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Summary: CD7‐targeted chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR‐T) therapy has shown promising initial complete remission (CR) rates in patients with refractory or relapsed (r/r) T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐ALL/LBL). To enhance the remission duration, consolidation with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is considered. Our study delved into the outcomes of 34 patients with r/r T‐ALL/LBL who underwent allo‐HSCT after achieving CR with autologous CD7 CAR‐T therapy. These were compared with 124 consecutive T‐ALL/LBL patients who received allo‐HSCT in CR following chemotherapy. The study revealed that both the CAR‐T and chemotherapy cohorts exhibited comparable 2‐year overall survival (OS) (61.9% [95% CI, 44.1–78.1] vs. 67.6% [95% CI, 57.5–76.9], p = 0.210), leukaemia‐free survival (LFS) (62.3% [95% CI, 44.6–78.4] vs. 62.0% [95% CI, 51.8–71.7], p = 0.548), non‐relapse mortality (NRM) rates (32.0% [95% CI, 19.0–54.0] vs. 25.3% [95% CI, 17.9–35.8], p = 0.288) and relapse incidence rates (8.8% [95% CI, 3.0–26.0] vs. 15.8% [95% CI, 9.8–25.2], p = 0.557). Patients aged ≤14 in the CD7 CAR‐T group achieved high 2‐year OS and LFS rates of 87.5%. Our study indicates that CD7 CAR‐T therapy followed by allo‐HSCT is not only effective and safe for r/r T‐ALL/LBL patients but also on par with the outcomes of those achieving CR through chemotherapy, without increasing NRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic organic functionalization reactions represent a green, cost‐effective, and sustainable synthesis route for value‐added chemicals. However, heterogeneous photocatalysis is inefficient in directly activating ammonia molecules for the production of high‐value‐added nitrogenous organic products when compared with oxygen activation in the formation of related oxygenated compounds. In this study, we report the heterogeneous photosynthesis of benzonitriles by the ammoxidation of benzyl alcohols (99 % conversion, 93 % selectivity) promoted using BiOBr nanosheets with surface vacancy associates. In contrast, the main reaction of catalysts with other types of vacancy sites is the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde or benzoic acid. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations have demonstrated a specificity of vacancy type with respect to product selectivity, which arises from the adsorption and activation of NH3 and O2 that is required to promote subsequent C−N coupling and oxidation to nitrile. This study provides a better understanding of the role of vacancies as catalytic sites in heterogeneous photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic organic functionalization reactions represent a green, cost‐effective, and sustainable synthesis route for value‐added chemicals. However, heterogeneous photocatalysis is inefficient in directly activating ammonia molecules for the production of high‐value‐added nitrogenous organic products when compared with oxygen activation in the formation of related oxygenated compounds. In this study, we report the heterogeneous photosynthesis of benzonitriles by the ammoxidation of benzyl alcohols (99 % conversion, 93 % selectivity) promoted using BiOBr nanosheets with surface vacancy associates. In contrast, the main reaction of catalysts with other types of vacancy sites is the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde or benzoic acid. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations have demonstrated a specificity of vacancy type with respect to product selectivity, which arises from the adsorption and activation of NH3 and O2 that is required to promote subsequent C−N coupling and oxidation to nitrile. This study provides a better understanding of the role of vacancies as catalytic sites in heterogeneous photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled trial, we explored the effect of 20 Hz transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on gait impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and investigated the underlying neural mechanism. Methods: In total, 22 PD patients and 14 healthy controls were enrolled. PD patients were randomized (1:1) to receive active or sham taVNS (same position as active taVNS group but without releasing current) twice a day for 1 week. Meanwhile, all subjects were measured activation in the bilateral frontal and sensorimotor cortex during usual walking by functional near‐infrared spectroscopy. Results: PD patients showed instable gait with insufficient range of motion during usual walking. Active taVNS improved gait characteristics including step length, stride velocity, stride length, and step length variability compared with sham taVNS after completion of the 7‐day therapy. No difference was found in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III, Timed Up and Go, Tinetti Balance, and Gait scores. Moreover, PD patients had higher relative change of oxyhemoglobin in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre‐motor area, supplementary motor area, primary motor cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex than HCs group during usual walking. Hemodynamic responses in the left primary somatosensory cortex were significantly decreased after taVNS therapy. Conclusion: taVNS can relieve gait impairments and remodel sensorimotor integration in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) often imply different physical mechanisms in planetary magnetospheres. We report a simultaneous equatorial electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) wave event with butterfly PADs of electrons at L ∼ 7.6–9 observed by the Cassini spacecraft. Via calculating the bounce‐averaged electron diffusion rates, we found that Saturnian ECH waves can resonate with ∼10 eV to several keV electrons at <60° pitch angles at time scales from ∼10−8 to 10−4 s−1. Simulations show that the formation of ∼100 eV to ∼1 keV electron butterfly PADs are mainly caused by the pitch angle scattering of electrons at low pitch angles (<30°) and the momentum scattering at intermediate pitch angles of ∼30°–45°, though previous studies suggested the adiabatic transport is the dominated mechanism. Additionally, our results successfully reproduce the variation of peak pitch angles (αp) and phase space density ratios between α90° and αp with L‐shell. Plain Language Summary: Charged particles present different pitch angle distributions (PADs) due to different physical mechanisms in Saturn's magnetosphere. Butterfly PADs have local minimum at ∼90° pitch angle, which are commonly observed in Saturn's magnetosphere for electrons over a wide energy range from ∼100 eV to several MeV. Previous studies proposed that the adiabatic transport dominates the transformation from the electron field‐aligned PADs of ∼100 eV–several keV to the butterfly shapes in Saturn's magnetosphere. In our study, we report a simultaneous electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) wave event with the butterfly PADs of electrons at L ∼ 7.6–9 observed by the Cassini spacecraft. Via calculating the bounce‐averaged electron diffusion rates of ECH waves and simulating the evolution of electron phase space densities (PSDs), we find that the formation of ∼100 eV to ∼1 keV electron butterfly PADs is mainly caused by the scattering of electrons induced by ECH waves. Our simulation results successfully reproduce the variation of peak pitch angle (αp) and PSD ratios between α90° and αp with L‐shell. These results would improve the current understanding of the electron dynamics in Saturn's magnetosphere and shed light on understanding the plasma environment of the outer planets and exoplanets. Key Points: We report a simultaneous equatorial electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) wave event with the butterfly PADs of electronsThe Saturnian ECH waves can resonate with ∼10 eV to several keV electrons at <60° pitch anglesThe formation of ∼100 eV to ∼1 keV electron butterfly PADs is attributed to the scattering of electrons induced by ECH waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using photovoltaic (PV) energy to produce hydrogen through water electrolysis is an environmentally friendly approach that results in no contamination, making hydrogen a completely clean energy source. Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is an excellent method of hydrogen production due to its long service life, low cost, and high reliability. However, the fast fluctuations of photovoltaic power cannot integrate well with alkaline water electrolyzers. As a solution to the issues caused by the fluctuating power, a hydrogen production system comprising a photovoltaic array, a battery, and an alkaline electrolyzer, along with an electrical control strategy and energy management strategy is proposed. The energy management strategy takes into account the predicted PV power for the upcoming hour and determines the power flow accordingly. By analyzing the characteristics of PV panels and alkaline water electrolyzers and imposing the proposed strategy, this system offers an effective means of producing hydrogen while minimizing energy consumption and reducing damage to the electrolyzer. The proposed strategy has been validated under various scenarios through simulations. In addition, the system's robustness was demonstrated by its ability to perform well despite inaccuracies in the predicted PV power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Cassini observations, we report representative electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) wave events observed in Saturn's magnetosphere within remote plasma injections. Unlike local injections, remote injections are "older" injection events that have evolved to form a dispersed signature in particle energy spectrum. We show that Saturnian ECH waves within remote injections present a strong