg board testi kullanılmıştır. Bireylerin dengelerini değerlendirmek için Berg Denge Ölçeği, Tinetti Denge ve Yürüme Testi, Biodex Denge Sistemi ve Tek Ayak Üzerinde Durma Testi kullanılmıştır. Bireylerin Jamar El Dinamometresi, 9 Delikli Peg Testi ve purdue peg board testi ile Berg Denge Ölçeği, Tinetti Denge ve Yürüme Testi, Biodex Denge Sistemi ve Tek Ayak Üzerinde Durma Testi aralarında anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur (p, Although there are many studies examining upper extremity functions and balance separately in elderly individuals, studies investigating the relationship between upper extremity functions and balance have been found to be insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between upper extremity functions and balance in elderly individuals. Eighty elderly individuals aged 65 and over were included this study. Upper extremity functions were evaluated by Jamar Hand Dynamometer, Nine Hole Peg Test, Purdue Pegboard Test and Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test; balance were evaluated by Berg Balance Scale, Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment Tool, Standing Balance on One Leg Test and Biodex Balance System. There was a significant relationship between Jamar hand dynamometer, Nine Hole Peg Test and purdue peg board test, Berg Balance Scale, Tinetti Balance and Walking Test, Biodex Balance System (BDS) and Standing On One Foot Test of elderly individuals (p

Aim: There is no objective data about whether symptom severityis associated with plantar sensation in schizophrenic individuals. Inaddition, the studies examining relationship between symptom severity and postural balance, falling risk, and gait are also inadequate.Therefore, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between symptom severity and plantar sensation, postural balance, falling risk andgait in terms of parameters examined.Material and Method: A total of 45 healthy schizophrenic individuals were included in the study. Individuals who were diagnosed withschizophrenia by a psychiatrist according to [Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders-V] (DSM-V) and clinical assessment wereassessed by an experienced physiotherapist. In the assessment ofthe participants, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS),Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament (SWM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS),Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale (TFES), Walk-a-Line Ataxia Battery (WLAB),and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) were used. Pearson CorrelationAnalysis was used to evaluate the relationship between symptom severity of the cases and plantar sensory, postural balance, falling riskand gait.Results: There was a low-moderate and positive (r=0.35-0.52) correlation between SWM scores and PANSS positive syndrome andtotal score subscales (p=0.001-0.025). There was a low-to-moderate(r = -0.33 / -0.41) and negative relationship between PANSS all subscales and BBS scores (p = 0.011-0.030). It has been found that therewere low-moderate and positive correlations between all subscalesof PANSS and TUG (r=0.33-0.42; p=0.009-0.030) and TFES (r=0.36-0.41;p=0.011-0.023) scores. Also, there was a significant low-tomoderate and positive correlation between PANSS scores and WLABtest performed with closed eyes (r= 0.33-0.42; p=0.015-0.043).Conclusion: The increase in the symptom severity of schizophreniais associated with deterioration in plantar sensation, postural balance,gait and increase in the risk of falling. Secondary problems that mayocur due to increased symptom severity should be kept in mind bythe clinician., Amaç: Şizofrenik bireylerde semptom şiddetinin plantar duyuyla ilişkili olup olmadığı ile ilgili objektif bir veriye rastlanılmamıştır. Ayrıca semptom şiddeti ile postüral denge, düşme riski ve yürüme arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalar da yetersizdir. Bu sebeple, incelenen parametreler açısından semptom şiddeti ile plantar duyu, postüral denge, düşme riski ve yürüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Bu çalışmaya 45 şizofrenik birey dahil edildi. Psikiyatrist tarafından, [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V] (DSM-V)’e ve klinik değerlendirmeye göre şizofreni tanısı alan bireyler deneyimli bir fizyoterapist tarafından değerlendirildi. Katılımcıların değerlendirilmesinde Pozitif ve Negatif Sendrom Ölçeği (PANSS), Semmes-Weinstein Monofilamentleri (SWM), Berg Denge Skalası (BDS), Tinetti Düşme Etkinlik Ölçeği (TDEÖ), Walk-aLine Ataxia Battery (WLAB) ve Süreli Kalk Yürü Testi (TUG) kullanıldı. Olguların semptom şiddeti ile plantar duyu, postüral denge, düşme riski ve yürüme arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesinde Pearson Korelasyon Analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Katılımcılarda SWM skorları ile PANSS pozitif sendrom ve toplam skor alt başlıkları arasında düşük orta-orta şiddette (r=0,35- 0,52) pozitif yönde ilişki olduğu saptandı (p=0,001-0,025). PANSS tüm alt skorlar ile BDS skorları arasında düşük orta-orta şiddette (r=-0,33/- 0.41) negatif yönde ilişki bulundu (p=0,011-0,030). PANSS tüm alt skorlar ile TUG (r=0,33-0,42; p=0,009-0,030) ve TDEÖ (r=0,36-0,41; p= 0,011-0,023) skorları arasında da düşük orta-orta şiddette pozitif yönde ilişki bulundu. PANSS skorları ile WLAB testinin gözler kapalı şekilde yapılan test alt başlıkları arasında düşük orta-orta şiddette pozitif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulundu (r= 0,33-0,42; p=0,015-0,043). Sonuç: Şizofrenide semptom şiddetinin artması, plantar duyu, postüral denge ve yürümedeki kötüleşmelerle ve düşme riskindeki artış ile ilişkilidir. Semptom şiddetinin artmasına bağlı olarak meydana gelebilecek sekonder problemlerin, klinisyen tarafından akılda tutulması gerektiği düşünülmektedir

