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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in liquid biopsy due to its non-invasive diagnostic value. Postoperative drainage fluid (PDF) is the fluid exudate from the wound site following lymph node dissection. PDF is regarded as a medical waste with no specific clinical significance. Nevertheless, the liquid biopsy of PDF may enable the reuse of this fluid. PDF contains a variety of body fluids, including blood and lymph. PDF contains a variety of biological components, including cytokines, extracellular vesicles (EVs), proteins, nucleic acids, cells and bacteria. These components are indicative of the postoperative inflammatory response, the immune response and the therapeutic response. In this review, we examine the current state of research in the field of liquid biopsy in PDF, elucidating how the analysis of its components can assess the prognosis of patients after lymph node dissection, monitor real-time changes in patient status, and identify new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets., (© 2024 UICC.)

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) often exhibits a propensity for metastasis to lymph nodes (LNs), significantly influencing prognosis. Neck dissection (ND) is an important part in the treatment of OSCC. Variations in the preference for and pathways of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in different regions of the oral cavity have been observed. Currently, there is a lack of sufficient emphasis on the anatomical perspectives of LNM and ND. This review elucidates the lymphatic system of the maxillofacial regions from an anatomical standpoint, details the distribution of the sentinel LNs across different subsites, and summarizes the various classifications of the cervical LNs. Additionally, we elaborate on the methods used to study the lymphatic system, particularly imaging techniques. Furthermore, we investigate the pathways of cervical LNM and evaluate the efficacy of ND from an anatomical viewpoint. The overall objective of this review is to provide essential anatomical knowledge for managing LNs in OSCC, in the hope of providing patients with effective treatment modalities to enhance their quality of life., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Alveolar fractures are a common type of maxillofacial trauma, and the conventional treatment involves closed reduction and dental splinting fixation. However, closed treatment is not suitable for some complex segmental alveolar fractures. In this case report, we introduce an innovative method for segmental alveolar fracture by using open reduction and internal fixation by minimally invasive approach combined with computer-assisted surgery. In this case, the new dimensions in the treatment followed AO principles of fracture management, achieving anatomical reduction of the fracture, absolute stability of the fracture ends, proper preservation of vascular supply to soft tissues and bone, and promoting recovery through early postoperative functional training. This case provides new insights into the treatment of the complex segmental alveolar fractures with tenuous vascular supply and cannot be treated by conventional splinting fixation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients with oral cancer usually experience disfigurement and dysfunction which are shared risk factors of suicide. The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess the characteristics of suicide and risk factors for suicide in patients with oral cancer., Methods: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to acquire information of patients with common malignant tumors including oral cancer from 1975 to 2020. The aim was to explore the incidence of suicide, and timing of suicide among patients with oral cancer. A Fine-Gray competing risks regression model was employed to analyze risk factors associated with suicide among patients with various demographic and tumor characteristics., Results: Totally, 7685 patients with different malignant tumors committed suicide. Among them, 203 patients with oral cancer died due to suicide, presenting a suicide rate of 54.5/100,000 person-years, which was almost 3.5 times that of the US general population and 1.5 times that of the overall US patients with cancer in our study. Approximately 18 %, 40 %, and 55 % of suicides occurred in first year, first 3 years, and first 5 years after diagnosis. Being male, White race, and having a single primary tumor might be regarded as the risk factors for suicide., Conclusion: As oral cavity is closely associated with appearance, pronunciation and ingestion, patients with oral cancer have a significant high risk of suicide. Tremendous attention needs to be paid to patients with oral cancer particularly those exhibiting characteristics associated with a high risk of suicide., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Anastatus orientalis Yang & Choi (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasitoid of spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), has been documented emerging from host eggs in both autumn and spring, at the beginning and end of the period that spotted lanternfly eggs are present in the field, suggesting parasitoid-host specificity and synchrony. This study was designed to test whether, under conditions that simulate native and introduced ranges of spotted lanternfly, (a) A. orientalis has 2 and only 2 generations per year, (b) A. orientalis adults sometimes emerge when only nontarget species would be available for parasitization, and (c) emerging parasitoid adults can parasitize unhatched host eggs in the spring. Parasitized spotted lanternfly eggs were collected in 2019 and 2020 from Beijing, China and in 2020 and 2021 from Yantai, China. They were shipped for laboratory study in growth chambers programmed to simulate temperature and daylength for collection locations in China and in the invaded range in Pennsylvania, United States. Anastatus orientalis had a flexible lifecycle depending on environmental conditions and possibly genetic makeup, with 1-3 generations per year, and parasitoid emergence was not always synchronous with host egg availability. Additionally, given the cooler temperatures in Pennsylvania, autumn parasitoid emergence was often delayed until late October or November, no progeny were produced, and parasitoid populations died out. Anastatus orientalis does not exhibit host synchrony characteristics that would make it a good candidate for a classical biological control program., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2024.)

