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The objectives of the study were to isolate amylolytic bacteria from the rhizosphere and plant tissue of Canna edulis Ker., as well as litter; to know oligosaccharide compounds produced from starch hydrolyzed by the bacterial enzymes, and to identify the amylolytic bacteria based on phenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequences. From the rhizosphere, Canna plant tissue, and litters obtained thirty-two amylolytic bacterial isolates. Eight isolates (TH6, TH7, T5, T10, D2, D3, A3, S1) produced high clear zone diameters ranging from 18-30 mm; especially an isolate T10, which was consistent in producing a total clear zone diameter of 20 mm. The hydrolysate of starch hydrolysed by the T10 amylase resulted in three oligosaccharide compounds maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentose. The amylase activity of isolate T10 was optimal at a temperature of 40°C and pH at 0.801 U/mL. The isolate T10 was identified as a species member of Bacillus toyonensis based on phenotyphic characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis with a similarity value of 99.93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canna × generalis L.H. Bailey (pro sp.) [glauca × indica] (common name: Orange King Humbert canna lily) has been reported as a promising plant species that can effectively remove contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), such as atrazine (ATZ), carbamazepine (CBZ), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), from contaminated surface water. In the present study, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of such CECs in canna were examined using carbon-14-labeled ([14C]) analogues of each contaminant to understand the removal of each. Uptake/adsorption of the [14C]-CECs increased over time and was > 47.5% at the end of the 14-day study. The root–shoot translocation of [14C]-ATZ in canna was the greatest at 49.9–78.8%, followed by [14C]-CBZ (1.9–44.7%) and [14C]-SMX (3.3–6.0%). The cumulative transpiration of canna was correlated with absorption (R2 > 0.95) and root–shoot translocation (R2 > 0.97) magnitudes of [14C]-CECs in canna. Radiographic results revealed significant conversion of parent [14C]-CECs into other metabolites during the 14-day study. Metabolism of [14C]-ATZ and [14C]-CBZ occurred mainly in the shoots, whereas metabolism of [14C]-SMX occurred in the roots. Taken together, root–shoot redistribution and metabolism of CECs absorbed into canna can vary by transpiration volume as well as chemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder that affects the shape and transportation of the red blood cells (RBCs) in blood vessels, leading to various clinical complications. Available medicines for treating the disease are insufficiently effective, toxic or expensive. Therefore, there has been a pressing need for effective and inexpensive therapeutic agents from indigenous medicinal plants. Petiveria alliacea, Canna indica and Pergularia daemia, respectively were evaluated for their cationic constituents as a measure for their antisickling activity in sickle cell anaemia disorder. The three medicinal plants were extracted separately with methanol solvent using maceration method for 72 hours. The extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator (Model RE, 200, USA). Phytochemical screenings were conducted using standard method, while other portions of the extract were subjected to dry ash digestion for determination of mineral elements by emission flame photometry (EFP) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Evaluation of the antisickling activity of the extracts was done using the sodium metabisulphite (SMBS) test. Eugenol, terpenoids and alkaloids were present in the three plant extracts, while K+ values recorded for Petiveria alliacea, Canna indica and Pergularia daemia were 54.30 mg kg-1, 180.10 mg kg-1 and 28.30 mg kg-1, respectively. Other mineral elements detected in the three plants were Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+. The leaves extract of Canna indica and Pergularia daemia at high dose of 300 µg/mL caused significant reductions of sickle red blood cells from 15% to 6% and 15% to 1%, respectively at 90 minutes of the antisickling test. The research confirmed that extracts of both Canna indica and Pergularia daemia used in this study have significant antisickling properties in invitro studies than Petiveria alliacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salad dressing is a type of food that is usually used as a complementary ingredient (sauce) for salads belonging to the emulsion dressing group. Phase separation often occurs during emulsion storage, the stabilizing agent plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the emulsion in salad dressing products. The presence of starch in salad dressings serves as a gelling agent, binder, thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer. The use of canna tubers in Indonesia is still limited. Canna flour and starch can be modified to develop the desired functional properties. Based on the potential application of modified starch, it is necessary to modify flour and canna starch so that it can be used as a stabilizing agent. The objective of this study was to determine the physical and sensory characteristics of salad dressing from acetylated and crosslinking modified canna flour and starch. The results showed that the application of chemically modified canna flour and starch as a stabilizing agent affected the physical and sensory characteristics of the resulting salad dressing. Modification of acetylation and crosslinking was able to maintain the pH value and emulsion stability during 30 days of storage. Modified canna flour and starch can improve the appearance of the resulting salad dressing. The panelists' preference value was highest on salad dressing samples that used acetylated canna starch as a stabilizing agent. Modification of canna starch by crosslinking and acetylation can be applied as a stabilizing agent in salad dressings.