fundamental band and much weaker high harmonic bands. By calculating the linear wave growth rates based on the measured electron velocity distributions, we indicate that Saturnian ECH waves can be excited by the loss cone distribution of remotely injected, hot electrons of ∼100 eV to several keV. We find that ECH waves tend to intensify with increased fluxes of injected hot electrons but weakening with increased evolution time of the flux tubes, which is consistent with the results of wave growth rates and improves the current understanding of the generation of ECH waves at Saturn. Plain Language Summary: Saturn possesses a huge magnetosphere formed by the interaction between the solar wind flows and the internal magnetic field. Electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are electrostatic emissions frequently observed in Saturn's magnetosphere, which occur near the half‐integral harmonics of electron cyclotron frequency (fce), that is, (n + 1/2) fce. ECH waves are closely related to the injection events driven by the centrifugal force. Due to the gradient and curvature drift, the injected hot electrons produce dispersion signatures on the energy‐time spectrogram, which is a typical characteristic in the remote injections. In this work, we report typical ECH wave events in the remote injections and investigate the wave generation mechanism. Our results show that the excitation of ECH waves in the remote injections is caused by loss cone instability. The wave growth is dominated by injected hot electrons (∼100 eV–several keV). In addition, we find that ECH wave amplitudes increase as the hot electron fluxes increase and decrease with increasing ages of the injection events. Our results help us to deeply understand the generation of ECH waves in the Saturn's magnetosphere. Key Points: The loss cone instability of electrons excites the Saturnian electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves within remote plasma injectionsThe free energy for Saturnian ECH wave growth is mainly provided by remotely injected, hot electrons at energies of ∼100 eV to several keVSaturnian ECH waves intensify with increased fluxes of injected hot electrons but weakening with increased evolution time of the flux tubes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex question answering (CQA) is widely used in real-world tasks such as search engines and intelligent customer service. With the development of large-scale knowledge bases, CQA over knowledge bases has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, there are many types of complex questions, and few works deeply focus on the performance analysis of models for different types of questions. Another major challenge is the lack of complete supervised labels due to the expense of manual labelling, decreasing model interpretability and increasing the difficulty of model training. In this paper, we constructed a dataset, named CoSuQue, which includes multiple types of complex questions and complete supervised labels that are easily obtained. Our work provides an in-depth analysis of the model's ability to answer different types of questions, contributing a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of CQA models. Based on the ability of the model to handle different types of questions, the model structure can be improved in a more targeted manner. The different types of complex questions and the complete supervised labels allow the inference process of the model to be investigated. Furthermore, we propose a novel training method that leverages the proposed dataset to improve the performance of the model on other publicly available datasets. Experiments on the Complex WebQuestions and WebQuestionsSP datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the CQA task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By constructing an empirical model of the spectral and latitudinal distribution of ion cyclotron waves on the basis of Cassini datasets, we investigate the resonant interactions between ion cyclotron waves and radiation belt electrons at Saturn. Calculations based on quasi‐linear bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients show that at Saturn ion cyclotron waves can efficiently pitch angle scatter >∼1 MeV to tens of MeV electrons into the loss cone thereby inducing precipitation loss, while the mixed and momentum scattering effects are typically negligible. The resultant electron loss timescales range from a few to tens of minutes, which in fact decrease significantly with increasing L‐shell at L = 4–6. We also find that the kinetic effects introduced by pick‐up ring particles cause distinct changes in pitch angle scattering efficiency for lower energy electrons (<3 MeV at L = 5). Our results demonstrate that ion cyclotron waves play a significant role in the dynamics of Saturn's radiation belt electrons. Plain Language Summary: Ion cyclotron waves are a common electromagnetic wave mode in the planetary magnetospheres. At Saturn, ion cyclotron waves are usually observed with wave frequencies near the gyro‐frequency of water‐group ions (e.g., O+, OH+, and H2O+). They are known to be excited by a ring distribution of the pick‐up water‐group ions which are extracted from the extended neutral clouds. In this paper, we investigate the resonant interactions between ion cyclotron waves and radiation belt electrons at Saturn. By constructing an empirical model of the spectral and latitudinal distribution of ion cyclotron waves based on Cassini observations, we calculate the bounce‐averaged electron diffusion coefficients and resultant electron loss timescales. Our results suggest that Saturn's ion cyclotron waves can cause efficient precipitation loss of radiation belt electrons by scattering them into the loss cone. The corresponding loss timescales range from a few to tens of minutes, decreasing with increasing radial distance from Saturn. Our results confirm the important role of ion cyclotron waves in the dynamics of Saturnian radiation belt electrons. Key Points: The resonant interactions between ion cyclotron waves and radiation belt electrons at Saturn are investigatedIon cyclotron waves can efficiently pitch angle scatter >∼1 MeV to tens of MeV electrons into the loss cone for precipitation lossThe resultant electron loss timescales range from a few to tens of minutes, which decrease significantly with increasing L‐shell over L = 4–6 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), including the difference in pain control and occurrence of adverse reactions. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of pregabalin and gabapentin in patients with PHN. Data from studies meeting the inclusion criteria were extracted and the Cochrane Risk of Bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Revman 5.3 and Stata17 were used to perform the meta-analysis and to detect publication bias. Results: A total of 14 RCTs with 3545 patients were included in this study, including 926 in the pregabalin treatment group, 1256 in the gabapentin treatment group, and 1363 in the placebo control group. Pregabalin was better than gabapentin in alleviating pain and improving the global perception of change in pain and sleep (P < 0.05). Gabapentin was associated with a lower incidence of adverse events than pregabalin (P < 0.05). Funnel plot and Begg's and Egger's tests showed no significant publication bias. Conclusion: Pregabalin appears to have a better overall therapeutic effect than gabapentin for patients with PHN, but gabapentin has a lower incidence of adverse reactions and a better safety profile. Clinicians should comprehensively consider patient factors and fully evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment option to select the most suitable drugs for patient use. Considering the limited quantity and quality of the existing literature, high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm the advantages of pregabalin over gabapentin in the treatment of PHN and guide clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crossover innovation springing up in emerging technologies has drawn wide attention from scholars. Innovation network, as an effective way for major innovation-driven entities towards less relevant risks and higher efficiency, can significantly affect the crossover innovation performance. This paper analyzes the evolution law of the innovation network of autonomous driving technology based on the Social Network Analysis (SNA) and by using the data on joint applications for invention patents of such technology during 2006–2020. Furthermore, the structural eigenvalues of the network evolution are calculated for the regression analysis of the relationship between network structure and crossover innovation performance. The empirical results show that network centrality, structural hole, and relationship intensity have a positive effect on crossover innovation performance of emerging technologies, while network clustering has a negative effect. Emerging technology enterprises should constantly improve their technological innovation ability, improve their status and influence in the innovation network, establish cooperation with appropriate innovation partners, further expand their own technical knowledge fields, and obtain innovation resources by optimizing the network structure so as to enhance the crossover innovation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Menstrual migraine is a particular form of migraine with a significant impact on the quality of life for women afflicted. Presently, no study has reported the quality of life in menstrual migraine patients. This work aims to assess the health-related quality of life and identify its associated factors among Chinese menstrual migraine patients.Methods: The cross-sectional study group consisted of 109 patients with menstrual migraine, and the control group consisted of 397 female patients with non-menstrual migraine. In total, 506 patients completed questionnaires for demographic and clinical information, the Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale, the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Headache Impact Test-6, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Health-related quality of life was measured using the 36-Item Short Form Survey.Results: Compared with non-menstrual migraine patients, five dimensions of health-related quality of life were all found to be significantly impaired in menstrual migraine patients. Headache frequency (ß = - 0.218, P = 0.014), the impact of headache on daily life (ß = - 0.270, P = 0.002), depression symptoms (ß = - 0.345, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with physical component summary, depression symptoms (ß = - 0.379, P < 0.001), social support (ß = 0.270, P < 0.001), suicidal ideation (ß = - 0.344, P < 0.001) were closely related to mental component summary.Conclusion: Menstrual migraine patients had a significantly poorer health-related quality of life in many domains than non-menstrual migraine patients. Headache frequency, the impact of headache on daily life, depression symptoms, social support, and suicidal ideation were significantly associated with health-related quality of life in menstrual migraine patients.Trial Registration: ChiCTR1800014343. This study was registered prospectively on 7 January 2018 at Chinese Clinical Trial registry. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=24526. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevention/treatment of osteomyelitis infection by combining the local antibiotic delivery system with the bone regeneration scaffold can effectively overcome the drawbacks of systemic antibiotic administration and realize the full cycle control of drug release. Herein, by introducing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) cross-linking agent to improve the binding force of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) bone scaffold. The porous HAp/PLGA drug-loaded microsphere bone scaffold for gentamicin sulfate (GS) delivery was successfully prepared. The optimal preparation parameters, drug release characteristics, SCMC enhancement mechanism, antibacterial properties and bone cell activity of porous HAp/PLGA drug-loaded microsphere bone scaffolds were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the 0.1% SCMC-modified porous HAp/PLGA drug-loaded microsphere bone scaffold has a cumulative drug release of 45.0 ± 0.90% on the first day, which is about 20% lower than that of pure PLGA drug-loaded microspheres. Moreover, its drug release can be sustained and stably released for more than 17 d, which is attributed to the enhancement of the binding force between the microspheres and HAp by SCMC (combination for more than 3 weeks). Meanwhile, the diameter of the antibacterial ring expanded from the initial 10 ± 0.50 to 28 ± 1.2 mm after 14 d, which also indicated the sustained and stable release of GS. Alamar Blue analysis results showed that 0.1% SCMC-modified composite bone scaffold is beneficial to the proliferation activity of bone cells, and its 14 day activity increased by 20%. The above results indicate that the SCMC-modified composite bone scaffold has the potential to treat/prevent osteomyelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The network analysis method emphasizes the interaction between individual symptoms to identify shared or bridging symptoms between depression and anxiety to understand comorbidity. However, the network analysis and community detection approach have limitations in identifying causal relationships among symptoms. This study aims to address this gap by applying Bayesian network (BN) analysis to investigate potential causal relationships. Method: Data were collected from a sample of newly enrolled college students. The network structure of depression and anxiety was estimated using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD‐7) Scale measures, respectively. Shared symptoms between depression and anxiety were identified through network analysis and clique percolation (CP) method. The causal relationships among symptoms were estimated using BN. Results: The strongest bridge symptoms, as indicated by bridge strength, include sad mood (PHQ2), motor (PHQ8), suicide (PHQ9), restlessness (GAD5), and irritability (GAD6). These bridge symptoms formed a distinct community using the CP algorithm. Sad mood (PHQ2) played an activating role, influencing other symptoms. Meanwhile, restlessness (GAD5) played a mediating role with reciprocal influences on both anxiety and depression symptoms. Motor (PHQ8), suicide (PHQ9), and irritability (GAD6) assumed recipient positions. Conclusion: BN analysis presents a valuable approach for investigating the complex interplay between symptoms in the context of comorbid depression and anxiety. It identifies two activating symptoms (i.e., sadness and worry), which serve to underscore the fundamental differences between these two disorders. Additionally, psychomotor symptoms and suicidal ideations are recognized as recipient roles, being influenced by other symptoms within the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the development of eco-friendly, sustainable, and convenient bio-based coatings to enhance flame retardancy and antibacterial properties in cotton fabrics is growing. In this work, chitosan was protonated at its amino groups using a method with a high atom economy using an equimolar amount of amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP), resulting in the fabrication of a single-component chitosan-based multifunctional coating (ATMP-CS), thereby avoiding any additional neutralization or purification steps. Cotton fabrics coated with various loads of ATMP-CS were prepared through a padding–drying–curing process. The morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, antibacterial properties, flame-retardant behavior, and flame-retardant mechanism of these fabrics were investigated. The coating exhibited excellent film-forming properties, and it imparted a uniform protective layer onto the surfaces of the cotton fabrics. When the load capacity reached 11.5%, the coated fabrics achieved a limiting oxygen index of 29.7% and successfully passed the VFT test. Moreover, the ATMP-CS coating demonstrated antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reaching 95.1% and 99.9%, respectively. This work presents a straightforward and gentle approach to fabricating colorless, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient fabric coatings that have potential applications in promoting the use of bio-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform a statistical analysis of magnetosonic (MS) waves in the slot region based on Van Allen Probes observations from September 2012 to February 2018. Our results demonstrate that the wave occurrence rate increases with enhanced geomagnetic activity and decreasing magnetic latitude, with the presence of strongest slot region MS waves near the geomagnetic equator within the 08–20 magnetic local time sector. Power spectral densities of slot region MS waves also intensify during geomagnetically active times, with the occurrence of the major wave power (>∼10−5 nT2/Hz) below ∼25fcp (where fcp is the proton gyrofrequency) and the peak wave intensity (∼10−3 nT2/Hz) below ∼5fcp at L > ∼2.6. A remarkable gap in the MS wave frequency spectrum is also revealed at <∼15fcp during weak substorm activities (AE ≤ 300 nT). Plain Language Summary: Various plasma waves have been involved in the slot region electron dynamics, among them, magnetosonic (MS) waves have acquired intensive attention due to their underlying effects on energetic electrons. Using high‐quality wave measurements from Van Allen Probes during the period from September 2012 to February 2018, we statistically investigate the global distribution and spectral characteristics of MS waves in the slot region (1.8 ≤ L ≤ 3.0). We found that MS waves preferentially occur at low magnetic latitudes from the dawnside to the duskside under strongly disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Strongest MS waves exist near the geomagnetic equator within 08–20 magnetic local time sector. With the enhancement of geomagnetic activity, the increasing magnetic field power spectral densities of MS waves show the presence of the major wave power spectra (>∼10−5 nT2/Hz) below ∼25fcp (where fcp is the proton gyrofrequency) and the largest wave intensity (∼10−3nT2/Hz) below ∼5fcp at L > ∼2.6. We also found a remarkable gap in the slot region MS wave frequency spectrum at frequencies below ∼15fcp. Our results provide important clues for understanding the excitation and propagation mechanism of slot region MS waves and their potential contributions to the slot region electron dynamics under various geomagnetic conditions. Key Points: The spatial and spectral distributions of magnetosonic (MS) waves in the slot region are statistically investigatedStrong MS waves in the slot region mainly occur within ∼6° of the geomagnetic equator over the 08–20 magnetic local time sectorA remarkable gap in the MS wave frequency spectrum is found at low proton gyrofrequency harmonics during weak substorm activities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cold plasma approximation is a common treatment to study wave–particle interactions between plasmaspheric hiss and magnetospheric electrons, which, however, can become a challenge during periods of disturbed geomagnetic activity. To assess the validity of the cold plasma dispersion relation of plasmaspheric hiss, we adopt the cold plasma theory to calculate the wave magnetic field intensities from the electric field intensities observed by Van Allen Probe A from 2012 October 1 to 2018 February 28. Comparisons between the observed and converted hiss magnetic field intensities capture