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1. Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics: A roadmap

Author

Barack, L. Cardoso, V. Nissanke, S. Sotiriou, T.P. Askar, A. Belczynski, C. Bertone, G. Bon, E. Blas, D. Brito, R. Bulik, T. Burrage, C. Byrnes, C.T. Caprini, C. Chernyakova, M. Chruściel, P. Colpi, M. Ferrari, V. Gaggero, D. Gair, J. García-Bellido, J. Hassan, S.F. Heisenberg, L. Hendry, M. Heng, I.S. Herdeiro, C. Hinderer, T. Horesh, A. Kavanagh, B.J. Kocsis, B. Kramer, M. Le Tiec, A. Mingarelli, C. Nardini, G. Nelemans, G. Palenzuela, C. Pani, P. Perego, A. Porter, E.K. Rossi, E.M. Schmidt, P. Sesana, A. Sperhake, U. Stamerra, A. Stein, L.C. Tamanini, N. Tauris, T.M. Urena-López, L.A. Vincent, F. Volonteri, M. Wardell, B. Wex, N. Yagi, K. Abdelsalhin, T. Aloy, M.Á. Amaro-Seoane, P. Annulli, L. Arca-Sedda, M. Bah, I. Barausse, E. Barakovic, E. Benkel, R. Bennett, C.L. Bernard, L. Bernuzzi, S. Berry, C.P.L. Berti, E. Bezares, M. Blanco-Pillado, J.J. Blázquez-Salcedo, J.L. Bonetti, M. Bošković, M. Bosnjak, Z. Bricman, K. Brügmann, B. Capelo, P.R. Carloni, S. Cerdá-Durán, P. Charmousis, C. Chaty, S. Clerici, A. Coates, A. Colleoni, M. Collodel, L.G. Compère, G. Cook, W. Cordero-Carrión, I. Correia, M. De La Cruz-Dombriz, Á. Czinner, V.G. Destounis, K. Dialektopoulos, K. Doneva, D. Dotti, M. Drew, A. Eckner, C. Edholm, J. Emparan, R. Erdem, R. Ferreira, M. Ferreira, P.G. Finch, A. Font, J.A. Franchini, N. Fransen, K. Gal'tsov, D. Ganguly, A. Gerosa, D. Glampedakis, K. Gomboc, A. Goobar, A. Gualtieri, L. Guendelman, E. Haardt, F. Harmark, T. Hejda, F. Hertog, T. Hopper, S. Husa, S. Ihanec, N. Ikeda, T. Jaodand, A. Jetzer, P. Jimenez-Forteza, X. Kamionkowski, M. Kaplan, D.E. Kazantzidis, S. Kimura, M. Kobayashi, S. Kokkotas, K. Krolik, J. Kunz, J. Lämmerzahl, C. Lasky, P. Lemos, J.P.S. Levi Said, J. Liberati, S. Lopes, J. Luna, R. Ma, Y.-Z. Maggio, E. Mangiagli, A. Montero, M.M. Maselli, A. Mayer, L. Mazumdar, A. Messenger, C. Ménard, B. Minamitsuji, M. Moore, C.J. Mota, D. Nampalliwar, S. Nerozzi, A. Nichols, D. Nissimov, E. Obergaulinger, M. Obers, N.A. Oliveri, R. Pappas, G. Pasic, V. Peiris, H. Petrushevska, T. Pollney, D. Pratten, G. Rakic, N. Racz, I. Radia, M. Ramazanoǧlu, F.M. Ramos-Buades, A. Raposo, G. Rogatko, M. Rosca-Mead, R. Rosinska, D. Rosswog, S. Ruiz-Morales, E. Sakellariadou, M. Sanchis-Gual, N. Sharan Salafia, O. Samajdar, A. Sintes, A. Smole, M. Sopuerta, C. Souza-Lima, R. Stalevski, M. Stergioulas, N. Stevens, C. Tamfal, T. Torres-Forné, A. Tsygankov, S. İ Ünlütürk, Ki. Valiante, R. Van De Meent, M. Velhinho, J. Verbin, Y. Vercnocke, B. Vernieri, D. Vicente, R. Vitagliano, V. Weltman, A. Whiting, B. Williamson, A. Witek, H. Wojnar, A. Yakut, K. Yan, H. Yazadjiev, S. Zaharijas, G. Zilhão, M.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The grand challenges of contemporary fundamental physics-dark matter, dark energy, vacuum energy, inflation and early universe cosmology, singularities and the hierarchy problem-all involve gravity as a key component. And of all gravitational phenomena, black holes stand out in their elegant simplicity, while harbouring some of the most remarkable predictions of General Relativity: event horizons, singularities and ergoregions. The hitherto invisible landscape of the gravitational Universe is being unveiled before our eyes: the historical direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration marks the dawn of a new era of scientific exploration. Gravitational-wave astronomy will allow us to test models of black hole formation, growth and evolution, as well as models of gravitational-wave generation and propagation. It will provide evidence for event horizons and ergoregions, test the theory of General Relativity itself, and may reveal the existence of new fundamental fields. The synthesis of these results has the potential to radically reshape our understanding of the cosmos and of the laws of Nature. The purpose of this work is to present a concise, yet comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the relevant fields of research, summarize important open problems, and lay out a roadmap for future progress. This write-up is an initiative taken within the framework of the European Action on 'Black holes, Gravitational waves and Fundamental Physics'. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Published
2019

2. Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics:A roadmap

Author

Barack, L., Cardoso, V., Nissanke, S., Sotiriou, T.P., Askar, A., Belczynski, C., Bertone, G., Bon, E., Blas, D., Brito, R., Bulik, T., Burrage, C., Byrnes, C.T., Caprini, C., Chernyakova, M., Chruściel, P., Colpi, M., Ferrari, V., Gaggero, D., Gair, J., García-Bellido, J., Hassan, S.F., Heisenberg, L., Hendry, M., Heng, I.S., Herdeiro, C., Hinderer, T., Horesh, A., Kavanagh, B.J., Kocsis, B., Kramer, M., Le Tiec, A., Mingarelli, C., Nardini, G., Nelemans, G., Palenzuela, C., Pani, P., Perego, A., Porter, E.K., Rossi, E.M., Schmidt, P., Sesana, A., Sperhake, U., Stamerra, A., Stein, L.C., Tamanini, N., Tauris, T.M., Urena-López, L.A., Vincent, F., Volonteri, M., Wardell, B., Wex, N., Yagi, K., Abdelsalhin, T., Aloy, M.Á., Amaro-Seoane, P., Annulli, L., Arca-Sedda, M., Bah, I., Barausse, E., Barakovic, E., Benkel, R., Bennett, C.L., Bernard, L., Bernuzzi, S., Berry, C.P.L., Berti, E., Bezares, M., Blanco-Pillado, J.J., Blázquez-Salcedo, J.L., Bonetti, M., Bošković, M., Bosnjak, Z., Bricman, K., Brügmann, B., Capelo, P.R., Carloni, S., Cerdá-Durán, P., Charmousis, C., Chaty, S., Clerici, A., Coates, A., Colleoni, M., Collodel, L.G., Compère, G., Cook, W., Cordero-Carrión, I., Correia, M., De La Cruz-Dombriz, Á., Czinner, V.G., Destounis, K., Dialektopoulos, K., Doneva, D., Dotti, M., Drew, A., Eckner, C., Edholm, J., Emparan, R., Erdem, R., Ferreira, M., Ferreira, P.G., Finch, A., Font, J.A., Franchini, N., Fransen, K., Gal'tsov, D., Ganguly, A., Gerosa, D., Glampedakis, K., Gomboc, A., Goobar, A., Gualtieri, L., Guendelman, E., Haardt, F., Harmark, T., Hejda, F., Hertog, T., Hopper, S., Husa, S., Ihanec, N., Ikeda, T., Jaodand, A., Jetzer, P., Jimenez-Forteza, X., Kamionkowski, M., Kaplan, D.E., Kazantzidis, S., Kimura, M., Kobayashi, S., Kokkotas, K., Krolik, J., Kunz, J., Lämmerzahl, C., Lasky, P., Lemos, J.P.S., Levi Said, J., Liberati, S., Lopes, J., Luna, R., Ma, Y.-Z., Maggio, E., Mangiagli, A., Montero, M.M., Maselli, A., Mayer, L., Mazumdar, A., Messenger, C., Ménard, B., Minamitsuji, M., Moore, C.J., Mota, D., Nampalliwar, S., Nerozzi, A., Nichols, D., Nissimov, E., Obergaulinger, M., Obers, N.A., Oliveri, R., Pappas, G., Pasic, V., Peiris, H., Petrushevska, T., Pollney, D., Pratten, G., Rakic, N., Racz, I., Radia, M., Ramazanoǧlu, F.M., Ramos-Buades, A., Raposo, G., Rogatko, M., Rosca-Mead, R., Rosinska, D., Rosswog, S., Ruiz-Morales, E., Sakellariadou, M., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sharan Salafia, O., Samajdar, A., Sintes, A., Smole, M., Sopuerta, C., Souza-Lima, R., Stalevski, M., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, C., Tamfal, T., Torres-Forné, A., Tsygankov, S., İ Ünlütürk, Ki., Valiante, R., Van De