Canna indica (canna) a species in the Cannaceae family, is a perennial ornamental plant widely used in landscape designing. Different species of plant viruses have been reported which infect this plant and act as a significant threat to canna plants, leading to a range of symptoms and a decrease in their decorative values, as well as lower quality propagated materials and significant financial losses. Canna cultivars that are extensively cultivated for their ornamental values are susceptible to a recently discovered Potyvirus known as canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV). This virus has infected many canna cultivars found in gardens, leading to significant impact and concern in horticultural settings. During a survey conducted in the summer of 2022, severe veinal chlorosis and veinal streaking symptoms were observed on the leaves of canna plants in the green space of Yazd City, Iran. Total genomic RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves of 20 canna samples and one symptomless sample (negative control), and subjected to RT-PCR using a potyvirus degenerate primer pair (NIb3R, NIb2F). RT-PCR resulted in the amplification of a DNA fragment with the expected size of approximately 350 bp in all of the symptomatic samples, whereas no DNA fragment was obtained from a symptomless plant. The amplified DNA fragment was subjected to the Sanger sequencing method, and its size was confirmed to be exactly 350 bp. Sequence analysis of the nucleotide sequence of this amplicon with the same region of other corresponding CaYSV isolates in the GenBank revealed that the Iranian CaYSV isolate was the most similar (99.05%) to an isolate from Russia (Acc. No. MG_545919.1) and the less similar (89.59%) to a CaYSV isolate from United Kingdom (Acc. No. EF_466139.1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral symmetry studies often focus on the development of monosymmetric and polysymmetric flowers, whereas asymmetric flowers and their position and function within the inflorescence structure are largely neglected. Cannaceae is one of the few families that possesses truly asymmetric flowers, serving as a model to study the characters and mechanisms involved in the development of floral asymmetry and its context within the developing and mature inflorescence. In this study, inflorescence structure and floral morphology of normal asymmetric flowers and 16 aberrant flower collections from Canna indica L. and C. glauca L. were photographed, analyzed, and compared with attention to stamen petaloidy, floral symmetry, and inflorescence branching patterns anterior and posterior to the aberrant flower. In comparison with normal flowers, the aberrant flowers are arranged into abnormal partial florescences, and vary in floral symmetry, orientation, and degree of androecial petaloidy. The appendage of the fertile stamen is universally located distal from the higher order bract, indicating an underlying influence of inflorescence architecture. A synthetic model is proposed to explain the relationship between floral symmetry and inflorescence structure. Data from the observation of aberrant phenotypes strongly support the hypothesis that irregular petaloidy of the stamens is correlated with an asymmetric morphogenetic field within the inflorescence that contributes to the overall floral asymmetry in Canna flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During our previous study, the mixed infection of canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was identified in a Black Knight cultivar of canna exhibiting severe yellow streak and mottling symptoms. Before the development of the virus-free plants, the ability of callogenesis and organogenesis from the ovary, stalk, and rhizome explants was tested on different concentrations and combinations of TDZ, NAA, BAP, and Ads growth regulators. The performance of rhizome explants was above all the explant types and 33.33 ± 1.67 rhizomes (out of 50 placed) showed callus development on ME medium (MS supplemented with 0.8 mg/L TDZ and 0.25 mg/L NAA) and further on a refined M4 medium (MS supplemented with 4.0 mg/L BAP, 1.0 mg/L NAA and 50 mg/L Ads) produced 4.06 ± 0.16 shoots per explant. The development of virus-free plants was attempted by in vitro chemotherapy using ribavirin. Not only in callogenesis and shoot development but also in the ribavirin treatments, rhizomes developed about 3.78 ± 0.68 shoots per explant on 40 mg/L ribavirin in the ME medium. These optimizations suggested that ME medium for callogenesis, M4 medium for shoot development and the treatment of 40 mg/L ribavirin for 30 days at M4 medium was effective. The elimination of coinfection of all three viruses from rhizome explants of 0.5 cm2 of the Black Knight cultivar was attempted. Consequently, a total of 53.33% of plants free from all three viruses (48 out of the 90 plants developed) were obtained when screened by RT-PCR and PCR for their absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lack of insulin or the inability of cells to respond to insulin causes high blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes. Consumption of foods with a low glycemic index and high fiber has been shown to provide the same benefits as pharmacological therapy in the control of postprandial hyperglycemia and can prevent the incidence of hypoglycemia in people with diabetes. Ganyong (Canna edulis) is a food source of carbohydrates and fiber. Kelor (Moringa oliefera) contains protein and some phytochemical compounds which have a hypoglycemic effect. Objectives: The objective of the study was to analyze the glycemic index of ganyong-kelor snack bars as a diet for diabetics. Materials and Methods: Ten respondents fasted for 10 hours and checked their fasting blood glucose levels, then consumed 105 grams of bread as the reference food. Every 30 minutes after eating, the blood glucose levels were checked. In the following week, after fasted, all respondents consumed 157 grams of a ganyong-kelor snack bar and checked their blood glucose levels every 30 minutes. Results: Every 100 grams of ganyong-kelor snack bar contains 230.13 kcal, 31.97 grams of carbohydrates, 9.25 grams of fat, and 4.75 grams of protein. In this study, bread was used as a reference food. If bread was corrected with glucose as a reference food, the glycemic index of the ganyong-kelor snack bar was 38.08. The calculation of the glycemic load used the converted-glycemic index and the total carbohydrates contained in 100 grams of the food. Ganyong-kelor snack bar had a glycemic load value of 12.10. Conclusions: Ganyong-kelor snack bar had good nutritional content and was categorized as food with a low glycemic index. The hypoglycemic effect of the ganyong-kelor snack bar came from its high fiber content. Ganyong-kelor snack bar can be consumed as a healthy snack for diabetic people.

Canna, the solitary genus of family Cannaceae, represents a group of ornamental plants species. In this investigation an attempt was made to access the genetic relationship among six species and varieties of Canna using RAPD and ISSR techniques. A total of 49 major scorable bands ranging from 200 to 1500 bp were generated from two RAPD and three ISSR primers showing 83.6% polymorphism. Generally low relationship between tested cultivars/species; and the highest correlation (5.09) was found between Canna lily (C3) and Canna indica red (C2) and between Canna flaccida (C5) and Canna indica red(C2). However, the lowest (3.316) similarity was observed between Canna lilyred brilliant (C4) and Canna flaccida (C5). The dendrogram based on the contained data of both RAPD and ISSR which showed that Canna paniculata (C6) was always in a far correlation with the other species and varieties in this study. It was observed that the used primers of both RAPD and ISSR divided the plants according to the flower colour with ignorance to the leaves colour and grouped (C. variegata, C. indica redand C. paniculata)together in one cluster, but in the other cluster, the primers grouped them according to the leaves cluster with ignorance of the flower colour (C. flaccida, Canna lilyredbrilliant and Canna lily). Finally, it might be the same cultivars grouped in other way in case of using other primers or other molecular marker system.

Copyright of Journal of Agroindustrial Technology / Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research objective was to analyse the incorporation effect of gambier filtrate and rosella flower petals extract on mechanical properties and antioxidant activity of canna starch-based active edible film. This research used an experimental method consisting of two treatments, namely gambier filtrate (A): A1 = 3, A2 = 4, and A3 = 5 (% v/v), as well as rosella flower petals extract (B): B1 = 2, B2 = 4 and B3 = 6 (% v/v) and each treatment was replicated three times. The results showed that the two treatment interactions significantly influenced elongation percentage, water vapour transmission rate, and antioxidant activity. The edible film's thickness, tensile strength, and water vapour transmission rate were 0.096-0.124 mm, 1.89-3.38 MPa, and 12.99-17.04 g.m-2.d-1, respectively. The edible film contains an antioxidant compound of the strong category with IC50 values of 34.53 to 48.02 ppm. Treatment of A3B2 [gambier filtrate 5% (v/v) and rosella flower petals extract 4% (v)] was the best treatment. This edible film is generally suitable for application as a packaging material for food having high lipid content to inhibit the oxidation process of that food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zingiberales is an order of tropical monocots that exhibits diverse floral morphologies. The evolution of petaloid, laminar stamens, staminodes, and styles contributes to this diversity. The laminar style is a derived trait in the family Cannaceae and plays an important role in pollination as its surface is used for secondary pollen presentation. Previous work in the Zingiberales has implicated YABBY2-like genes, which function in promoting laminar outgrowth, in the evolution of stamen morphology. Here, we investigate the evolution and expression of Zingiberales YABBY2-like genes in order to understand the evolution of the laminar style in Canna. Phylogenetic analyses show that multiple duplication events have occurred in this gene lineage prior to the diversification of the Zingiberales. Reverse transcription-PCR in Canna, Costus, and Musa reveals differential expression across floral organs, taxa, and gene copies, and a role for YABBY2-like genes in the evolution of the laminar style is proposed. Selection tests indicate that almost all sites in conserved domains are under purifying selection, consistent with their functional relevance, and a motif unique to monocot YABBY2-like genes is identified. These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of floral morphologies.