pronounced differences with the enhancement of substorm activity, and exhibit the largest discrepancies on the nightside MLT sector for low-frequency hiss waves. We also use both the hiss dispersion curves derived from the observations and the cold plasma dispersion relation to evaluate hiss-induced electron diffusion coefficients under different substorm activity conditions. The results indicate that the profiles of electron diffusion rates vary considerably for the two hiss dispersion relations and that the differences between them become increasingly distinct with substorm activity intensification. Our study therefore demonstrates that the cold plasma theory can become less reliable for plasmaspheric hiss waves under disturbed geomagnetic circumstances and that the realistic wave dispersion is essential to better quantify the electron scattering effect of hiss waves, which needs to be carefully incorporated into future global simulations of the generation and propagation of plasmaspheric hiss and associated dynamic variability of radiation belt electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are frequently observed in the dayside magnetosphere, their effects on the formation of dayside diffuse aurora remain poorly understood. In this study, we quantitatively evaluate the efficiency of dayside ECH wave scattering in producing the electron diffuse aurora precipitation during a typical ECH wave event by calculating the quasi‐linear bounce‐averaged scattering rates. We find that dayside ECH waves can efficiently pitch angle scatter diffuse auroral electrons on timescales of a few hours to ∼1 day over a broad range of electron energy and equatorial pitch angle αeq, that is, from ∼300 eV to 10 keV with αeq from the loss cone to 45°. Especially for ∼300 eV–2 keV electrons, the scattering rates can even approach the strong diffusion limit, resulting in an almost fully filled loss cone. Our results confirm the significant role of ECH waves in driving the dayside diffuse aurora. Plain Language Summary: Electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are electrostatic emissions observed between the harmonics of electron cyclotron frequency with wave normal near perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. ECH waves are known to be excited by the loss cone instability of hot electron velocity distribution. In this study, we perform a detailed survey of a typical dayside ECH wave event observed by MMS1 spacecraft on 11 Dec 2015. Using a realistic magnetic field model and a latitudinal varying wave normal angle model based on well‐fitted electron velocity distribution, we calculate the quasi‐linear bounce‐averaged scattering rates of electrons. Our results demonstrate that ECH waves can efficiently pitch angle scatter hundreds of eV to tens of keV electrons, which are the source of diffuse aurora. ECH wave induced scattering of ~300 eV to 2 keV electrons at low pitch angles can even approach the strong diffusion limit, resulting in an almost fully filled loss cone. These electrons can be subsequently precipitated into the atmosphere and collide with neutral molecule, forming the dayside diffuse aurora. Our results demonstrate that ECH waves play an important role in the dayside diffuse auroral precipitation. Key Points: We quantitatively evaluate the scattering effect of dayside electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves on diffuse auroral electronsECH waves can efficiently pitch angle scatter electrons at energies from 300 eV to 10 keV on timescales from a few hours to ∼1 dayScattering of ∼300 eV–2 keV electrons can even approach the strong diffusion limit, resulting in an almost fully filled loss cone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the pressure of low-cost competition brought by the homogenization of commodities, the manufacturing industry seeks to survive by providing services. By providing outsourcing of value-added services to date, we are focusing on innovation in our business model. With the advancement of science and technology, manufacturing innovation is facing higher challenges, especially the popularization of the Internet, which makes the manufacturing industry have to move closer to new industries. Based on cloud computing, this paper conducts a multiagent simulation on the evolution factors of the innovation network of advanced manufacturing. This article takes three types of simulation subjects: evolutionary network, manufacturing (cluster), and innovation evolution system as the research objects. The factors affecting the evolution of the research are innovation resources, innovation opportunities, innovation desire, innovation pressure, relationship strength, network scale, and network scope. Network differences carry over variable indicators and analyze quantitative regression indicators and then build a research model. The research results show that the average conversion efficiency of the manufacturing industry (0.523) is significantly lower than the average R&D innovation efficiency (0.725), which to a certain extent indicates that the manufacturing industry still has weak links in the export conversion stage at the back end of the innovation value chain. Some of the companies may have problems such as low ability to transform scientific and technological achievements and insufficient export competitiveness of high-tech products, which to a large extent affects and restricts the improvement of manufacturing export transformation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Durability of MSWIFA-based geopolymer in Na 2 SO 4 and H 2 SO 4 for 112 days was studied. • Na 2 SO 4 hardly eroded the insoluble CaCO 3 in the MSWIFA-based geopolymer. • H 2 SO 4 erosion of MSWIFA-based geopolymer included decalcification and dealumination. • Gypsum formed from CaCO 3 or C-A-S-H gel led to decalcification and crack formation. • Solidification efficiency of Pb and Zn was strongly related to dealumination process. To evaluate the feasibility and safety of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA)-based geopolymer, its durability against water, 3% Na 2 SO 4 , 1% H 2 SO 4 and 3% H 2 SO 4 for 112 days was investigated. Results showed that H 2 SO 4 resistance of MSWIFA-based geopolymers was weaker than that of Na 2 SO 4 and deteriorated with increasing MSWIFA incorporation and H 2 SO 4 concentration. Under H 2 SO 4 erosion, CaCO 3 or C-A-S-H gels formed CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, and this decalcification process caused cracks formation. Dealumination disrupted the electrostatic interaction of [AlO 4 ]- and Al-O coordination, reducing the solidification efficiency of Zn and Pb significantly. Conversely, Cu and Cr with Si-O coordination exhibited greater than 70% solidification efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lily is one of the most valuable fresh cut flowers in the world. However, pollen pollution brings inconvenience to retailers and consumers. Anther development is a complicated and precise process but much is unknown. In this study, the anther development key gene LoAMS was isolated from Lilium Oriental Hybrids cultivar 'Siberia'. Phylogenetic tree analysis and multiple sequence alignment showed that LoAMS protein had a typical basic helix–loop–helix domain (bHLH), belonging to the MYC transcription factor family. Furthermore, the subcellular localization experiment revealed that LoAMS was a nucleus protein. Transcriptional activation assays showed LoAMS was a transcriptional activator with the transcriptional activation domain in the last 204 amino acids (338-541aa) of the C-terminal region. The real-time quantitative PCR showed that LoAMS was abundant in lily anthers. Two peak expressions of LoAMS appeared in the anthers of 3-cm and 10-cm flower buds, especially in the microspores of 10-cm flower buds. These data indicate LoAMS is an anther specific transcriptional activator that may contribute to lily molecular breeding in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct conversion of hydrocarbons into value-added chemicals can be realized through activation and functionalization of C–H bonds so as to meet the requirements of the atomic economy and sustainable development strategy of chemistry. By virtue of the mild reaction conditions and high product selectivity, heterogeneous photocatalysis has attracted considerable attention. In this feature article, we focus on the catalyst modification strategies developed in recent years for photocatalytic activation of C–H bonds. The influence of the modifications on reaction activity and selectivity is further discussed by analyzing the mechanism of photocatalytic C–H bond activation. We hope that this feature article would provide useful guidance for the preparation of new photocatalysts for hydrocarbon conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate the effects of polarization reversal of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves at the crossover frequencies on computations of bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons. We find that inclusion of polarization reversal can cause significant changes of H+ band‐induced particle diffusion coefficients, while scattering by the He+ band is almost unaffected. Our results show that the pure L‐mode approach, which has been widely implemented in previous studies, tends to underestimate the diffusion coefficients of ultrarelativistic (>4 MeV) electrons and overestimate those of 10–50 and >100 keV protons caused by H+ band EMIC waves. Especially for >100 keV protons, the differences in diffusion coefficients can be larger by an order of magnitude. We confirm that the polarization reversal can contribute importantly to the scattering loss of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons by H+ band EMIC waves. Key Points: The effects of polarization reversal at the crossover frequencies on the particle scattering by EMIC