Meent, M., Velhinho, J., Verbin, Y., Vercnocke, B., Vernieri, D., Vicente, R., Vitagliano, V., Weltman, A., Whiting, B., Williamson, A., Witek, H., Wojnar, A., Yakut, K., Yan, H., Yazadjiev, S., Zaharijas, G., Zilhão, M., Barack, L., Cardoso, V., Nissanke, S., Sotiriou, T.P., Askar, A., Belczynski, C., Bertone, G., Bon, E., Blas, D., Brito, R., Bulik, T., Burrage, C., Byrnes, C.T., Caprini, C., Chernyakova, M., Chruściel, P., Colpi, M., Ferrari, V., Gaggero, D., Gair, J., García-Bellido, J., Hassan, S.F., Heisenberg, L., Hendry, M., Heng, I.S., Herdeiro, C., Hinderer, T., Horesh, A., Kavanagh, B.J., Kocsis, B., Kramer, M., Le Tiec, A., Mingarelli, C., Nardini, G., Nelemans, G., Palenzuela, C., Pani, P., Perego, A., Porter, E.K., Rossi, E.M., Schmidt, P., Sesana, A., Sperhake, U., Stamerra, A., Stein, L.C., Tamanini, N., Tauris, T.M., Urena-López, L.A., Vincent, F., Volonteri, M., Wardell, B., Wex, N., Yagi, K., Abdelsalhin, T., Aloy, M.Á., Amaro-Seoane, P., Annulli, L., Arca-Sedda, M., Bah, I., Barausse, E., Barakovic, E., Benkel, R., Bennett, C.L., Bernard, L., Bernuzzi, S., Berry, C.P.L., Berti, E., Bezares, M., Blanco-Pillado, J.J., Blázquez-Salcedo, J.L., Bonetti, M., Bošković, M., Bosnjak, Z., Bricman, K., Brügmann, B., Capelo, P.R., Carloni, S., Cerdá-Durán, P., Charmousis, C., Chaty, S., Clerici, A., Coates, A., Colleoni, M., Collodel, L.G., Compère, G., Cook, W., Cordero-Carrión, I., Correia, M., De La Cruz-Dombriz, Á., Czinner, V.G., Destounis, K., Dialektopoulos, K., Doneva, D., Dotti, M., Drew, A., Eckner, C., Edholm, J., Emparan, R., Erdem, R., Ferreira, M., Ferreira, P.G., Finch, A., Font, J.A., Franchini, N., Fransen, K., Gal'tsov, D., Ganguly, A., Gerosa, D., Glampedakis, K., Gomboc, A., Goobar, A., Gualtieri, L., Guendelman, E., Haardt, F., Harmark, T., Hejda, F., Hertog, T., Hopper, S., Husa, S., Ihanec, N., Ikeda, T., Jaodand, A., Jetzer, P., Jimenez-Forteza, X., Kamionkowski, M., Kaplan, D.E., Kazantzidis, S., Kimura, M., Kobayashi, S., Kokkotas, K., Krolik, J., Kunz, J., Lämmerzahl, C., Lasky, P., Lemos, J.P.S., Levi Said, J., Liberati, S., Lopes, J., Luna, R., Ma, Y.-Z., Maggio, E., Mangiagli, A., Montero, M.M., Maselli, A., Mayer, L., Mazumdar, A., Messenger, C., Ménard, B., Minamitsuji, M., Moore, C.J., Mota, D., Nampalliwar, S., Nerozzi, A., Nichols, D., Nissimov, E., Obergaulinger, M., Obers, N.A., Oliveri, R., Pappas, G., Pasic, V., Peiris, H., Petrushevska, T., Pollney, D., Pratten, G., Rakic, N., Racz, I., Radia, M., Ramazanoǧlu, F.M., Ramos-Buades, A., Raposo, G., Rogatko, M., Rosca-Mead, R., Rosinska, D., Rosswog, S., Ruiz-Morales, E., Sakellariadou, M., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sharan Salafia, O., Samajdar, A., Sintes, A., Smole, M., Sopuerta, C., Souza-Lima, R., Stalevski, M., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, C., Tamfal, T., Torres-Forné, A., Tsygankov, S., İ Ünlütürk, Ki., Valiante, R., Van De Meent, M., Velhinho, J., Verbin, Y., Vercnocke, B., Vernieri, D., Vicente, R., Vitagliano, V., Weltman, A., Whiting, B., Williamson, A., Witek, H., Wojnar, A., Yakut, K., Yan, H., Yazadjiev, S., Zaharijas, G., and Zilhão, M.