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a typical marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) indicating poor prognosis. Pathological examination by artificial image acquisition and analysis, as the main diagnostic method for LNM, often takes a week or longer which may cause great anxiety of the patient and also retard timely treatment. However, there are few efficient fast LNM diagnosis methods in clinical applications currently. Our previous study profiled the proteomics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from postoperative drainage fluid (PDF) and showed the potential of detecting specific EVs that expressed aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) for LNM diagnosis in OSCC patients. Considering that the analysis of ASPH + PDF-EVs is challenging due to their low abundance (counting less than 10% of total EVs in PDF) and the complex EV isolation process of ultra-centrifugation, we developed a facile platform containing two microfluidic chips filled with antibody-modified microbeads to isolate ASPH + PDF-EVs, with both the capture and retrieval rate reaching around 90%. Clinical sample analysis based on our method revealed that a mean of 6 × 10 6 /mL ASPH + PDF-EVs could be isolated from LNM + OSCC patients compared to 2.5 × 10 6 /mL in LNM - OSCC ones. When combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique that was commonly used in clinical laboratories in hospitals, this microfluidic platform could precisely distinguish postoperative OSCC patients with LNM or not in several hours, which were validated by a double-blind test containing 6 OSCC patients. We believe this strategy has promise for early diagnosis of LNM in postoperative OSCC patients and finally helps guiding timely and reasonable treatment in clinic., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A checklist of 488 fall webworm Hyphantriacunea (Drury) natural enemies was compiled based on documentation in previous research across its world distribution, including 289 predators and 199 parasitoids. Predators in the checklist include 67 species from 17 families of Insecta, 1 species of Chilopoda, 183 species from 22 families of Arachnida, 1 species of Reptilia, 4 species from 2 families of Amphibia, 33 species from 18 families of Aves. In addition, the checklist includes fall webworm parasitoids from 18 families of Insecta. Among continents, 128 predators and 76 parasitoids were distributed in North America, 78 predators and 62 parasitoids in Asia, and 88 predators and 68 parasitoids in Europe., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background and Objectives: The resorption of flap's volume can be frequently observed in the transplantation of microvascular free flaps, which could significantly affect postoperative function. Therefore, it's essential to comprehend the postoperative flap volume and the mechanisms behind before making clinical decisions., Methods: Literature search was conducted from database on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese database and Google Scholar. A random effects model meta-analyses and descriptive systematic review were performed., Results: The search identified 420 articles, of which 9 studies included in meta-analysis and 14 studies included in descriptive systematic review. Postoperative flap volume maintenance rate is used to represent the volume change. The pooled mean postoperative flap volume maintenance rate was 62.82 % for soft tissue flap (95 %CI: 58.83 to 66.82, p = 0.076, I 2 =56.3 %) and 85.96 % for bone flap (95 %CI: 84.19 to 87.73, p = 0.274, I 2 =20.4 %). Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and decreased serum albumin levels are risk factors for postoperative volume reduction of soft tissue flaps. The bone resorption rate of bone flaps in women is higher than that in men., Conclusion: When designing microvascular free flaps for oral and maxillofacial surgery, soft tissue flaps should consider an anticipated postoperative shrinkage of 37 %, while bone flaps should consider an anticipated postoperative shrinkage of 14 %., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) constitutes a significant global cancer burden, given its high prevalence and associated mortality. Despite substantial progress in survival rates due to the enhanced multidisciplinary approach to treatment, these methods often lead to severe tissue damage, compromised function, and potential toxicity. Thus, there is an imperative need for novel, effective, and minimally damaging treatment modalities. Neoadjuvant treatment, an emerging therapeutic strategy, is designed to reduce tumor size and curtail distant metastasis prior to definitive intervention. Currently, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has optimized the treatment approach for a subset of HNSCC patients, yet it has not produced a noticeable enhancement in overall survival (OS). In the contemporary cancer therapeutics landscape, immunotherapy is gaining traction at an accelerated pace. Notably, neoadjuvant immunotherapy (NAIT) has shown promising radiological and pathological responses, coupled with encouraging efficacy in several clinical trials. This potentially paves the way for a myriad of possibilities in treatment de-escalation of HNSCC, which warrants further exploration. This paper reviews the existing strategies and efficacies of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), along with potential de-escalation strategies. Furthermore, the challenges encountered in the context of the de-escalation strategies of NAIT are explored. The aim is to inform future research directions that strive to improve the quality of life (QoL) for patients battling HNSCC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Molecule-inclusive closed cage compounds present a unique platform for molecular motion in an isolated environment. This study showcases the incorporation of a tadpole-like polar molecule (1-propyl-1H-imidazole, PIm ) into a supramolecular cage formed by duad semicage p - tert -butylcalix[4]arene. The ferroelectric phase transition as well as the cage-confined motion of encapsulated PIm was studied in detail. The unusual quadrastable state of the PIm in the paraelectric phase allows for the modulation of dipolar polarization over a broad temperature/frequency range. This compound represents the first example of a clathrate molecular ferroelectric featuring a molecule-inclusive supramolecular cage, and it also contributes to the understanding of cage-confined molecular dynamics.