waves are investigatedWhile polarization reversal causes obvious changes in H+ band‐induced scattering rates, scattering by the He+ band is almost unaffectedPolarization reversal of H+ band increases the scattering rates of >4 MeV electrons and decreases those of 10–50 and >100 keV protons [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations show that particle velocity distributions in space plasmas generally exhibit a non-Maxwellian high-energy tail that can be well fitted with kappa distributions. To better understand the correlation between realistic particle velocity distributions and plasma wave excitation, we investigate the linear cyclotron instability of multiband electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in a kappa plasma containing hot anisotropic protons, which provides the free energy for the wave growth. We find that the effects of superthermal plasmas on EMIC wave instability have a strong dependence on the emission band, temperature anisotropy Ahp, and parallel beta βhp of hot protons. For H+ and He+ band EMIC waves, the maximum growth rates exhibit distinct behaviors with the variation of the spectral index κ of kappa distributions for different Ahp values. The maximum growth rates decrease with increasing κ-value for low Ahp and increase with increasing κ-value for high Ahp. For O+ band waves, the effects of superthermal plasmas on the maximum growth rate are strongly controlled by βhp. For low βhp, the growth rate decreases monotonically with increasing κ-value for all Ahp. For high βhp, increase of κ-value tends to enhance the wave growth for intermediate Ahp and to suppress the wave growth otherwise. Our results also indicate that the presence of a high-energy tail tends to decrease the real frequency corresponding to the maximum growth rate for all three bands. While the minimum electron resonant energy for O+ band EMIC waves decreases as the κ-value increases, the minimum electron resonant energies for H+ and He+ band waves remain unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmaspheric hiss is known to be a major contributor to the dynamic losses of Earth's radiation belt electrons. While previous computation attempts of hiss-driven electron losses are limited to the cold plasma approximation, in this study we find that hot plasma effects will modify the hiss dispersion relation and result in changes in the electron bounce-averaged electron pitch angle diffusion coefficients. Cold plasma approximation tends to overestimate the diffusion coefficients of ≲100 keV electrons by orders of magnitude, while the scattering efficiency of higher energy electrons is not greatly affected. As the L-shell decreases or the parameter decreases (where is the electron gyrofrequency and is the plasma frequency), the decrease of diffusion coefficients of low energy electrons caused by hot plasma effects become more pronounced. It is also shown that both the increase of hot electron abundance and temperature anisotropy can weaken the scattering efficiency of ≲100 keV electrons at almost all pitch angles, while the diffusion coefficients of higher energy electrons decrease at large pitch angles. Our study confirms the importance of including hot plasma effects in evaluations of hiss-driven scattering loss of radiation belt electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric comorbidity in traumatized youth is prevalent, but such associations between two disorders may be confounded with other comorbid conditions. Few studies have examined the unique relationships among multiple disorders. Which disorders maximally explain the relationships between others and whether such disorders differ by sex remain largely unknown. Using a construct-level network approach, this study characterized the independent associations among nine prevalent emotional and behavioral disorders/problems evaluated by the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Youth Self-Report in a sample of 1181 disaster-exposed adolescents (53.9% girls; a mean age of 14.3 ± 0.8 years). The associations were strong among the seven internalizing problems and between the two externalizing ones, but weaker between these two spectra of psychopathology. Major depressive disorder (MDD) was most strongly connected with others, maximally accounting for the associations, especially those between the two spectra. Overall and individual association strength and the connecting role of MDD were generally equivalent across sex. These findings highlight the necessity of MDD in linking comorbid forms of psychopathology in traumatized youth, and suggest MDD as a potential intervention priority in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex question answering (CQA) over knowledge bases(KB) is a challenging task that has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Semantic parsing-based methods face challenges such as poor adaptability for incomplete KB, large search spaces, and high costs to label logic forms. The gap between knowledge graph representations and question token embeddings leads to poor generalizability and uninterpretable reasoning of information retrieval-based methods. We propose an interpretable and scalable system called Predict, Pretrained, Select and Answer (PPSA) to solve CQA tasks over KB. Our system first trains a language model to predict the reasoning paths required to answer questions. We select only the entities that the predicted reasoning paths pass through in the knowledge graph as candidate entities to reduce the amount of distracting information. The paths that connect the topic entity and the selected candidate entity along with the question are then fed into another language model for answer prediction. The answer prediction module loads the parameters of the trained path prediction module before training to improve accuracy. The system reduces the search space by predicting the path and does not need expensive logic forms annotation. The textual path is the input to the language model, which bridges the gap between the graph representations and token embeddings. We analyse the system reasoning ability over knowledge graphs with different degrees of sparseness, and evaluate the system generalizability. The results of experiments performed with the Complex WebQuestions and WebQuestionsSP datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for CQA task. • We propose an interpretable and scalable system that filters candidate entities through predicted reasoning paths, reducing redundant and noisy entities. The textual paths are fed into a pretrained language model to predict the answer, bridging the gap between knowledge graph embedding and question embedding. • The knowledge graph is reconstructed into a tree structure for efficient knowledge seeking. Our reasoning path prediction module can filter noisy entities, and act as an auxiliary task for question answering tasks. The outputs of different layers of the language model are selected at equal intervals to learn the semantic knowledge. • We conduct extensive performance evaluation and ablation experiments on two benchmark datasets. We evaluate PPSA based on knowledge graphs with different degrees of sparseness and the generalizability of the system on various datasets. The results show that our system provides significant improvements over existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher chlorine (Cl) content than lead (Pb) content in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) impeded the practical application of Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl-derived magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) preparation strategy. Herein, Pb/Ca-rich lead slag (LS) was co-blended with MSWIFA to prepare MKPC for the synergistic treatment of both two solid wastes and the Pb-Cl solidification. The results showed that the resulting 15–15 (15 wt% MSWIFA and 15 wt% LS incorporation) sample achieved 25.44 MPa compressive strength, and Pb and Cl leaching toxicity was reduced by 99.18 % and 92.80 %, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that Pb2+, Ca2+, phosphate and Cl- formed Pb x Ca 5−x (PO 4) 3 Cl in samples. The formation of Pb x Ca 5−x (PO 4) 3 Cl was also demonstrated by the high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM), while differences in the lattice characteristics of Pb x Ca 5−x (PO 4) 3 Cl and Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl were found. In-situ XRD indicated that Ca2+ accelerated the transformation of Pb2+ to Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl. After co-precipitating with Ca2+ to form Pb x Ca 5−x (PO 4) 3 Cl, Pb2+ continuously substituted Ca2+ to eventually transform to Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl. This work informs the synergistic treatment of MSWIFA and LS and offers new insights into the reaction mechanism between Pb2+, phosphate and Cl- under Ca2+ induction. [Display omitted] • A strategy for the preparation of MKPC by co-blending MSIWFA and LS was proposed. • MSWIFA and LS co-blended sample showed over 92.8 % reduction in Pb and Cl- leaching. • Reaction process between Pb2+, Ca2+ and Cl- was investigated by the in-situ XRD. • Ca2+ accelerated the transformation of Pb2+ to Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl. • Pb2+ continuously substituted Ca2+ in Pb x Ca 5−x (PO 4) 3 Cl, finally forming Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object. Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological process in many ophthalmic diseases; there are no effective therapeutic approaches available currently. Increasing evidence indicates that microglia mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the retinal I/R injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of chemokine receptor CXCR5 in the pathological process of retinal I/R injury model. Method. Retinal I/R injury model was established in CXCR5 knockout and wild mice by the acute elevation of intraocular pressure (AOH) for 60 minutes, and the eyes were harvested for further analyses. The cellular location of CXCR5 was detected by immunofluorescence staining; the expressions of CXCR5 and CXCL13 after I/R injury were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The retinal microglia were detected as stained for Iba1 (+). Leakage of inflammatory cells was observed on the H&E stained cryosections. The protein expression and quantification of zonula occludens (ZO-1) were determined by Western blotting and densitometry. Capillary degeneration was identified on the intact retinal vasculatures prepared by trypsin digestion. Results. The number of activated microglia marked by Iba1 antibody in the retina was increased after retinal I/R injury in both KO and WT mice, more significant in KO mice. The leakage of inflammatory cells was observed largely at 2 days after injury, but there was no or little leakage at 7 days. The number of inflammatory cells (mainly neutrophils) was greater in CXCR5 KO mice than in WT mice, mainly located under internal limiting membrane. CXCR5 deficiency led to more ZO-1 degradation in CXCR5 KO mice compared to C57BL6 WT mice 2 days after reperfusion. The cellular capillaries were also significantly increased in the KO mice compared to the WT mice. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the chemokine receptor CXCR5 may protect retina from ischemia-reperfusion injury by its anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, CXCR5 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of retinal I/R injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A smaller valve lift size is preferred to enhance the valve life. • An optimized spring stiffness improves trade-off between energy loss and leakage. • Valve opening and closing are increasingly delayed as the plate mass increases. This paper is to investigate the effects of valve parameters on the performance of a trans-critical refrigeration compressor numerically. A numerical model has been implemented in Matlab based on mass balance, first thermodynamic law, NIST REFPROP database for gas properties and thermodynamic relationships. Good agreement is indicated by comparing numerical results with our previous measured data. The impact of key parameters such as: valve lift, spring stiffness, valve plate mass and valve port area are particularly evaluated on variation of valve displacement, valve speed, in-cylinder pressure and in-cylinder mass. Results demonstrate that: with lift increasing valve plate will not remain open to the limiter for a while but bounce back to seat after hitting the limiter; the valve plate mass has significant influence on both the opening motion and the closing motion of valves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Effects of five water/additive mists on explosion in closed vessel were compared. • Effects of additive type and mist concentration on explosion were investigated. • Corresponding relationship between flame propagation and pressure rise was studied. • Inhibition effect of explosion was related to additive radical and was confirmed. • Two accelerating rises of pressure was affected by additive type and mist amount. Abstract The suppression effects of pure ultrafine water mist and 5% mass fraction alkali metal (NaCl, Na 2 CO 3 , KHCO 3 , KCl and K 2 CO 3) solutions ultrafine water mist on methane explosion were conducted under five mist concentrations in a sealed visual vessel. Mist diameters of different additive solutions were measured by a phase doppler particle analyzer. Pressure data and dynamic flame pictures were recorded respectively by a high-frequency pressure sensor and a high-speed camera. Results indicate that alkali metal compound can enhance the suppression effect of ultrafine water mist and it was related to the additive type. The suppression order of alkali metal compound for methane explosion was K 2 CO 3 >KCl > KHCO 3 >Na 2 CO 3 >NaCl. Meanwhile, additive radicals can obviously affect explosion intensity and it mainly reflected in the reduction of explosion pressure under different mist conditions (K+>Na+, C l − > HC O 3 −). The pressure generated from combustion wave accelerating propagation underwent two accelerating rises and was affected by additive type and mist amount. The effect of additive type on explosion intensity (maximum explosion overpressure (Δ P max), two peak values of pressure rising rate) was similar with flame propagation velocity and were decreased evidently with increasing mist concentration. The enhancement in explosion suppression was due to the combination of improved physical and chemical effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sex differences in youth's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology have not been well studied. Methods: Based on a recently burgeoning theory of psychopathology networks, this study conducted sex comparisons of global and local connectivity of PTSD symptoms in a sample of 868 disaster‐exposed adolescents (57.0% girls; a mean age of 13.4 ± 0.8 years) with significant PTSD symptomatology evaluated by the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM‐IV. Results: The results revealed that global connectivity was stronger in girls' network than in boys', and individual symptoms' connectivity and its rankings differed by sex. Intrusive recollections, flashbacks, avoiding activities/people, and detachment were the most strongly connected symptoms in girls, whereas flashbacks, physiological cue reactivity, diminished interest, and foreshortened future were the most strongly connected symptoms in boys. Several symptoms were identified as featuring large connectivity differences across sex. Conclusions: These findings provide novel insights into sex differential risk and features of youth's PTSD symptomatology. Sex differences reflected in the co‐occurrence of PTSD symptoms may merit more consideration in research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves have long been recognized to play a crucial role in the dynamic loss of ring current protons. While the field‐aligned propagation approximation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves was widely used to quantify the scattering loss of ring current protons, in this study, we find that the wave normal distribution strongly affects the pitch angle scattering efficiency of protons. Increase of peak normal angle or angular width can considerably reduce the scattering rates of ≤10 keV protons. For >10 keV protons, the field‐aligned propagation approximation results in a pronounced underestimate of the scattering of intermediate equatorial pitch angle protons and overestimates the scattering of high equatorial pitch angle protons by orders of magnitude. Our results suggest that the wave normal distribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves plays an important role in the pitch angle evolution and scattering loss of ring current protons and should be incorporated in future global modeling of ring current dynamics. Plain Language Summary: Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave is a class of electromagnetic wave that is frequently observed in the Earths' magnetosphere. EMIC waves can cause the loss of ring current protons by scattering them into the atmosphere. Previous attempts to quantify the loss of ring current protons by EMIC waves are mostly limited to the assumption that the waves are propagating exactly along the direction of geomagnetic field line. In this study, we show that this assumption will seriously break down once the waves are obliquely propagating. The obliquity of EMIC waves not only influences the pitch angle evolution of ring current protons but also affects their loss time scales. Our study confirms the importance of including the obliquity of EMIC waves in the modeling efforts of ring current dynamics. Key Points: The wave normal angle distribution strongly affects the EMIC wave‐driven scattering loss of ring current protonsQuantitative differences in the diffusion coefficients between field‐aligned and oblique waves are presentedPitch‐angle scattering of higher‐energy ring current protons is more sensitive to the variation of wave normal angle distribution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate the hot plasma effects on the cyclotron‐resonant interactions between electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and radiation belt electrons in a realistic magnetospheric environment, calculations of the wave‐induced bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients are performed using both the cold and hot plasma dispersion relations. The results demonstrate that the hot plasma effects have a pronounced influence on the electron pitch angle scattering rates due to all three EMIC emission bands (H+, He+, and O+) when the hot plasma dispersion relation deviates significantly from the cold plasma approximation. For a given wave spectrum, the modification of the dispersion relation by hot anisotropic protons can strongly increase the minimum resonant energy for electrons interacting with O+ band EMIC waves, while the minimum resonant energies for H+ and He+ bands are not greatly affected. For H+ band EMIC waves, inclusion of hot protons tends to weaken the pitch angle scattering efficiency of >5 MeV electrons. The most crucial differences introduced by the hot plasma effects occur for >3 MeV electron scattering rates by He+ band EMIC waves. Mainly due to the changes of resonant frequency and wave group velocity when the hot protons are included, the difference in scattering rates can be up to an order of magnitude, showing a strong dependence on both electron energy and equatorial pitch angle. Our study confirms the importance of including hot plasma effects in modeling the scattering of ultra‐relativistic radiation belt electrons by EMIC waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms using two-wave longitudinal data collected from a sample of adolescents exposed to an explosion accident. Two waves of surveys were conducted approximately 3 and 8 months after the accident, respectively. A total of 836 students completed the baseline survey, and 762 students completed the follow-up survey. The results of confirmatory factor analyses(CFA) indicated that a seven-factor hybrid model composed of intrusion, avoidance, negative affect, anhedonia, externalizing behaviors, anxious arousal and dysphoric arousal factors yielded significantly better data fit at both waves than the other models including the DSM-5 four-factor model, the six-factor anhedonia and externalizing behaviors models. Furthermore, the results of CFA invariance tests supported the longitudinal invariance of the model. Implications and limitations in terms of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bounce resonant interactions with magnetospheric waves have been proposed as an important contributing mechanism for scattering near-equatorially mirroring electrons by violating the second adiabatic invariant associated with the electron bounce motion along a geomagnetic field line. This study demonstrates that low-frequency plasmaspheric hiss with significant wave power below 100 Hz can bounce resonate efficiently with radiation belt electrons. By performing quantitative calculations of pitch angle scattering rates, we show that low-frequency hiss-induced bounce resonant scattering of electrons has a strong dependence on equatorial pitch angle αeq. For electrons with αeq close to 90°, the timescale associated with bounce resonance scattering can be comparable to or even less than 1 h. Cyclotron and Landau resonant interactions between low-frequency hiss and electrons are also investigated for comparisons. It is found that while the bounce and Landau resonances are responsible for the diffusive transport of near-equatorially mirroring electrons to lower αeq, pitch angle scattering by cyclotron resonance could take over to further diffuse electrons into the atmosphere. Bounce resonance provides a more efficient pitch angle scattering mechanism of relativistic ( ≥1 MeV) electrons than Landau resonance due to the stronger scattering rates and broader resonance coverage of αeq, thereby demonstrating that bounce resonance scattering by low-frequency hiss can contribute importantly to the evolution of the electron pitch angle distribution and the loss of radiation belt electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An innovative strategy is proposed to enhance thermal conductivity of organic PCM utilizing bio-sourced waste. • Lauric acid and 1-hexadecanol are melted and blended at eutectic ratio. • Powdered seashell waste is appointed as thermal conductivity enhancer. • Influences of particle diameter, mixing ratio and modification method of seashell powder are discussed. • The resultant composite PCM has outstanding thermo-physical properties for thermal energy storage usage in buildings. Organic phase change materials (PCMs) such as fatty acids and fatty alcohols are often trapped by inherent low thermal conductivity for thermal energy storage in buildings. The present study is devoted to ameliorating this problem from an innovative perspective of introducing bio-sourced additive. To promote performance of binary eutectic PCM comprising lauric acid (LA) and 1-hexadecanol (HD), the composite PCMs are developed, where the powdered seashell waste is added as thermal enhancer, and their thermo-physical properties are characterized via DSC, FT-IR, SEM, TGA, cooling curve analysis, accelerated thermal cycling test together with thermal conductivity measurement. Meanwhile, the impacts of two particle sizes, five mixing ratios between two different sizes and two modification approaches of seashell powder (SP) are surveyed meticulously. Experimental results turn out that 80-mesh SP and 300-mesh SP are both capable of providing greater thermal conductivity when dispersed in LA-HD eutectic PCM, and the enhancement level of thermal conduction is even higher for composite PCM containing 300-mesh SP than for composite PCM containing TiO 2 powder. Besides, the thermal conduction ability is strengthened to the maximum extent when 80-mesh SP and 300-mesh SP are combined at mass ratio of 3:7, while the same situation also occurs when seashell powder is treated by high-temperature calcination. The resultant composite PCM possesses encouraging melting temperature and melting enthalpy, and its thermal stability and reliability are well approved. Therefore, we conclude that the seashell powder has the expectable competence to realize performance improvement of organic PCM for application in buildings for thermal energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity‐driven organo‐oxidations have shown an increasing potential recently. However, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the primary competitive reaction, especially under high current densities, which leads to low Faradaic efficiency (FE) of the product and catalyst detachment from the electrode. Here, we report a bimetallic Ni−Cu electrocatalyst supported on Ni foam (Ni−Cu/NF) to passivate the OER process while the oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is significantly enhanced. A current density of 1000 mA cm−2 can be achieved at 1.50 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, and both FE and yield keep close to 100 % over a wide range of potentials. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that Cu doping impedes the OH* deprotonation to O* and hereby OER process is greatly passivated. Those instructive results provide a new approach to realizing highly efficient biomass upgrading by regulating the OER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity‐driven organo‐oxidations have shown an increasing potential recently. However, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the primary competitive reaction, especially under high current densities, which leads to low Faradaic efficiency (FE) of the product and catalyst detachment from the electrode. Here, we report a bimetallic Ni−Cu electrocatalyst supported on Ni foam (Ni−Cu/NF) to passivate the OER process while the oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is significantly enhanced. A current density of 1000 mA cm−2 can be achieved at 1.50 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, and both FE and yield keep close to 100 % over a wide range of potentials. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that Cu doping impedes the OH* deprotonation to O* and hereby OER process is greatly passivated. Those instructive results provide a new approach to realizing highly efficient biomass upgrading by regulating the OER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the significant modifications to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom criteria from DSM-IV to DSM-5, a better understanding of the dimensionality underlying DSM-5 PTSD symptoms among adolescents is needed. However, to date, whether gender moderates the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in youth remains unclear. Meanwhile, little is known about how distinct PTSD dimensions relate to adolescent behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to fill these gaps. A sample of 1184 disaster-exposed Chinese adolescents (53.8 % girls) with age ranging from 13 to 17 years (M = 14.3, SD = 0.8) completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and the Withdrawn, Aggressive Behavior, and Delinquent Behavior subscales of the Youth Self-Report. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the seven-factor hybrid PTSD model provided the best fit to the data for both girls and boys. Measurement equivalence of this model held across gender, although girls had higher mean scores than boys on some factors. Differential patterns of associations emerged between PTSD dimensions and behavioral problems, with anhedonia symptoms most strongly relating to social withdrawal, and externalizing behavior symptoms most strongly relating to aggression and delinquency. These findings further support the gender invariance and external criterion validity of the newly refined hybrid model that best represents DSM-5 PTSD symptom structure in youth, and carry implications for accurate assessment, diagnosis, and gender comparison of DSM-5 PTSD symptomatology, and potential symptom targets for PTSD intervention among adolescent disaster survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the investment behavior of QFII in China stock market from 2004 to 2015 is studied with the network topology method. Based on the nodes topological characteristics, stock holding fluctuations correlation is studied from the micro network level. We conclude that the QFII mutual stock holding network have both scale free and small world properties, which presented mainly small world characteristics from 2005 to 2011, and scale free characteristics from 2012 to 2015. Moreover, fluctuations correlation is different with different nodes topological characteristics. In different economic periods, QFII represented different connection patterns and they reacted to the market crash spontaneously. Thus, this paper provides the first evidence of complex network research on QFII’ investment behavior in China as an emerging market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high chlorine (Cl) and lead (Pb) content characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) pose environmental risks and hinder resource utilization. Herein, an MSWIFA-based magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) preparation strategy was developed, which allowed the MSWIFA recycling and the Pb-Cl synergistic immobilization without the washing pretreatment. The compressive strength of the resulting 10 wt% MSWIFA-based MKPC was 