Abstract Background Cannas are popular ornamental plants and widely planted for the beautiful foliage and flower. Viral disease is a major threaten to canna horticulture industry. In the city of Beijing, mosaic disease in canna was frequently observed, but the associated causal agent and its biological characterization is still unknown. Results After small RNA deep sequencing, 36,776 contigs were assembled and 16 of them shared high sequence identities with the different proteins of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) of the size ranging from 86 to 1911 nt. The complete genome of SCMV isolate (canna) was reconstructed by sequencing all cDNA clones obtained from RT-PCR and 5′\3′ RACE amplifications. SCMV-canna isolate showed to have a full RNA genome of 9579 nt in length and to share 78% nt and 85% aa sequence identities with SCMV isolates from other hosts. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the full genome sequence of SCMV isolates allocated separately the canna-isolate in a distinct clade, indicating a new strain. Recombination analyses demonstrated that SCMV-canna isolate was a recombinant originating from a sugarcane-infecting isolate (major parent, acc. no. AJ310103) and a maize-infecting isolate (minor parent, acc. no. AJ297628). Pathogenicity test showed SCMV-canna could cause typical symptoms of mosaic and necrosis in some tested plants with varying levels of severity but was less virulent than the isolate SCMV-BJ. Field survey showed that the virus was widely distributed. Conclusions This study identified SCMV as the major agent causing the prevalent mosaic symptom in canna plants in Beijing and its genomic and biological characterizations were further explored. All these data enriched the knowledge of the viruses infecting canna and would be helpful in effective disease management in canna.

Floral symmetry studies often focus on the development of monosymmetric and polysymmetric flowers, whereas asymmetric flowers and their position and function within the inflorescence structure are largely neglected. Cannaceae is one of the few families that possesses truly asymmetric flowers, serving as a model to study the characters and mechanisms involved in the development of floral asymmetry and its context within the developing and mature inflorescence. In this study, inflorescence structure and floral morphology of normal asymmetric flowers and 16 aberrant flower collections from Canna indica L. and C. glauca L. were photographed, analyzed, and compared with attention to stamen petaloidy, floral symmetry, and inflorescence branching patterns anterior and posterior to the aberrant flower. In comparison with normal flowers, the aberrant flowers are arranged into abnormal partial florescences, and vary in floral symmetry, orientation, and degree of androecial petaloidy. The appendage of the fertile stamen is universally located distal from the higher order bract, indicating an underlying influence of inflorescence architecture. A synthetic model is proposed to explain the relationship between floral symmetry and inflorescence structure. Data from the observation of aberrant phenotypes strongly support the hypothesis that irregular petaloidy of the stamens is correlated with an asymmetric morphogenetic field within the inflorescence that contributes to the overall floral asymmetry in Canna flowers.

Introducción y objetivos: Los cultivares de Canna resultaron de la hibridación intensiva de cinco especies americanas diploides: C. flaccida Salsb., C. glauca L., C. indica L, C. iridiflora Ruiz et Pav. y C. warscewiczii A. Dietr. Se estudia por primera vez la morfología palinológica y la viabilidad del polen de tres híbridos triploides pertenecientes a la notoespecie C. x generalis y de tres especies parentales: C. glauca, C. indica y C. warscewizii, que crecen en Argentina. El objetivo es aportar información sobre la hibridización y la evolución artificial del género Canna mediante un estudio de la morfología palinológica y la viabilidad del polen. M&M: Los granos de polen de flores frescas se observaron con microscopio óptico siguiendo la técnica de Wodehouse. La observación de la esporodermis y de las espinas se realizó con un microscopio electrónico de barrido, en tanto que la viabilidad del polen se estudió mediante la técnica de MTT (Rodriguez-Riano & Dafni, 2000). Resultados: Los caracteres morfológicos observados indicaron diferencias significativas. En las especies silvestres, la forma y el tamaño de los granos es regular al igual que el tamaño, morfología, distribución y densidad de las espinas. En los híbridos, los caracteres mencionados resultan irregulares, con importantes diferencias en el tamaño y con una densidad de espinas 2-3 veces mayor que la del polen perteneciente a las especies parentales. Conclusiones: Los resultados de la viabilidad del polen se correlacionan con la presencia y la ausencia de semillas.