Gulsah Ozsoy,1 Nursen Ilcin,2 Ismail Ozsoy,1 Barış Gurpinar,2 Oznur Buyukturan,1 Buket Buyukturan,1 Caner Kararti,1 Senem Sas3 1School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey; 2School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University Training and Research Hospital, Kırsehir, TurkeyCorrespondence: Gulsah OzsoySchool Of Physical Therapy And Rehabilitation, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, TurkeyTel +90 5534802563Fax +90 3862805371Email fzt.gulsah@hotmail.comWe have received and gladly read the letter entitled “Non-Specific Low Back PainIn Elderly And The Effects Of Myofascial Release Technique Combined With CoreStabilization Exercise: Not Just Muscles [Letter]” related to our recently publishedstudy. First of all, we would like to express our deep-seated thanks to ProfessorBordoni for his contributions. We believe that the ideas expressed in correspondencewith the editor will help to take a deeper look into the literature and we arepleased to participate in this dialogue.View the original paper by Ozsoy and colleaguesThis is in response to the Letter to the Editor

Background. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Mulligan mobilization technique (MMT) on pain, range of motion (ROM), functional level, kinesiophobia, depression, and quality of life (QoL) in older adults with neck pain (NP).Methods. Forty-two older adults with NP were included in the study, and they were randomly divided into two groups: traditional physiotherapy (TP) group and traditional physiotherapy-Mulligan mobilization (TPMM) group. Treatment program was scheduled for 10 sessions. Participants were assessed in terms of pain, ROM, functional level, kinesiophobia, depression, and QoL both pre- and posttreatment.Results. Pain, ROM, functional level, kinesiophobia, depression, and QoL improved in both groups following treatment (p<0.05). When comparing effects of these two treatment programs, it was observed that the TPMM group had a better outcome (p<0.05) in terms of ROM, kinesiophobia, depression, and QoL.Conclusion. In older adults with NP, MMT has been found to have significant effects on pain, ROM, functional level, kinesiophobia, depression, and QoL as long as it is performed by a specialist. “This trial is registered withNCT03507907”.

Background: The effect of interventions to the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)-muscle, as an important element of neck movement which is overactive in individuals with chronic neck pain (CNP), are unknown. Objective: The aim of the current study is to investigate the effects of SCM stretching and massage on pain, range of motion (ROM), endurance, disability, and kinesiophobia in individuals with CNP. Methods: In this study, individuals with CNP were randomized 1:1 to parallel SCM-Group (n = 30) or control group (CG) (n = 30). Conventional physiotherapy was applied to CG. In addition to the same interventions applied to the CG, classical massage and stretching exercises were applied to the SCM-muscle in the SCM-Group. Treatment sessions were administered three times each week for a total of 5 weeks. Pain, endurance, ROM, disability, and kinesiophobia were evaluated. Both prior to and immediately following the treatments. Mixedmodel repeated measured ANOVAs were then employed to determine if a group*time interaction existed on the effects of the treatment on each outcome variable for each group as the between-subjects variable and time as the within-subjects variables. Results: Improvements in pain, disability, ROM(extension, left-lateral flexion, and right/left-rotation), and endurance were found to be greater in the SCM-Group compared to the CG (p < 0.05). Changes in flexion and right-lateral flexion ROM and kinesiophobia did not significantly differ between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Stretching exercises and massage applied to the SCM-muscle, together with conventional physiotherapy, can reduce pain and disability, and increase ROM and endurance in individuals with CNP. This treatment may therefore be considered for use as an alternative method in treating CNP. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04345042).