Accurate identification and rapid analysis of PM 2.5 sources and formation mechanisms are essential to mitigate PM 2.5 pollution. However, studies were limited in developing a method to apportion sources to the total PM 2.5 mass in real-time. In this study, we developed a real-time source apportionment method based on chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling and a mass-closure PM 2.5 composition online monitoring system in Shenzhen, China. Results showed that secondary sulfate, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), vehicle emissions and secondary nitrate were the four major PM 2.5 sources during autumn 2019 in Shenzhen, together contributed 76 % of PM 2.5 mass. The novel method was verified by comparing with other source apportionment methods, including offline filter analysis, aerosol mass spectrometry, and carbon isotopic analysis. The comparison of these methods showed that the new real-time method obtained results generally consistent with the others, and the differences were interpretable and implicative. SOA and vehicle emissions were the major PM 2.5 and OA contributors by all methods. Further investigation on the OA sources indicated that vehicle emissions were not only the main source of primary organic aerosol (POA), but also the main contributor to SOA by rapid aging of the exhaust in the atmosphere. Our results demonstrated the great potential of the new real-time source apportionment method for aerosol pollution control and deep understandings on emission sources., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Currently, neck dissection is a standard treatment for the majority of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. However, the procedure can lead to a series of complications, significantly reducing patient quality of life and even affecting the antitumor immune response in patients undergoing immunotherapy. Therefore, in the era of precision surgery, gaining a deeper understanding of the patterns of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in OSCC is crucial., Materials and Methods: Literature searches were performed on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, WANFANGDATA and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (inception to April 10, 2024). In addition, a manual searching was conducted in Scopus, Google Scholar, and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC). We included observational studies that evaluated the frequency of LNM in OSCC patients. Systematic review and a random effects model meta-analysis were performed., Results: The search identified 4694 articles, of which 17 studies included in our study. We calculated the frequency of LNM according to the data reported in the articles. Frequency of LNM=number of patients with positive lymph node / number of patients with OSCC. The frequency of LNM was 12% in level I (95%CI: 0.11 to 0.15, I2=38.01%), 20% in level II (95%CI: 0.17 to 0.22, I2=47.71%), 10% in level III (95%CI: 0.08 to 0.12, I2=49.10%), 2% in level VI (95%CI: 0.01 to 0.03, I2=27.58%), 1% in level V (95%CI: 0.00 to 0.01, I2=11.37%)., Conclusion: The frequency of LNM is consistent with the "cascade theory" and appears to be no significant difference from different primary sites. The frequency of LNM were low in levels I-III and were very low in level IV-V which implicated that more conservative treatments may be considered for OSCC in the future. This study will help clinicians better determine the extent of surgery and preserve lymph nodes during neck dissection., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Surface ozone pollution, as a pressing environmental concern, has garnered widespread attention across China. Due to air mass transport, effective control of ozone pollution is highly dependent on collaborative efforts across neighboring regions. However, specific regions with strong internal interactions of ozone pollution are not yet well identified. Here, we introduced the Geospatial SHapley Additive exPlanation (GeoSHAP) approach, which primarily involves machine learning and geostatistical algorithms. Based on extensive atmospheric environmental monitoring data from 2017 to 2021, machine learning models were employed to train and predict ozone concentrations at the target location. The R 2 values on the test sets of different scale regions all reached 0.98 in the overall condition, indicating that the core model has good accuracy and generalization ability. The results highlight key regions with high ozone geospatial relationship (OGR) index, predominantly located in the Northern District (ND), spanning the Fen-Wei Plain, the Loess Plateau, and the North China Plain, as well as within portions of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Further investigation indicated that high geospatial relationships stem from a synergy between anthropogenic and natural factors, with anthropogenic factors serving as a pivotal element. This study revealed key regions with the most urgent need for joint control of anthropogenic sources to mitigate ozone pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Research into mRNA vaccines is advancing rapidly, with proven efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 and promising therapeutic potential against a variety of solid tumors. Adjuvants, critical components of mRNA vaccines, significantly enhance vaccine effectiveness and are integral to numerous mRNA vaccine formulations. However, the development and selection of adjuvant platforms are still in their nascent stages, and the mechanisms of many adjuvants remain poorly understood. Additionally, the immunostimulatory capabilities of certain novel drug delivery systems (DDS) challenge the traditional definition of adjuvants, suggesting that a revision of this concept is necessary. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the mechanisms and applications of adjuvants and self-adjuvant DDS. It thoroughly addresses existing issues mentioned above and details three main challenges of immune-related adverse event, unclear mechanisms, and unsatisfactory outcomes in old age group in the design and practical application of cancer mRNA vaccine adjuvants. Ultimately, this review proposes three optimization strategies which consists of exploring the mechanisms of adjuvant, optimizing DDS, and improving route of administration to improve effectiveness and application of adjuvants and self-adjuvant DDS., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a prevalent and frequently recurring malignancy, often necessitates surgical intervention. The surgical margin (SM) plays a pivotal role in determining the postoperative treatment strategy and prognostic evaluation of HNSCC. Nonetheless, the process of clinical appraisal and assessment of the SMs remains a complex and indeterminate endeavor, thereby leading to potential difficulties for surgeons in defining the extent of resection. In this regard, we undertake a comprehensive review of the suggested surgical distance in varying circumstances, diverse methods of margin evaluation, and the delicate balance that must be maintained between tissue resection and preservation in head and neck surgical procedures. This review is intended to provide surgeons with pragmatic guidance in selecting the most suitable resection techniques, and in improving patients' quality of life by achieving optimal functional and aesthetic restoration., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT family, resides in the nucleus to regulate genes essential for vital cellular functions, including survival, proliferation, self-renewal, angiogenesis, and immune response. However, continuous STAT3 activation in tumor cells promotes their initiation, progression, and metastasis, rendering STAT3 pathway inhibitors a promising avenue for cancer therapy. Nonetheless, these inhibitors frequently encounter challenges such as cytotoxicity and suboptimal biocompatibility in clinical trials. A viable strategy to mitigate these issues involves delivering STAT3 inhibitors via drug delivery systems (DDSs). This review delineates the regulatory mechanisms of the STAT3 signaling pathway and its association with cancer. It offers a comprehensive overview of the current application of DDSs for anti-STAT3 inhibitors and investigates the role of DDSs in cancer treatment. The conclusion posits that DDSs for anti-STAT3 inhibitors exhibit enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects in tumor therapy compared to anti-STAT3 inhibitors alone. This paper aims to provide an outline of the ongoing research and future prospects of DDSs for STAT3 inhibitors. Additionally, it presents our insights on the merits and future outlook of DDSs in cancer treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy in cancer treatment, with many approved drugs and modalities in the development stages. Despite its promise, immunotherapy is not without its limitations, including side effects and suboptimal efficacy. Using nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery vehicles to target immunotherapy to lymph nodes (LNs) can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy drugs and reduce side effects in patients. In this context, this paper reviews the development of LN-targeted immunotherapeutic NP strategies, the mechanisms of NP transport during LN targeting, and their related biosafety risks. NP targeting of LNs involves either passive targeting, influenced by NP physical properties, or active targeting, facilitated by affinity ligands on NP surfaces, while alternative methods, such as intranodal injection and high endothelial venule (HEV) targeting, have uncertain clinical applicability and require further research and validation. LN targeting of NPs for immunotherapy can reduce side effects and increase biocompatibility, but risks such as toxicity, organ accumulation, and oxidative stress remain, although strategies such as biodegradable biomacromolecules, polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating, and impurity addition can mitigate these risks. Additionally, this work concludes with a future-oriented discussion, offering critical insights into the field., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Lymph node dissection has been a long-standing diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for metastatic cancers. However, questions over myriad related complications and survival outcomes are continuously debated. Immunotherapy, particularly neoadjuvant immunotherapy, has revolutionized the conventional paradigm of cancer treatment, yet has benefited only a fraction of patients. Emerging evidence has unveiled the role of lymph nodes as pivotal responders to immunotherapy, whose absence may contribute to drastic impairment in treatment efficacy, again posing challenges over excessive lymph node dissection. Hence, centering around this theme, we concentrate on the mechanisms of immune activation in lymph nodes and provide an overview of minimally invasive lymph node metastasis diagnosis, current best practices for activating lymph nodes, and the prognostic outcomes of omitting lymph node dissection. In particular, we discuss the potential for future comprehensive cancer treatment with effective activation of immunotherapy driven by lymph node preservation and highlight the challenges ahead to achieve this goal., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Southeast Asian-native Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), also known as "spotted-wing Drosophila," is one of the most globally invasive agricultural species. Although D. suzukii is a pest spread throughout all the Argentinian fruit-growing regions, few information has been published on its impact on local fruit production. Parasitoid species associated with D. suzukii in Argentina belong to Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea), Diapriidae (Diaprioidea), both attacking host pupae, and Figitidae (Cynipoidea), which attack host larvae. Nine Eucoilinae (Figitidae) species, belonging to Dicerataspis, Dieucoila, Euxestophaga, Ganaspis, Hexacola, and Leptopilina genera, have been associated with D. suzukii in Argentina. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), commonly known as "medfly," is native to Africa and has a worldwide distribution, covering many tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. In Argentina, C. capitata has been associated with several native hymenopterous parasitoids belonging to Braconidae (Ichneumonioidea), Eulophidae (Chalcidoidea), Pteromalidae, Diapriidae, and Figitidae families. Only two eucoline species, Ganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) and Leptopilina haywardi (Blanchard) have been related to medfly in Argentina. We report new trophic associations between the parasitoids Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton and Kelner-Pillault) and D. suzukii, and between the parasitoid Odontosema albinerve Kieffer and C. capitata, after surveys conducted in Tucumán, northwestern Argentina. An annotated checklist and a taxonomic key of Eucoilinae associated with both invasive pests, in Argentina, are also provided., (© 2024. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.)