Background and aims: Cultivars of Canna resulted of intensive hybridization on five parental species: C. flaccida Salsb., C. glauca L., C. indica L., C. iridiflora Ruiz et Pav. and C. warscewiczii A. Dietr. Here we study for the first time the palynological morphology and pollen viability of three hybrids belonging to the nothospecies C. x generalis and three parental species, C.glauca, C. indica and C. warscewiczii, that grow in Argentina. The objective of this work is to contribute with information about hybridization and artificial evolution of the genus Canna through a study of palynological morphology and pollen viability. M&M: Pollen grains of live flowers were observed with an optical microscopy following Wodehouse technique. As Canna pollen grains do not resist Erdtman acetolysis, the observation of sporoderm and spines was performed with a scanning electronic microscope, whereas pollen viability was studied through MTT technique, (Rodriguez-Riano & Dafni 2000). Results: In wild species the shape and size of pollen grains are regular as well as the size, morphology, distribution, and density of spines. In the hybrids the mentioned traits result irregular and spines density is 2-3 times higher. Conclusions: Pollen viability results were correlated with the presence and absence of seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, environmental pollution, especially heavy metal pollution, is known as a new and possibly more dangerous pollutant than other environmental ones. For this purpose, the uptake of four aquatic plants in different environments was chosen. In this experiment, four macrophytes, i.e., umbrella palm (Cyperus alternifolius), duckweed (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and canna (Canna × generalis), were studied in five contaminated aquatic environments, i.e., Gohar Rood river, Zarjoob river, Eynak lagoon, Anzali lagoon, and control solution (containing Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn). The results showed that the highest uptake rates of cadmium, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, zinc, nickel, and lead were observed for duckweed fronds. The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) of nickel was related to duckweed stem and water hyacinth root, and the highest BCF of cadmium belonged to duckweed fronds and canna root. The highest rate of uptake of cadmium, chromium, zinc, and lead was related to control. The least amount of uptake of several metals by plants was obtained from the water of Gohar Rood and Zarjoob. Generally, based on the results of this study, it can be stated that duckweed is suitable for the uptake of most heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ornamental plants are cultivated for decorative and utility purposes in urban landscapes throughout the world. They are much valued for their aesthetic properties and constitute an important part of the global horticulture industry. Plant viruses and viroids of various taxonomic groups have a significant negative impact on ornamentals provoking a wide range of symptoms, reducing both decorative value and quality of propagated material and causing large economic damage. A significant growth of the ornamental plants market in recent years promotes the spread of viral diseases. Therefore, systematization of data on virus and viroid phytopathogens diversity in these cultures is an urgent research task. Among the most popular ornamentals are chrysanthemum, rose, clematis, canna, and lavender. More than fifty viruses and viroids from 17 different families (including two viroid families) have been identified in these crops to date. In the presented review, we described the variety of these pathogens and their effect on the above-mentioned ornamentals

Highlights • Lignin isolated from C. edulis ker residues showed a α-amylase activated effect. • Spectroscopic and structural analysis and molecular docking were investigated. • Lignin bonds with α-amylase through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction. Abstract The lignin isolated from C. edulis ker residues showed a significant activating effect on α-amylase. Further studies revealed that the isolated lignin formed a 1:1 complex with α-amylase through hydrogen bonding and quenched fluorescence of α-amylase with a static quenching procedure. Binding with lignin led to conformational and granular size changes of α-amylase. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (2D-NOESY) spectra suggested that OH in G units and β-O-4 structure were the major binding sites of lignin on the α-amylase molecule. Molecular docking studies indicated that the binding residue on α-amylase for lignin was not the same as for chloride ions, and the major binding force was hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the docking results also showed the structural change of lignin induced by α-amylase. Thus, this work provided a new insight into the interaction between lignin from Canna edulis ker residues and α-amylase, which may be beneficial to apply lignin in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aquatic plant, Canna indica L. (Indian shoot) of Cannaceae family was investigated to assess cadmium scavenging potential at 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg Cd L−1 exposers. The results showed that Canna has considerable potential of cadmium accumulation, which was up to 58.69 and 10.13 mg Cd kg−1 dry weight in root and shoot of Canna, respectively. The effects of