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine cutoff scores for the Biodex Balance System (BBS) and verify if they could be used to discriminate older people with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) with poor postural performance from those with good postural performance.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 52 participants with NSLBP older than 65 years. One level of stability (level 5; intraclass correlation ≥0.70) and 2 conditions (eyes open and eyes closed) were selected for the testing procedure. Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI), and overall stability index (OSI) scores were calculated. The participants were classified into 2 groups: high risk of falling and low risk of falling. Both the receiver operating characteristic and the area under the curve were used to determine the best BBS cutoff values. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the ability of BBS scores to predict risk of falling.ResultsBBS cutoff scores in the eyes-open condition (APSI = 2.60, MLSI = 1.95, OSI = 2.95) and eyes-closed condition (APSI = 3.05, MLSI = 2.17, OSI = 3.25) were found to be sensitive and specific in determining postural performance. Participants with index values lower than the cutoff scores had, respectively, 6.42, 4.20, and 3.72 times lower risk of falling in the eyes-open condition and 3.33, 5.50, and 3.00 times lower risk of falling in the eyes-closed condition. The predictive characteristics of the models for risk analysis were excellent and good to excellent.ConclusionOur study shows that BBS cutoff scores are sensitive and specific in distinguishing between poor and good postural performance in older people with NSLBP.

BackgroundAny pathomechanical change in the foot or ankle is expected to cause adverse biomechanical effects on the lumbopelvic region. However, no objective data can be found in the literature regarding the effects of musculus transversus abdominis (mTrA) and musculus lumbar multifidus (mLM), which are effective muscles in lumbopelvic motor control, or regarding the extent of their effects.MethodsSixty-four healthy young adults were assessed by a physiotherapist (C.K.) experienced in treating feet and a radiologist (Y.D.) specialized in muscular imaging. In the determination of biomechanical properties of the foot, the navicular drop test (NDT), Foot Posture Index (FPI), pedobarographic plantar pressure analysis, and isokinetic strength dynamometer measurements were used in determining the strength of the muscles around the ankle. Ultrasonographic imaging was used to determine mTrA and mLM thicknesses.ResultsSignificant correlation was found between NDT results and mTrA and mLM thicknesses (P < .05) and between FPI results and mTrA thicknesses (P < .05). As the peak pressure of the foot medial line increased, mTrA and mLM thicknesses decreased (P < .05). Although dorsiflexion muscle strength was also effective, mTrA and mLM thicknesses were found to increase especially as plantarflexion muscle strength increased (P < .05).ConclusionsThese results show that the biomechanical and musculoskeletal properties of the foot-ankle are associated with lumbopelvic stability.

Özet Amaç: İnaktivite, ergonomik olmayan çalışma koşulları ve emosyonel stres sonucunda sağlıklı bireylerde görülen doğal eğriliklerde modifikasyonlar oluşmaktadır. Bu modifikasyonlar çoğunlukla hatalı sırt postürü veya mobilitede yetersizlikle sonuçlanabilir veya neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışma sağlıklı genç bireylerde torakal ve lumbal eğrilikleri ile gövde kaslarının güç ve enduransı arasındaki ilişkisini incelenmesi amacıyla planlanmıştır. Materyal-Method: Çalışmaya 18-25 yaş arası olan 113 sağlıklı genç birey dahil edilmiştir. Gövde kaslarının gücü sit-up ve modifiye push-up testleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Gövde kaslarının enduransını değerlendirmek için lateral köprü testi, Sorensen testi ve gövde fleksörleri endurans testi kullanılmıştır. Torakal ve lumbal bölge eğriliklerinin değerlendirmek için Spinal Mouse cihazı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Torakal ve lumbal bölge eğrilikleri ile gövde kas gücü ve enduransı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur (p˂0,05). Yapılan Linear Regresyon Analiz sonucunda torakal eğrilikleri lateral köprü testinin (p˂0,05), lumbal eğrilikleri ise sit-up ve gövde fleksörleri endurans testinin etkilediği belirlenmiştir (p˂0,05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada gövde kaslarının kas gücü ve enduransı ile torakal ve lumbal bölge eğrilikleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulmuştur. Sonuç olarak torakal ve lumbal bölge eğriliklerinin sağlıklı genç bireylerde kapsamlı değerlendirmelerin yapılması ve bu değerlendirmeler içinde özellikle gövde kaslarının olması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Background: Lumbar multifidus is a muscle which is responsible for lumbopelvic stability primarily. Foot-ankle posture and function disorders affecting the lumbopelvic region muscles and biomechanics, cause increased stress in the lumbopelvic region and may cause low back pain in many studies (1,2,3). However, it is not known whether the lumbar multifidus muscle is affected by this condition (4,5). Objectives: Plantar pressure distribution can change due to foot-ankle postural disorders. Our aim is to examine whether the plantar pressure distribution affects the lumbar multifidus muscle thickness. Methods: 40 healthy young adults aged 18 to 25 years were included in the study. Static and dynamic pedobarographic assessments were performed to determine the plantar pressure distribution, on a 3x1 meter sensored walking platform with the DIASU Digital Analysis System®. Peak pressures (N/cm²) of 9 zones of the foot (medial of heel, lateral of foot, 5 metatarsal, thumb and 2.3.4 and 5. digits) were recorded. Ultrasonographic imaging was used to assess lumbar multifidus muscle thickness. Results: There was statistically significant correlation between lumbar multifidus muscle thickness and peak pressure medial of heel and 1. metatarsal bone in static pedobarographic analysis (p Conclusions: Our results show that plantar pressure distribution affected lumbar multifidus muscle thickness. Based on these results, the lumbopelvic region and foot posture should be considered together in therapeutic interventions. References 1. Bird AR, Payne CB. Foot function and low back pain. Foot1999;9(4):175–80. 2. Botte RR. An interpretation of the pronation syndrome and foot types of patients with low back pain. J Am Podiatry Assoc1981;71(5):243–53. 3. Barwick A, Smith J, Chuter V. The relationship between foot motion and lumbopelvic-hip function: a review of the literature. Foot (Edinb)2012;22(3):224–31. 4. Brantingham JW, Adams KJ, Cooley JR, Globe D, Globe G. A single-blind pilot study to determine risk and association between navicular drop, calcaneal eversion and low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther2007;30(5):380–5. 5. Fourchet F, Kelly L, Horobeanu C, Loepelt H, Taiar R, Millet G. High-intensity running and plantar-flexor fatigability and plantar-pressure distribution in adolescent runners. J Athl Train2015;50(2):117–25. Disclosure of Interest: None declared