Abstract

The grand challenges of contemporary fundamental physics—dark matter, dark energy, vacuum energy, inflation and early universe cosmology, singularities and the hierarchy problem—all involve gravity as a key component. And of all gravitational phenomena, black holes stand out in their elegant simplicity, while harbouring some of the most remarkable predictions of General Relativity: event horizons, singularities and ergoregions. The hitherto invisible landscape of the gravitational Universe is being unveiled before our eyes: the historical direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration marks the dawn of a new era of scientific exploration. Gravitational-wave astronomy will allow us to test models of black hole formation, growth and evolution, as well as models of gravitational-wave generation and propagation. It will provide evidence for event horizons and ergoregions, test the theory of General Relativity itself, and may reveal the existence of new fundamental fields. The synthesis of these results has the potential to radically reshape our understanding of the cosmos and of the laws of Nature. The purpose of this work is to present a concise, yet comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the relevant fields of research, summarize important open problems, and lay out a roadmap for future progress. This write-up is an initiative taken within the framework of the European Action on 'Black holes, Gravitational waves and Fundamental Physics'.

Published
2019

3. Formation of LISA Black Hole Binaries in Merging Dwarf Galaxies: The Imprint of Dark Matter

Author

Tamfal, T. Capelo, P.R. Kazantzidis, S. Mayer, L. Potter, D. Stadel, J. Widrow, L.M.

Subjects
Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Theoretical models for the expected merger rates of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) are vital for planned gravitational-wave detection experiments such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Using collisionless N-body simulations of dwarf galaxy (DG) mergers, we examine how the orbital decay of IMBHs and the efficiency of IMBH binary formation depend on the central dark matter (DM) density profile of the merging DGs. Specifically, we explore various asymptotic inner slopes γ of the DG's DM density distribution, ranging from steep cusps (γ = 1) to shallower density profiles (γ < 1), motivated by well-known baryonic-feedback effects as well as by DM models that differ from cold DM at the scales of DGs. We find that the inner DM slope is crucial for the formation (or lack thereof) of an IMBH binary; only mergers between DGs with cuspy DM profiles (γ = 1) are favorable to forming a hard IMBH binary, whereas when γ < 1 the IMBHs stall at a separation of 50-100 pc. Consequently, the rate of LISA signals from IMBH coalescence will be determined by the fraction of DGs with a cuspy DM profile. Conversely, the LISA event rates at IMBH mass scales offer in principle a novel way to place constraints on the inner structure of DM halos in DGs and address the core-cusp controversy. We also show that, with spatial resolutions of ∼0.1 kpc, as often adopted in cosmological simulations, all IMBHs stall, independent of γ. This suggests caution should be taken when employing cosmological simulations of galaxy formation to study BH dynamics in DGs. © 2018. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Published
2018