28.44 MPa, with over 99.2% reduction in leaching toxicity of Pb and Cl. The high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analyzes showed that Pb, phosphate and Cl- formed Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl in MKPC. In-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests showed that Pb 3 (PO 4) 2 was gradually transformed to Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl through a dissolution-precipitation process. The formation energy, Bader charge, charge density difference and density of states (DOS) of Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl were analyzed by first-principles calculations, confirming that Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl was more thermodynamically stable than Pb 3 (PO 4) 2 and PbCl 2 and that electronic interactions between Pb-p, O-p, P-p and Cl-p orbits were the origin of Pb-Cl synergistic immobilization. This work provides a new strategy for the resource utilization of MSWIFA without washing pretreatment, and provides an in-depth understanding of the Pb-Cl synergistic immobilization mechanism. [Display omitted] • No-wash municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) treatment was proposed. • The MSWIFA-based magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) was fabricated. • The 10 wt% MSWIFA-based MKPC showed over 99.2% reduction in Pb and Cl- leaching. • Pb 3 (PO 4) 2 was transformed to Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl via a dissolution-precipitation process. • Interatomic interactions of Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl enabled Pb-Cl synergistic immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under hydrothermal conditions, four lanthanide coordination polymers were synthesized based on 4-(4,5-dicarboxy-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine 1-oxide (H3DCImPyO), with the molecular forumulas [Eu(HDCImPyO)·(H2O)2·(CHO2)]n(1), [Sm(HDCImPyO)·(H2O)2·(HCO2)]n(2), {[La(HDCImPyO)·(H2O)·(HCO2)]·O2}n(3) and {[Y(HDCImPyO)·(C2O4)·(H2O)2]·H2O}n(4). With diverse coordination modes, they were further characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, dielectric measurement, and single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. Complexes1and2were isostructural and had similar structures with {44, 62} topology. Complex1exhibited strong fluorescent emission in the solid state at room temperature. In3, HDCImPyO2−adoptedμ4-kO, O′:kO′, O′′: O′′′: O′′′′ coordination to bridge four La(III) ions to form a 3-D framework with {4. 52}2{42. 510. 612. 7. 83} topology. In4, both HDCImPyO2−ligands and Y3+cations were simplified as linkers to form an interpenetrating 3-D framework with {413. 62}2{422. 66} topology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • A Ni 2 P/Ta:α-Fe 2 O 3 photoanode was fabricated for photoelectrochemical water splitting. • Ta doping optimizes the conductivity and carrier density of the α-Fe 2 O 3 photoanode. • Ni 2 P nanocrystal forms a unique core (Ni 2 P)-shell (NiOOH) structure in situ. • Synergistic catalysis between Ni 2 P and NiOOH was illustrated by DFT calculations. • A remarkable photocurrent density of 2.98 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE was obtained. The application potential of hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3) photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is restricted by its poor conductivity and severe carrier recombination. Herein, a coupling modification strategy of tantalum (Ta) doping and Ni 2 P nanocrystals modification is developed to realize the simultaneous optimization of photocurrent density and onset potential of α-Fe 2 O 3 photoanode. The resulting Ni 2 P/Ta:α-Fe 2 O 3 photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 2.98 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is 2.76-fold higher than that of pristine α-Fe 2 O 3. Characterization results show that Ta-doping improves the conductivity and carrier density, while Ni 2 P nanocrystals optimizes the hole injection efficiency and water oxidation kinetics of photoanode. Notably, Ni 2 P nanocrystals form a core–shell structure (Ni 2 P@NiOOH) in situ during the PEC reaction. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption sites for Ni 2 P@NiOOH cocatalyst are mainly Ni atoms at the interface between NiOOH and Ni 2 P, with adjacent Ni or P atoms from Ni 2 P core also participating in the reaction, and that the synergistic catalysis of Ni 2 P and NiOOH lowers the energy barrier for the key *OOH intermediates formation. Finite element simulations of the current density distribution show that Ni 2 P core with high conductivity exhibit a significant current-collector effect, accelerating carrier migration in Ni 2 P@NiOOH. This work contributes to the understanding of the catalysis of Ni 2 P-derived composite oxygen evolution reaction catalysts and provides a reference for the rational design of photoanode for efficient PEC water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid in association with serious clinical consequences. Nevertheless, to date, no study using latent class or latent profile analysis (LCA/LPA) has examined patterns of co-occurring PTSD and depression symptoms among natural disaster survivors, nor has the distinctiveness of DSM-5 PTSD and depression symptoms been clarified in the aftermath of trauma. This study was primarily aimed at filling these gaps. Methods LPA was used to examine self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms in an epidemiological sample of 1196 Chinese earthquake survivors. Results A 4-class solution characterized by low symptoms (53.9%), predominantly depression (18.2%), predominantly PTSD (18.9%) and combined PTSD-depression (9.0%) patterns fit the data best. Demographic characteristics and earthquake-related exposures were specifically or consistently associated with the non-parallel profiles varying in physical health impairment. Limitations A sample exposed to specific traumatic events was assessed by self-report measures. Conclusions The distinctiveness of DSM-5 PTSD and depression symptoms following an earthquake suggests that PTSD and depression may be independent sequelae of psychological trauma rather than a manifestation of a single form of psychopathology. The current findings support the distinction between PTSD and depression constructs, and highlight the need for identifications of natural disaster survivors at high risk for PTSD and/or depression, and interventions individually tailored to one's symptom presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tris(1-(chloromethyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) tetra(tetrafluoroborate) dichloride, [C 7 H 15 ClN 2 2 + ] 3 ·[BF 4 − ] 4 ·2Cl − , was synthesized and separated as colorless rodlike crystals. Differential scanning calorimetry detected that this compound underwent a reversible phase transition at ca. 242.9 K with a hysteresis of 3.7 K width. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data suggested that a room-temperature phase with a space group of Pnma (a = 20.0644(12) Å, b = 7.3121(4) Å, c = 25.6369(15) Å, V = 3761.3(4) Å 3 and Z = 4) was transited to a low temperature one with a space group of P 2 1 /c (a = 7.184(3) Å, b = 25.579(10) Å, c = 20.074(8) Å, β = 91.348(6)°, V = 3688(3) Å 3 and Z = 4), and symmetry breaking occurred with an Aizu notation of mmmF2/m. The order–disorder transition of BF 4 − anions and the ordering of twisting motions of dabco rings may drive the phase transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complexes formulated as {[Ln(HPIDC)(μ4-C2O4)0.5(H2O)]·2H2O}n [Ln=Sm or La; H3PIDC=2-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid] have been synthesised under hydrothermal conditions. The complexes are both built up from T-shaped 3-connected HPIDC2- and 4-connected metal nodes and contain bridging oxalate (C2O42-) ligands, which might have been formed by the reductive coupling of CO2 molecules released from the HPIDC2- ligands through C-C bond cleavage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To develop a stable beagle model of intrauterine adhesions (IUA) by mechanical curettage. Methods:The uterine tissues from six sexual maturity and healthy female beagle dogs were divided into four groups Group 1, distal endometrial samples of the right uterus from those beagle dogs treated by mechanical curettage method, after two months, Group 2, distal samples of the left uterus without treatment, Group 3, proximal samples of the right uterus without treatment, Group 4, proximal samples of the left uterus without treatment. Samples were analyzed by HE staining, Masson staining and immunohistochemistry. Results: The incidence of abnormal endometrial appearance in the Group 1 was obviously higher than that of the Group 2 (P<0.05). The endometrial thickness of the Group 1 was obviously thinner than those of Group 3 and Group 2 (P<0.05). The number of endometrial gland of the Group 1 was significantly less than those of other groups (P<0.05). while the area of endometrial fibrosis was also significantly bigger (P<0.001). The expression levels of IGF-1 and TGF-&#9461 in the Group 1 were significantly higher than those in other three groups (P<0.05), while the expression level of bFGF was significantly higher than that in the Group 2(P<0.05). Conclusions: A stable beagle model of IUA was successfully developed by the mechanical curettage. The increased expressions of IGF-1, bFGF and TGF-β1 may be involved in IUA in this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Five monoterpene indole alkaloids and 10 known ones were isolated from Mitragyna diversifolia. [•] Mitradiversifoline is a rearranged monoterpene oxindole alkaloid containing an unusual oxazine ring from natural sources. [•] Two possible biosynthesis pathways to mitradiversifoline were proposed. [•] All isolates were evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]