The deployment of imaging examinations has evolved into a robust approach for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis (LNM). The advancement of technology, coupled with the introduction of innovative imaging drugs, has led to the incorporation of an increasingly diverse array of imaging techniques into clinical practice. Nonetheless, conventional methods of administering imaging agents persist in presenting certain drawbacks and side effects. The employment of controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) as a conduit for transporting imaging agents offers a promising solution to ameliorate these limitations intrinsic to metastatic lymph node (LN) imaging, thereby augmenting diagnostic precision. Within the scope of this review, we elucidate the historical context of LN imaging and encapsulate the frequently employed DDSs in conjunction with a variety of imaging techniques, specifically for metastatic LN imaging. Moreover, we engage in a discourse on the conceptualization and practical application of fusing diagnosis and treatment by employing DDSs. Finally, we venture into prospective applications of DDSs in the realm of LNM imaging and share our perspective on the potential trajectory of DDS development., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by the highly heterogeneity of pathogenic genetic background, and there are still approximately 30-40% of patients without clear molecular markers. To identify the dysregulated genes in B cell ALL, we screened 30 newly diagnosed B cell ALL patients and 10 donors by gene expression profiling chip. We found that ECM1 transcription level was abnormally elevated in newly diagnosed B cell ALL and further verified in another 267 cases compared with donors (median, 124.57% vs. 7.14%, P < 0.001). ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve of ECM1 transcription level at diagnosis was 0.89 (P < 0.001). Patients with BCR::ABL1 and IKZF1 deletion show highest transcription level (210.78%) compared with KMT2A rearrangement (39.48%) and TCF3::PBX1 rearrangement ones (30.02%) (all P < 0.05). Also, the transcription level of ECM1 was highly correlated with the clinical course, as 20 consecutive follow-up cases indicated. The 5-year OS of patients (non-KMT2A and non-TCF3::PBX1 rearrangement) with high ECM1 transcription level was significantly worse than the lower ones (18.7% vs. 72.9%, P < 0.001) and high ECM1 transcription level was an independent risk factor for OS (HR = 5.77 [1.75-19.06], P = 0.004). After considering transplantation, high ECM1 transcription level was not an independent risk factor, although OS was still poor (low vs. high, 71.1% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.038). Our findings suggested that ECM1 may be a potential molecular marker for diagnosis, minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring, and prognosis prediction of B cell ALL.Trial registration Trial Registration Registered in the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau Registration N 2007-1007 and in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry [ChiCTR-OCH-10000940 and ChiCTR-OPC-14005546]; http://www.chictr.org.cn ., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) is an important target in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. However, the prognostic value of SOAT1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still not clear., Aim: To investigate the correlation of SOAT1 expression with HCC, using RNA-seq and gene expression data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and pan-cancer., Methods: The correlation between SOAT1 expression and HCC was analyzed. Cox hazard regression models were conducted to investigate the prognostic value of SOAT1 in HCC. Overall survival and disease-specific survival were explored based on TCGA-LIHC data. Biological processes and functional pathways mediated by SOAT1 were characterized by gene ontology (GO) analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed genes. In addition, the protein-protein interaction network and co-expression analyses of SOAT1 in HCC were performed to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of SOAT1 in this malignancy., Results: SOAT1 and SOAT2 were highly expressed in unpaired samples, while only SOAT1 was highly expressed in paired samples. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of SOAT1 expression in tumor samples from LIHC patients compared with para-carcinoma tissues was 0.748, while the area under the curve of SOAT1 expression in tumor samples from LIHC patients compared with GTEx was 0.676. Patients with higher SOAT1 expression had lower survival rates. Results from GO/KEGG and gene set enrichment analyses suggested that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, the IL-18 signaling pathway, the calcium signaling pathway, secreted factors, the Wnt signaling pathway, the Jak/STAT signaling pathway, the MAPK family signaling pathway, and cell-cell communication were involved in such association. SOAT1 expression was positively associated with the abundance of macrophages, Th2 cells, T helper cells, CD56 bright natural killer cells, and Th1 cells, and negatively linked to the abundance of Th17 cells, dendritic cells, and cytotoxic cells., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that SOAT1 may serve as a novel target for HCC treatment, which is helpful for the development of new strategies for immunotherapy and metabolic therapy., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

The reasonably constructed high-performance electrocatalyst is crucial to achieve sustainable electrocatalytic water splitting. Alloying is a prospective approach to effectively boost the activity of metal electrocatalysts. However, it is a difficult subject for the controllable synthesis of small alloying nanostructures with high dispersion and robustness, preventing further application of alloy catalysts. Herein, we propose a well-defined molecular template to fabricate a highly dispersed NiRu alloy with ultrasmall size. The catalyst presents superior alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance featuring an overpotential as low as 20.6 ± 0.9 mV at 10 mA·cm -2 . Particularly, it can work steadily for long periods of time at industrial-grade current densities of 0.5 and 1.0 A·cm -2 merely demanding low overpotentials of 65.7 ± 2.1 and 127.3 ± 4.3 mV, respectively. Spectral experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that alloying can change the d -band center of both Ni and Ru by remodeling the electron distribution and then optimizing the adsorption of intermediates to decrease the water dissociation energy barrier. Our research not only demonstrates the tremendous potential of molecular templates in architecting highly active ultrafine nanoalloy but also deepens the understanding of water electrolysis mechanism on alloy catalysts.