4. Old and new major mergers in the SOSIMPLE galaxy, NGC 7135

Author

Pedro R. Capelo, Alessandra De Rosa, Bernd Husemann, Cristian Vignali, Harald Kuntschner, Mark A. Norris, Julianne J. Dalcanton, Pierre-Alain Duc, Thomas A. Davison, Stefano Bianchi, University of Zurich, Davison, Thomas A, Norris, Mark A, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Davison T.A., Kuntschner H., Husemann B., Norris M.A., Dalcanton J.J., De Rosa A., Duc P.-A., Bianchi S., Capelo P.R., Vignali C., Kuntschner, Harald, Husemann, Bernd, Dalcanton, Julianne J, De Rosa, Alessandra, Duc, Pierre-Alain, Bianchi, Stefano, Capelo, Pedro R, and Vignali, Cristian

Subjects
530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, High resolution, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, F500, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 1912 Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Galaxies: evolution, Chemical distribution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Galaxies: stellar content, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Stars, Galaxies: interaction, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 10231 Institute for Computational Science, 3103 Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The simultaneous advancement of high resolution integral field unit spectroscopy and robust full-spectral fitting codes now make it possible to examine spatially-resolved kinematic, chemical composition, and star-formation history from nearby galaxies. We take new MUSE data from the Snapshot Optical Spectroscopic Imaging of Mergers and Pairs for Legacy Exploration (SOSIMPLE) survey to examine NGC 7135. With counter-rotation of gas, disrupted kinematics and asymmetric chemical distribution, NGC 7135 is consistent with an ongoing merger. Though well hidden by the current merger, we are able to distinguish stars originating from an older merger, occurring 6-10 Gyr ago. We further find a gradient in ex-situ material with galactocentric radius, with the accreted fraction rising from 0% in the galaxy centre, to ~7% within 0.6 effective radii., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2021
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5. The quest for dual and binary supermassive black holes: A multi-messenger view

Author

Rubén Herrero-Illana, Zoltan Haiman, Bernd Husemann, Pedro R. Capelo, Lisa Steinborn, Stefano Bianchi, Enrico Piconcelli, Margherita Giustini, Miguel A. Pérez-Torres, Alberto Sesana, Monica Colpi, S. Komossa, Kazushi Iwasawa, Sándor Frey, Davide Lena, Maria Charisi, Nora Loiseau, Zsolt Paragi, Elisabeta Lusso, Matteo Guainazzi, Cristian Vignali, Massimo Dotti, Jessie C. Runnoe, Tamara Bogdanovic, Krisztina É. Gabányi, Lucio Mayer, Noelia Herrera Ruiz, Marta Volonteri, Luciano del Valle, Alessandra De Rosa, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Instituto de Ciencias del Cosmos (ICCUB), MDM-2014-0369, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Lena, D. [0000-0003-4184-6152], Loiseau, N. [0000-0001-5471-3776], Haiman, Z. [0000-0003-3633-5403], De Rosa, A. [0000-0001-5668-6863], Husemann, B. [0000-0003-2901-6842], Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), European Union COFUND/Durham Junior Research Fellowship (EU), European Research Council (ERC), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Comunidad de Madrid, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Hungary), German Research Foundation, European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Swiss National Science Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), Hungarian National Research, New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, Centro de Excelencia Científica Severo Ochoa Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía CSIC, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Instituto de Ciencias del Coscmos de la Universidad de Barcelona, 'Programa de Atraccion de Talento' of the Comunidad de Madrid, 2018-T1/TIC-11733, De Rosa, A, Vignali, C, Bogdanovic, T, Capelo, P, Charisi, M, Dotti, M, Husemann, B, Lusso, E, Mayer, L, Paragi, Z, Runnoe, J, Sesana, A, Steinborn, L, Bianchi, S, Colpi, M, del Valle, L, Frey, S, Gabanyi, K, Giustini, M, Guainazzi, M, Haiman, Z, Herrera Ruiz, N, Herrero-Illana, R, Iwasawa, K, Komossa, S, Lena, D, Loiseau, N, Perez-Torres, M, Piconcelli, E, Volonteri, M, Rosa, Alessandra De, Vignali, Cristian, Bogdanović, Tamara, Capelo, Pedro R., Charisi, Maria, Dotti, Massimo, Husemann, Bernd, Lusso, Elisabeta, Mayer, Lucio, Paragi, Zsolt, Runnoe, Jessie, Sesana, Alberto, Steinborn, Lisa, Bianchi, Stefano, Colpi, Monica, Valle, Luciano Del, Frey, Sándor, Gabányi, Krisztina É., Giustini, Margherita, Guainazzi, Matteo, Haiman, Zoltan, Ruiz, Noelia Herrera, Herrero-Illana, Rubén, Iwasawa, Kazushi, Komossa, S., Lena, Davide, Loiseau, Nora, Perez-Torres, Miguel, Piconcelli, Enrico, Volonteri, Marta, De Rosa A., Vignali C., Bogdanovic T., Capelo P.R., Charisi M., Dotti M., Husemann B., Lusso E., Mayer L., Paragi Z., Runnoe J., Sesana A., Steinborn L., Bianchi S., Colpi M., del Valle L., Frey S., Gabanyi K.E., Giustini M., Guainazzi M., Haiman Z., Herrera Ruiz N., Herrero-Illana R., Iwasawa K., Komossa S., Lena D., Loiseau N., Perez-Torres M., Piconcelli E., and Volonteri M.