different cadmium levels on biomass production of plant tissues were significantly (p = 0.05) showed negative relation due to cadmium toxicity. The root concentration factor was higher than the bioconcentration factor which indicated the lower translocation factor of Canna. Considering the high root concentration factor, average bioconcentration factor, rapid growth and optimum adaptive properties up to 100 mg Cd L−1 level, the Canna could be employed as an eco-friendly and efficient aquatic plant for cadmium scavenging. This study plays a potential role in remediation of cadmium contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metatranscriptomic analysis of the canna (Canna spp., family Cannaceae) cv. ‘Krymskiy Samotzvet’ from the field collection of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Russia, was performed using the high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The full-size genome of canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) was assembled using sequencing data. Analysis by the recombination detection program RDP4 of this new isolate along with 10 other CaYSV full-length genome sequences from the USA and the UK, available in GenBank, revealed at least four putative recombination events supported by statistically significant P-values. Three of them were found in the 3′-terminal part of the genomes. Five of the 11 isolates were identified as recombinants. No recombination was detected in the isolates NC1 to NC5 and BZ1 from the USA, suggesting that they may represent some “ancestral” forms of the CaYSV genome. Phylogenetic analysis of different genomic regions confirmed the results of recombination analysis. This is the first report of multiple recombination events among CaYSV isolates that may contribute to further understanding of the molecular variability and evolutionary history of this virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of flower color in plants is a complex process. Among others, it is an important trait for ornamental flowering plants. Canna is a flowering ornamental plant of family Cannaceae. To understand the molecular mechanism of flower color development in Canna, RNA sequencing from flower tissues of two contrasting flower color cultivars, Red President (RP) and Tropical Sunrise (TS) was performed. More than 27.0 million and 19.0 million clean reads were obtained from RP and TS, respectively. The combined clean reads were assembled into 147,295 unigenes. The Canna unigenes showed maximum homology with Populus trichocarpa (26.79%). A total of 2702 unigenes expressed differentially between the two cultivars of which 1972 were up-regulated and 730 were down-regulated in RP. Phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic processes were the significant processes in RP. Expression of a vast number of transcription factors including MYB, bHLH, ARF, and WRKY were higher in RP than TS. The expression analysis of RNA sequencing data was validated by qRT-PCR analysis. Further, concentration of measured anthocyanidins and flavonols were very low or absent in TS, corroborating largely with our transcriptome data. These findings may help in understanding flower color development in Canna and in future crop breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible canna (Canna indica L.) is herbaceous plant originated from South America which its rhizome commonly used and its utillization not optimize in Indonesia. Molecular characterization are needed to determine characters of C. indica for genetic variability to improve edible canna varieties. For that reason, the purpose of this research was to determine diversity and phenetic relationship of C. indica based on molecular characters using RAPD analysis. Samples were collected from Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Development (BBBiogen). Data was analysed by RAPD analysis using OPA-01, OPA-02, OPA-10, OPD-02, and OPN-05 primers. Similarity index was counted by Gower General Similarity Coefficient formula based on molecular scoring. Cluster analysis was conducted by Unweighted Pair Group Methods using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) method to create a dendogram. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed to defined role of each molecular character in grouping of accessions with Multivariate Statistical Program (MVSP) v.3.1 software. The results showed that C. indica has divided into two main clusters. There were the green and red cultivar groups with 56% similarity. The green cultivar group also divided into green and green purple based on colour of sheats, tip of bud, rachis inflorescence, petals, brachtea, and colour pattern of staminodia with 73 % similarity. Red cultivar divided into red and red purplish based on colour of sheats, rachis inflorescence, and petals with similarity index 74%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contact angle, surface structure and chemical compositions of Canna leaves were investigated. According to the surface structure of Canna leaves which observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)model was established and the method of volume of fluid (VOF) was used to simulate the process of droplet impacting on the surface and established a smooth surface for comparison to verify that the surface structure was an important factor of the superhydrophobic properties. Based on the study of Canna leaf and VOF simulation of its surface structure, the superhydrophobic samples were processed