N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification is a prevalent RNA epigenetic modification, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression including metastasis. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are natural compounds and inhibit the tumorigenesis of various cancers. Our previous studies show that ITCs inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and have synergistic effects with chemotherapy drugs. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of ITCs on cancer cell metastasis. We showed that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) dose-dependently inhibited the cell viability of both NSCLC cell lines H1299 and H226 with IC 50 values of 17.6 and 15.2 μM, respectively. Furthermore, PEITC dose-dependently inhibited the invasion and migration of H1299 and H226 cells. We demonstrated that PEITC treatment dose-dependently increased m 6 A methylation levels and inhibited the expression of the m 6 A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in H1299 and H226 cells. Knockdown of FTO significantly increased m 6 A methylation in H1299 and H226 cells, impaired their abilities of invasion and migration in vitro, and enhanced the inhibition of PEITC on tumor growth in vivo. Overexpression of FTO promoted the migration of NSCLC cells, and also mitigated the inhibitory effect of PEITC on migration of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, we found that FTO regulated the mRNA m 6 A modification of a transcriptional co-repressor Transducin-Like Enhancer of split-1 (TLE1) and further affected its stability and expression. TCGA database analysis revealed TLE1 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared to normal tissues, which might be correlated with the metastasis status. Moreover, we showed that PEITC suppressed the migration of NSCLC cells by inhibiting TLE1 expression and downstream Akt/NF-κB pathway. This study reveals a novel mechanism underlying ITC's inhibitory effect on metastasis of lung cancer cells, and provided valuable information for developing new therapeutics for lung cancer by targeting m 6 A methylation., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Pharmacological Society.)

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) significantly impacts the prognosis of cancer patients. Despite significant advancements in diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities, clinical challenges continue to persist in the realm of LNM. These include difficulties in early diagnosis, limited treatment efficacy, and potential side effects and injuries associated with treatment. Nanotheranostics, a field within nanotechnology, seamlessly integrates diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities. Its primary goal is to provide precise and effective disease diagnosis and treatment simultaneously. The development of nanotheranostics for LNM offers a promising solution for the stratified management of patients with LNM and promotes the advancement of personalized medicine. This review introduces the mechanisms of LNM and challenges in its diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, it demonstrates the advantages and development potential of nanotheranostics, focuses on the challenges nanotheranostics face in its application, and provides an outlook on future trends. We consider nanotheranostics a promising strategy to improve clinical effectiveness and efficiency as well as the prognosis of cancer patients with LNM., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interes, (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Cancer remains a major health concern globally. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules and have received approval for treating malignancies like melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. While CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are extensively researched, additional targets such as LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3, and VISTA have also demonstrated effective in cancer therapy. Combination treatments, which pair ICIs with interventions such as radiation or chemotherapy, amplify therapeutic outcomes. However, ICIs can lead to diverse side effects, and their varies across patients and cancers. Hence, identifying predictive biomarkers to guide therapy is essential. Notably, expression levels of molecules like PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 have been linked to tumor progression and ICI therapy responsiveness. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems (DDSs) further enhance ICI therapy efficacy. This review explores predominant DDSs for ICI delivery, such as hydrogel, microparticle, and nanoparticle, which offer improved therapeutic effects and reduced toxicity. In summary, we discuss the future of immune therapy focusing on co-inhibitory checkpoint molecules, pinpoint challenges, and suggest avenues for developing efficient, safer DDSs for ICI transport., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Quantification of measurable residual disease (MRD) correlates with the risk of leukemia recurrence in adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, it remains unknown whether collecting data on cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2 (CSRP2) transcript levels, after completing the second course of consolidation, improves prognosis prediction accuracy. A total of 204 subjects with B-cell ALL were tested for CSPR2 transcripts after completing the second course of consolidation using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and divided into high (N = 32) and low (N = 172) CSRP2 expression cohorts. In multivariable analyses, subjects with high expression of CSRP2 had a higher 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-4.76; P = 0.003), lower 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR = 3.22, 95% CI 1.75-5.93; P < 0.001), and overall survival (OS) (HR = 4.59, 95% CI 2.64-7.99; P < 0.001) in the whole cohort, as well as in the multi-parameter flow cytometry (MPFC) MRD-negative cohort (for CIR, HR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.19-6.12; for RFS, HR = 4.37, 95% CI 1.94-9.85; for OS, HR = 4.90, 95% CI 2.43-9.90; all P < 0.05). Prognostic analysis showed that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) could significantly improve the prognosis of patients with high CSRP2 expression (allo-HSCT vs chemotherapy: 5-year CIR, 52% vs 91%; RFS, 41% vs 9%; OS, 38% vs 20%; all P < 0.05). Our data indicate that incorporating data from CSPR2 transcript levels to the MRD-testing at the end of the second course of consolidation therapy enhances prognosis prediction accuracy in adults with B-cell ALL.