Amaç: Lumbopelvik stabilitenin zayıfladığı durumlarda postüral dengenin kötüleştiği, nötral pozisyonun ve postürün korunması için daha fazla efor sarf edildiği, bireylerin daha erken yorulduğu ve yaralanma sıklığının arttığı bilinmektedir. Literatürde lumbopelvik stabilitenin denge ve fiziksel performans için önemli olduğu vurgulanmasına rağmen, M. Transversus abdominus (mTrA) ve M. Lumbar multifidus (mLM)’nin kas kalınlıkları ile bu parametrelerin ilişkisi incelenmemiştir. Amacımız, mTrA ve mLM kas kalınlıkları ile postüral denge ile fiziksel performans arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesiydi. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 18 ile 25 yaş arası 64 genç yetişkin birey dahil edildi. mTrA ve mLM’nin kalınlıklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla ultrasonografik görüntüleme kullanıldı. Statik ve dinamik postüral dengenin objektif değerlendirilmesinde Biodex Denge Sistemi kullanıldı. Fiziksel performans, dikey sıçrama testi, yana adım alma testi ve mekik koşu testleri ile değerlendirildi. Sonuçlar: mTrA kas kalınlığı ile genel stabilite indeksi (GSİ), anteroposterior stabilite indeksi (APSİ) ve yana adım alma testi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulundu (p

At the heart of the concept of lifelong learning (LLL) is the continual development of an individual’scompetences. A post-graduate education (PGE) is a process that contributes to an individual's LLL. The highself-consciousness (SC) of an individual is also important to succeed in PGE. The aim of this study is to examinethe awareness of Health Sciences (HS) undergraduate students towards LLL and its relationship with the SC.Atotal of 184 individuals, 90 female and 94 male, were included in the study. Individuals' awareness of LLL, andSC, was assessed by LLL tendency scale, and SC scale, respectively. Their awareness of PGE, however, wasevaluated using a questionnaire developed by the researchers. There was no statistically significant correlationbetween the total score of the LLL scale (p = 0.199) and the total score of the SC scale (p = 0.215) with thestudents’ grades. There was no statistically significant relationship between level of knowledge about PGE andthe questionnaire (p = 0.532). It was found that the percentage of individuals responding correctly to thequestions in the questionnaire developed by the researchers and the participation rate in the examinationsrequired for the PGE did not increase with the participants’ grades. This percentage was higher in 2 nd gradecompared to the 3 rd , 2 nd compared to the 4 th , and 4 th compared to the 1 st grade. According to the results of thisstudy, higher grades of HS undergraduate students is not related to their awareness of LLL, SC and the level oftheir knowledge about PGE.