successfully and showed a good superhydrophobic property with a contact angle of 156 ± 1 degrees. A high-speed camera (5000 frames per second) was used to assess droplet movement and determine the contact time of the samples. The contact time for the sample was 13.1 ms. The results displayed that the artificial superhydrophobic surface is perfect for the performance of superhydrophobic properties. The VOF simulation method was efficient, accurate and low cost before machining artificial superhydrophobic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se llevó a cabo un estudio con microscopía de luz y electrónica de barrido (MEB) de los caracteres de la epidermis y de la ontogenia de los estomas en especies neotropicales de Canna (Cannaceae). Se estudiaron la presencia y tipos de indumento, el contorno foliar, los tipos de cera epicuticular, los modelos epidérmicos, el ordenamiento celular típico de epifilos e hipofilos, el espesor de la pared externa de las células epidérmicas y los caracteres de los estomas adultos paracíticos en ejemplares de C. ascendens, C. glauca, C. indica, C. lineata, C. paniculata, C. tandilensis y C. variegatifolia. Los caracteres se correlacionaron con el hábitat de las plantas. La ontogenia estomática se analizó en dos especies: C. coccinea y C. glauca; se encontraron desarrollos perígenos y mesógenos, éstos no descritos previamente para la familia. El conjunto de los caracteres foliares macroscópicos y los microscópicos resultan diagnósticos en las especies analizadas y por ello, se consideran especialmente útiles en la determinación de especies de Canna cuando se trabaja con ejemplares en estado vegetativo y sin flores.

Regenerants of Canna (Canna × hybrida hort.) cvs. Suevia, Dar Vostoka and Livadia have been obtained. Dependence of viability and regenerative capacity of Canna microshoots on genotype has been found. The optimal concentrations of growth regulators that influence on morphogenesis in vitro have been determined. At the micropropagation stage of different cultivars of Canna it needs the addition of 1.24–1.91 mg/l thidiazuron to culture medium. The active rooting of Canna microshoots cvs. Dar Vostoka and Suevia on the culture medium Murashige & Skoog and Pierik with auxins β-indol-3- acetic acid and α-naphthylacetic acid have been observed. The ability of Canna cv. Suevia microshoots to spontaneous root formation has been shown. The formation of meristemoids in culture in vitro of Canna explants have been confirmed by the results of histological investigations.

Members of the genus Badnavirus have a single non-covalently closed circular double-stranded DNA genome of 7.2–9.2 kb. The genome encodes three open reading frames (ORFs) on the positive DNA strand. Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV) is a badnavirus that has been described as the etiological cause of yellow mottle disease in canna, although only a 565 bp fragment of the genome has been previously reported from cannas. In this report, concentrated virions were recovered from infected canna plants and nucleic acids were extracted. Two full-length sequences represent two badnavirus genomes were recovered and were determined to be 6966 bp and 7385 bp in length. These DNAs represent a virus strain belonging to Canna yellow mottle virus and a novel species tentatively termed Canna yellow mottle associated virus. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these two viruses are closely related to sugarcane bacilliform GD virus, pineapple bacilliform comosus virus, banana streak MY virus, and cycad leaf necrosis virus. We also showed naturally grown canna plants to be frequently co-infected by these two badnaviruses along with a potyvirus, Canna yellow streak virus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canna yellow streak virus (CaYSV), Canna yellow mottle virus (CaYMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 16 local and introduced canna cultivars grown in the collection of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Crimea. CaYSV was detected in all the cultivars tested, and most of the cultivars had mixed infection with two or three viruses. Analysis of the 3′-terminal genomic sequences revealed a high degree of diversity among isolates of CaYSV and BYMV suggesting their multiple introductions in the Gardens. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein (CP) gene showed that all the Crimean BYMV isolates together with the Chinese and the Indian ones from canna formed a separate cluster of canna-adapted isolates. Unique amino acid substitutions at positions 58, 70, 106, 168 and 215 of the CP were found in all isolates from canna that may be relevant to the adaptation of BYMV to this host. The sequences of the CaYMV isolates were highly conserved. The sequence identities of their ORF3 genomic segment ranged from 98.7-100% and from 97.7-100% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The CMV isolate was most closely related to the isolate Fny (D10538) from muskmelon. This is the first report of CaYSV, CaYMV, BYMV and CMV on canna in Russia confirming their worldwide distribution on this culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a fungal pathogen that causes stem rot, crown rot, wilt, and death of many common annual flowering plants. Infested flower beds often suffer significant plant loss each year, and the identification of disease resistant plants would be a useful management tool. Caladium (Caladium ×hortulanum Birdsey), canna (Canna ×generalis L.H. Bailey), and elephant ear [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] were evaluated for potential resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Plants grown in field conditions in Minnesota in 2012 and 2013 were inoculated through the application of sorghum grains colonized by S. sclerotiorum. The number of plants infected and percent of canopy dieback were recorded weekly for 3 months. The susceptibility of leaves, flowers, and below ground storage organs was also examined through direct inoculation of plant tissue with a mycelial plug of the pathogen in controlled environmental conditions favorable for disease development. Symptoms and progression of the infection were recorded after 24 days. Symptoms of infection on all three species were similar in field and controlled environments. Caladium plants were susceptible to S. sclerotiorum. Petioles, leaves, and corms developed a watery soft rot. Elephant ear was highly resistant to infection. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infected only wounded or senescent tissue and did not result in significant symptoms under any conditions. Canna had partial resistance to the pathogen. Although canna petals were readily infected, infection of petioles was restricted to small necrotic lesions. Neither infection progressed to the main stem or resulted in plant death. This study indicates that canna and elephant ear have resistance to S. sclerotiorum and could be used in an integrated disease management program for infested landscape beds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous sorption and oxidation of Sb(III) on biochars were investigated using batch experiments. The biochars were derived from Canna indica at different pyrolysis temperatures (300–600 °C, referred as CIB300-CIB600), and characterized by FTIR, BET, XRD, SEM-EDS, EPR and Boehm titration. The Sb(III) sorption data could be well fitted by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the pseudo-second order model is best for describing the kinetic data. The maximum Sb(III) sorption capacity of CIB300 was 16.1 mg g −1 , which was greater than that of other biochars. Inner-sphere complexation with oxygen-containing functional groups and coordination with π electrons are the possible sorption mechanisms. It is worthwhile to note that 4.7–32.3% of Sb(III) was oxidized to Sb(V) after sorption equilibration, demonstrating the occurrence of Sb(III) oxidation during the sorption process. Further study of oxidation under anoxic condition confirmed the catalytic role of biochar for Sb(III) oxidation, and free radicals in biochars were crucial for electron transfer. CIB400 exhibited the highest catalytic oxidative ability for Sb(III), which could be ascribe to its reserve of more electroactive polyphenolic macromolecule and less electroinactive cellulose. These results imply that biochars have good potential as a green effective sorbent for remediation of Sb(III) contaminated water, and simultaneously reduce the toxicity of Sb(III) by catalytic oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of the concentration of plasticizers applied during heat–moisture treatment (HMT) on the properties of canna starch were investigated. The modified starches were prepared by soaking starch in 0 (water), 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30% w/w glycerol or sorbitol solution for 24 h and adjusting the moisture content to 25% before HMT (100 °C, 1 h). Changes in the pasting profiles of heat–moisture treated starches were more obvious when glycerol solutions were used instead of water. An increase in the concentration of glycerol solution from 1% to 5% resulted in a progressive decrease in paste viscosity; paste viscosity then increased as the glycerol concentration rose from 10 to 30%. A similar trend was observed when sorbitol was used as a plasticizer, but with a lesser effect. A scheme for arrangements of the molecular structure of starch during the process of HMT was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the problem of eutrophication of the water bodies, phosphate removal from water has emerged as a research of topical interest. The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of Canna lily-based constructed wetland to remove phosphate from wastewater. The translocation of phosphate in plant tissue and its biochemical transformation in sediments is also studied to understand its accumulation and recirculation within the system. Results: The removal of phosphate stabilized at around 50% in the present study and plant uptake was found to be the major removal mechanism. Average removal was 167 mg/m day for total phosphate and 84 mg/m day for available phosphate for an initial loading rate of 200 mg/m day and 85 mg/m day, respectively, at a HRT of 24 h. Most of the phosphate concentrated in above ground tissue of plant and its relative accumulation was maximum in flowers. Fractionation of phosphate in sediments confirmed removal by sediments with an accumulation of apatite phosphate (Ca and Mg bound), but release of non-apatite form (Fe and Al bound). Conclusion: The study concludes that Canna-based constructed wetland can be an effective tool for phosphate removal from wastewater and sediments particularly under tropical conditions. Regular harvesting of above ground tissue of Canna can result in nutrient export from the system, whereas autochthonous addition may result in recirculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]