The evolution of black carbon (BC) particles during atmospheric aging led to the complexity of their environmental and climate effect assessment. This study simultaneously measured the heterogeneous distribution of multi-level microphysical properties of BC-containing particles (i.e., BC mass concentration, coating amounts, and morphology) by a suite of state-of-the-art instruments, and investigated how atmospheric processing influence these heterogeneities. Our field measurements show that the mixing states of atmospheric BC-containing particles exhibit a clear dependence on BC core diameters. The particles with small BC core sizes (80-160 nm) are coated and reshaped more rapidly in real atmosphere, with coating-to-BC mass ratios (M R ) and non-spherical fractions of 5.1 ± 1.2 and 61 ± 19 %, respectively. Conversely, the particles with large core sizes (240-320 nm) are thinly coated and fractal, with M R and non-spherical fractions of 4.0 ± 0.3 and 74 ± 15 %, respectively. Furthermore, primary emissions result in low heterogeneity in coating amount but great heterogeneity in morphology between BC-containing particles of different sizes, while photochemical processing would enhance heterogeneity in coating amount but weaken the heterogeneity in morphology. Overall, our field measurement of multi-level microphysical properties highlights that BC core size and atmospheric processing are the key factors that drive the heterogeneity evolution of BC-containing particles in real atmosphere., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Head and neck tumors (HNTs) constitute a multifaceted ensemble of pathologies that primarily involve regions such as the oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity. The intricate anatomical structure of these regions poses considerable challenges to efficacious treatment strategies. Despite the availability of myriad treatment modalities, the overall therapeutic efficacy for HNTs continues to remain subdued. In recent years, the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare practices has garnered noteworthy attention. AI modalities, inclusive of machine learning (ML), neural networks (NNs), and deep learning (DL), when amalgamated into the holistic management of HNTs, promise to augment the precision, safety, and efficacy of treatment regimens. The integration of AI within HNT management is intricately intertwined with domains such as medical imaging, bioinformatics, and medical robotics. This article intends to scrutinize the cutting-edge advancements and prospective applications of AI in the realm of HNTs, elucidating AI's indispensable role in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognostication, research, and inter-sectoral integration. The overarching objective is to stimulate scholarly discourse and invigorate insights among medical practitioners and researchers to propel further exploration, thereby facilitating superior therapeutic alternatives for patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Owing to its biotoxicity and inductive effect on photochemical pollution, atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), which is a typical product of atmospheric photochemical reactions, has attracted much research attention. However, to the best of our knowledge, few comprehensive studies have been conducted on the seasonal variation and key influencing factors of PAN concentrations in southern China. In this study, PAN, ozone (O 3 ), precursor volatile organic compound (VOC), and other pollutant concentrations were measured online for 1 year (from October 2021 to September 2022) in Shenzhen, a megacity in the Greater Bay Area of China. The average concentrations of PAN and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) were 0.54 and 0.08 parts per billion (ppb), and the maximum hourly concentrations reached 10.32 and 1.01 ppb, respectively. The results of the generalized additive model (GAM) showed that the atmospheric oxidation capacity and precursor concentration were the most important factors affecting the PAN concentration. According to the steady-state model, the average cumulative contribution to the peroxyacetyl (PA) radical formation rate by six major carbonyl compounds was calculated at 4.2 × 10 6 molecules cm -3  s -1 , and acetaldehyde (63.0 %) and acetone (13.9 %) contributed the most. Furthermore, the photochemical-age-based parameterization method was used to analyze the source contributions of carbonyl compounds and PA radicals. The results showed that although the primary anthropogenic (40.2 %), biogenic (27.8 %), and secondary anthropogenic (16.4 %) sources were the most important contributors of PA radicals, the biogenic and secondary anthropogenic source contributions both increased considerably in summer, and the cumulative proportion of both sources reached ~70 % in July. In addition, a comparison of PAN pollution processes in different seasons revealed that in summer and winter, the PAN concentration was predominantly limited by precursors and meteorological parameters, such as light intensity, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Mechanical thrombectomy is the most effective treatment for great cerebral artery embolization within a set time window. Typically, an arteriogram does not show the localization of the stent after release and whether a thrombus is captured or not. Thus, improving the visualization of a stent in interventional therapy will be helpful for clinicians., Aim: To analyze stent imaging findings to enhance clinicians' understanding of a special circumstance, wherein a Solitaire AB retrievable stent was visible during the imaging of a thrombus capture that improved the success rate of stent-based mechanical thrombectomy., Methods: This was a retrospective study with four acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who underwent stent-based mechanical thrombectomy., Results: Patient 1 was a 64-year-old man admitted after 5 h of confusion; angiography revealed basilar artery occlusion. We inserted a stent into the left posterior cerebral artery-P2 segment and visualized the expanded stent that successfully captured a thrombus. Patient 2 was a 74-year-old man admitted with confusion, which lasted approximately 3 h. Angiography revealed a left middle cerebral artery (MCA)-M1 segment occlusion. A stent was deployed in the distal M2 segment, and we could visualize the stent by capturing the thrombus. Patient 3 was a 74-year-old woman admitted after experiencing left hemiplegia for 3 h. We deployed a stent at the distal right MCA-M2 segment, and the developing stent captured a large thrombus. Patient 4 was an 82-year-old man who presented with confusion for 3 h. A developing stent was placed in the distal left MCA-M1 segment, which captured a large thrombus and several fragmented thrombi., Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of stent imaging in patients with AIS. We demonstrated the usefulness and substantial potential of stent imaging in stent-based mechanical thrombectomy for AIS., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Transgenerational experience can affect a range of natural enemies' life-history traits and can be involved in the control of developmental plasticity. As a major egg parasitoid of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), the wasp Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is effective at suppressing its host populations. The reproductive and developmental traits of A. orientalis is known to depend on photoperiod conditions, but transgenerational photoperiodic effects have yet to be evaluated. To evaluate the transgenerational photoperiodic effects on A. orientalis , we assessed wasp adult longevity, female fecundity, sex ratio, and diapause rate over three consecutive generations under different experimental photoperiods (L16:D8, L12:D12, and L8:D16), using Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) eggs as hosts. The results suggest that transgenerational experience significantly impacts several biological parameters of progeny. All parasitoids entered a diapause under the long photoperiod condition (i.e., L16:D8), after which the number of female parasitoids and fecundity of the 2nd and 3rd generations increased significantly as compared to the 1st generation. With the long photoperiod conditions, the female ratio rose from 68.1% (1st generation) to 86.0% (3rd generation) and the progeny per females increased from 35.8 to 75.7. However, adult longevity of females and males were shortened significantly. With the intermediate photoperiod (L12:D12) conditions, fecundity and sex ratio of the 2nd and 3rd generations increased significantly as compared to the 1st generation. With the short photoperiod (L8:D16) conditions, there were no significant differences in fecundity among three generations, but sex ratio of the 2nd and 3rd generations increased significantly as compared to the 1st generation. These results on transgenerational photoperiodic effects can be applied to improve laboratory rearing efficiency of parasitoids and to better understand population dynamics in the field across a latitudinal gradient., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Bao, Wang, Cao, Xin, Broadley and Gould.)

The mixing of black carbon (BC) with secondary materials is a major uncertainty source in assessing its radiative forcing. However, current understanding of the formation and evolution of various BC components is limited, particularly in the Pearl River Delta, China. This study measured submicron BC-associated nonrefractory materials and the total submicron nonrefractory materials using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, respectively, at a coastal site in Shenzhen, China. Two distinct atmospheric conditions were also identified to further explore the distinctive evolution of BC-associated components: polluted period (PP) and clean period (CP). Comparing the components of two particles, we found that more-oxidized organic factor (MO-OOA) prefers to form on BC during PP rather CP. The formation of MO-OOA on BC (MO-OOA BC ) was affected by both enhanced photochemical processes and nocturnal heterogeneous processes. Enhanced photo-reactivity of BC, photochemistry during the daytime, and heterogeneous reaction at nighttime were potential pathways for MO-OOA BC formation during PP. The fresh BC surface was favorable for the formation of MO-OOA BC . Our study shows the evolution of BC-associated components under different atmospheric conditions, which should be considered in regional climate models to improve the assessment of the climate effects of BC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), an invasive planthopper discovered in Pennsylvania, U.S. in 2014, has spread to many surrounding states despite quarantines and control efforts, and further spread is anticipated. A classical (importation) biological control program would contribute to the long-term management of L. delicatula in the eastern U.S. In its native range of China, Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasitoid, causes significant mortality. Anastatus orientalis consists of multiple haplotypes that differ in important biological parameters. To delineate the physiological host range of A. orientalis Haplotype C, we completed no-choice and choice testing. No-choice testing of non-target eggs from 36 insect species spanning six orders and 18 families showed that physiologically this haplotype of A. orientalis can develop in a variety of host species eggs from the families Coreidae, Fulgoridae, Pentatomidae, and Saturniidae. Ten of the 16 species that were attacked in the no-choice tests were also attacked in the choice tests. The production of progeny on non-target egg masses was significantly lower than on the controls ( L. delicatula egg masses run simultaneously) in the no-choice and choice tests. For the non-target species that were attacked and resulted in female wasp progeny, these females were able to produce their own progeny at the same rate as control females that were reared from the L. delicatula eggs. Larger host eggs corresponded to an increased female-biased sex ratio of the progeny, suggesting that gravid females select them for fertilized eggs. Results from these studies suggest that A. orientalis Haplotype C prefers to parasitize L. delicatula egg masses but is capable of developing in some non-target species., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Broadley, Sipolski, Pitt, Hoelmer, Wang, Cao, Tewksbury, Hagerty, Bartlett, Russell, Wu, Davis, Kaser, Elkinton and Gould.)

Biological age has been proved to be better than chronological age to measure the real difference of aging among individuals, but no consensus has been reached in the quantification of biological age in the field of aging research. In this paper, we summarize some commonly used quantification methods of biological age and discuss the its future development.

Remodeling the active surface through fabricating heterostructures can substantially enhance alkaline water electrolysis driven by renewable electrical energy. However, there are still great challenges in the synthesis of highly reactive and robust heterostructures to achieve both ampere-level current density hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report a new Co/CeO 2 heterojunction self-supported electrode for sustainable overall water splitting. The self-supporting Co/CeO 2 heterostructures required only low overpotentials of 31.9 ± 2.2, 253.3 ± 2.7, and 316.7 ± 3 mV for HER and 214.1 ± 1.4, 362.3 ± 1.9, and 400.3 ± 3.7 mV for OER at 0.01, 0.5, and 1.0 A·cm -2 , respectively, being one of the best Co-based bifunctional electrodes. Electrolyzer constructed from this electrode acting as an anode and cathode merely required cell voltages of 1.92 ± 0.02 V at 1.0 A·cm -2 for overall water splitting. Multiple characterization techniques combined with density functional theory calculations disclosed the different active sites on the anode and cathode, and the charge redistributions on the heterointerfaces that can optimize the adsorption of H and oxygen-containing intermediates, respectively. This study presents the tremendous prospective of self-supporting heterostructures for effective and economical overall water splitting.

Refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosols emitted from incomplete combustion are important climate forcers. Understanding the chemical characteristics and evolution of rBC-related components is particularly crucial to assess rBC environmental impacts. Here, we explored the chemical components of rBC in Shenzhen, China, using a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). The observations showed that the rBC coating was mainly composed of secondary aerosols with an average mass contribution of 84.7 %. Among them, secondary organic coating occupied ∼57.7 % of the total coating mass. Exploration of the relationship between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) coating and Ox (=NO 2 + O 3 , an indicator of the extent of photochemical processing) showed that SOA coating was generated mainly through photochemical oxidation during the day. Similarly, sulfate coating, with a small mass fraction of 0.9 %, was also dominated by photochemical oxidation. In contrast, nitrate coating responded positively to ambient relative humidity, especially at night, indicating that it was driven by heterogeneous reactions. In addition, the increased ratio of nitrate on rBC to bulk nitrate at night suggested that black carbon surface could facilitate nocturnal nitrate formation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Remolding the reactivity of metal active sites is critical to facilitate renewable electricity-powered water electrolysis. Doping heteroatoms, such as Se, into a metal crystal lattice has been considered an effective approach, yet usually suffers from loss of functional heteroatoms during harsh electrocatalytic conditions, thus leading to the gradual inactivation of the catalysts. Here, we report a new heteroatom-containing molecule-enhanced strategy toward sustainable oxygen evolution improvement. An organoselenium ligand, bis(3,5-dimethyl-1 H -pyrazol-4-yl)selenide containing robust C-Se-C covalent bonds equipped in the precatalyst of ultrathin metal-organic nanosheets Co-SeMON, is revealed to significantly enhance the catalytic mass activity of the cobalt site by 25 times, as well as extend the catalyst operation time in alkaline conditions by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude compared with these reported metal selenides. A combination of various in situ / ex situ spectroscopic techniques, ab initio molecular dynamics, and density functional theory calculations unveiled the organoselenium intensified mechanism, in which the nonclassical bonding of Se to O-containing intermediates endows adsorption-energy regulation beyond the conventional scaling relationship. Our results showcase the great potential of molecule-enhanced catalysts for highly efficient and economical water oxidation.

Heading date is crucial for rice reproduction and the geographical expansion of cultivation. We fine-mapped qHD5 and identified LOC&#95;Os05g03040, a gene that encodes an AP2 transcription factor, as the candidate gene of qHD5 in our previous study. In this article, using two near-isogenic lines NIL(BG1) and NIL(XLJ), which were derived from the progeny of the cross between BigGrain1 (BG1) and Xiaolijing (XLJ), we verified that LOC&#95;Os05g03040 represses heading date in rice through genetic complementation and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing experiments. Complementary results showed that qHD5 is a semi-dominant gene and that the qHD5 XLJ and qHD5 BG1 alleles are both functional. The homozygous mutant line generated from knocking out qHD5 XLJ in NIL(XLJ) headed earlier than NIL(XLJ) under both short-day and long-day conditions. In addition, the homozygous mutant line of qHD5 BG1 in NIL(BG1) also headed slightly earlier than NIL(BG1). All of these results show that qHD5 represses the heading date in rice. Transient expression showed that the qHD5 protein localizes to the nucleus. Transactivation activity assays showed that the C-terminus is the critical site that affects self-activation in qHD5 XLJ . qRT-PCR analysis revealed that qHD5 represses flowering by down-regulating Ehd2. qHD5 may have been selected during indica rice domestication., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process in tumor invasion and metastasis. EMT has been shown to significantly influence the invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study aimed to develop a novel EMT-related prognostic model capable of predicting overall survival (OS) in patients with LUAD. Methods: A total of 283 LUAD patients from TCGA RNA-seq dataset were assigned to a training cohort for model building, and 310 LUAD patients from GEO RNA-seq dataset were assigned to a validation cohort. EMT genes were acquired from MsigDB database and then prognosis-related EMT genes were identified by univariate Cox regression. Lasso regression was then performed to determine the genes and the corresponding variables to construct a prognosis risk model from the training cohort. Furthermore, characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), mutation status and chemotherapy responses were analyzed to assess the differences between the two risk groups based on the prognostic model. In addition, RT-qPCR was employed to validate the expression patterns of the 6 genes derived from the risk model. Results: A six-gene EMT signature (PMEPA1, LOXL2, PLOD2, MMP14, SPOCK1 and DCN) was successfully constructed and validated. The signature assigned the LUAD patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. In comparison with the low-risk group, patients in the high-risk group had a significantly lower survival rate. ROC curves and calibration curves for the risk model demonstrated reliable stratification and predictive ability. The risk model was robustly correlated with multiple TME characteristics. Besides, the data showed that patients in the low-risk group had more immune activities, higher stemness scores and cytolytic activity scores and higher TMB. In addition, RT-qPCR results revealed that PMEPA1, LOXL2, PLOD2, MMP14, and SPOCK1 were notably upregulated in LUAD tissues, while DCN was downregulated. Conclusion: Our study successfully developed a novel EMT-related signature to predict prognosis of LUAD patients and guide treatment strategies. The six genes derived from the prediction signature might play a potential role in antitumor immunity and serve as promising therapeutic targets in LUAD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Li, Song, Zhang, Wang, Cao, Li, Zhao, Zhang and Zhuang.)

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death marked by excessive oxidative phospholipids (PLs). The polyunsaturated fatty acids-containing phospholipids (PUFA-PLs) are highly susceptible to lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress. Numerous pulmonary diseases occurrences and degenerative pathologies are driven by ferroptosis. This review discusses the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases including asthma, lung injury, lung cancer, fibrotic lung diseases, and pulmonary infection. Additionally, it is proposed that targeting ferroptosis is a potential treatment for pulmonary diseases, particularly drug-resistant lung cancer or antibiotic-resistant pulmonary infection, and reduces treatment-related adverse events., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Evaluating the structural and electronic-state characteristics of long-range disordered amorphous iridium (Ir)-based oxides is still unsatisfying. Compared with the benchmark IrO 2 , the higher oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance brought by IrO x OH y was normally considered to be associated with the pristine Ir III -containing species. However, such a conclusion conflicts with the opinion that high-valence metals can create excellent OER activity. To resolve such contradictions, we synthesized a pure amorphous Lu 1.25 IrO x OH y (Lu = lutetium) catalyst in this work. In combination with the comprehensive electrochemical evaluation in alkaline and acidic media, ex situ Ir L3-edge and O K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations revealed that the ultrahigh OER performance of reconstructed IrO x /Lu 1.25 IrO x OH y in acidic media was identified to be driven by the more d-hole-containing electronic state of Ir V created by cationic vacancies. The pristine properties of Ir III -containing Lu 1.25 IrO x OH y conversely inhibit the OER activity in alkaline media. Additionally, the high edge-shared [IrO x ]-[IrO x ] motif proportion structure in amorphous Lu 1.25 IrO x OH y achieves a stable OER process, which exhibits a high S -number stability index similar to IrO 2 . We demonstrate that the key factor of the edge-shared [IrO x ]-[IrO x ] motif with cationic vacancies in Ir V O x OH y could rationally reveal the source for most of the high-performance Ir-based materials.

Weeds are a major biotic constraint that can cause dramatic crop production losses. Herbicide technology has been widely used by farmers as the most cost-effective weed control measure, and development of new strategy to improve herbicide tolerance in plants is urgently needed. The CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tool has been used in diverse applications related to agricultural technology for crop improvement. Here we identified three polyamine uptake transporter ( PUT ) genes in rice that are homologous to the Arabidopsis At RMV1 . We successfully demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of OsPUT1/2/3 greatly improves paraquat resistance in rice without obvious yield penalty. Therefore, manipulation of these loci could be valuable for producing transgene-free rice with improved herbicide resistance in future., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-022-00075-4., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Author Jian-Xiang Liu was not involved in the journal’s review of this manuscript., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

During the COVID-19 lockdown, atmospheric PM 2.5 in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) showed the highest reduction in China, but the reasons, being a critical question for future air quality policy design, are not yet clear. In this study, we analyzed the relationships among gaseous precursors, secondary aerosols and atmospheric oxidation capacity in Shenzhen, a megacity in the PRD, during the lockdown period in 2020 and the same period in 2021. The comprehensive observational datasets showed large lockdown declines in all primary and secondary pollutants (including O 3 ). We found that, however, the daytime concentrations of secondary aerosols during the lockdown period and normal period were rather similar when the corresponding odd oxygen (O x ≡O 3 +NO 2 , an indicator of photochemical processing avoiding the titration effect of O 3 by freshly emitted NO) were at similar levels. Therefore, reduced O x , rather than the large reduction in precursors, was a direct driver to achieve the decline in secondary aerosols. Moreover, O x was also found to determine the spatial distribution of intercity PM 2.5 levels in winter PRD. Thus, an effective strategy for winter PM 2.5 mitigation should emphasize on control of winter O 3 formation in the PRD and other regions with similar conditions., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe the distribution characteristics of type 2 diabetes in twins in Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR), provide clues and evidence for revealing the influence of genetic and environmental factors for type 2 diabetes. Methods: Of all twins registered in the CNTR during 2010-2018, a total 18 855 twin pairs aged ≥30 years with complete registration information were included in the analysis. The random effect model was used to describe the population and area distribution characteristics and concordance of type 2 diabetes in twin pairs. Results: The mean age of the subjects was (42.8±10.2) years, the study subjects included 10 339 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 8 516 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. The self-reported prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes was 2.2% in total population and there was no sighificant difference between MZ and DZ. Intra-twin pairs analysis showed that the concordance rate of type 2 diabetes was 38.2% in MZ twin pairs, and 16.0% in DZ twin pairs, the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.001). The concordance rate of type 2 diabetes in MZ twin parts was higher than that in DZ twin pairs in both men and women, in different age groups and in different areas ( P <0.05). Further stratified analysis showed that in northern China, only MZ twin pairs less than 60 years old were found to have a higher concordance rate of type 2 diabetes compared with DZ twin pairs ( P <0.05). In southern China, the co-prevalence rate in male MZ twin pairs aged ≥60 years was still higher than that in DZ twin pairs ( P <0.05). Conclusion: The twin pairs in this study had a lower self-reported prevalence of type 2 diabetes than the general population. The study results suggested that genetic factors play a role in type 2 diabetes prevalence in both men and women, in different age groups and in different areas, however, the effect might vary.