Subjects
Galaxies: active, Galaxies: interactions, Galaxies: nuclei, gravitational waves, Quasars: supermassive black holes, Active galactic nucleus, active [Galaxies], Electromagnetic spectrum, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Binary number, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, interactions [Galaxies], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Cosmology, Gravitational waves, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, gravitational wave, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Supermassive black hole, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Redshift, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Galaxies: interaction, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), nuclei [Galaxies], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], supermassive black holes [Quasars]
Abstract

69 pages, 21 figures. Accepted for publication in New Astronomy Reviews © 2020 Elsevier B.V., The quest for binary and dual supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the dawn of the multi-messenger era is compelling. Detecting dual active galactic nuclei (AGN) -- active SMBHs at projected separations larger than several parsecs -- and binary AGN -- probing the scale where SMBHs are bound in a Keplerian binary -- is an observational challenge. The study of AGN pairs (either dual or binary) also represents an overarching theoretical problem in cosmology and astrophysics. The AGN triggering calls for detailed knowledge of the hydrodynamical conditions of gas in the imminent surroundings of the SMBHs and, at the same time, their duality calls for detailed knowledge on how galaxies assemble through major and minor mergers and grow fed by matter along the filaments of the cosmic web. This review describes the techniques used across the electromagnetic spectrum to detect dual and binary AGN candidates and proposes new avenues for their search. The current observational status is compared with the state-of-the-art numerical simulations and models for formation of dual and binary AGN. Binary SMBHs are among the loudest sources of gravitational waves (GWs) in the Universe. The search for a background of GWs at nHz frequencies from inspiralling SMBHs at low redshifts, and the direct detection of signals from their coalescence by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna in the next decade, make this a theme of major interest for multi-messenger astrophysics. This review discusses the future facilities and observational strategies that are likely to significantly advance this fascinating field.© 2020 Elsevier B.V., All authors acknowledge the hospitality of the Lorentz Center for international workshops (Leiden, The Netherlands), where the idea of this work was born, and acknowledge the support of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI Bern, Switzerland), where the collaboration was originated. We thank the reviewers for having provided valuable and constructive comments that improved the clarity of the manuscript, and J.E. Barnes, L. Blecha, M. Eracleous, B.D. Farris, H. Fu, X. Liu, R. Pfeifle, L.C. Popovic, C. Ricci, S. Rodriguez, S. Tang, G. B. Taylor for their kind permission to reuse figures from their publications. ADR, CV and SB acknowledge financial support from ASI under grant ASI-INAF I/037/12/0 , and from the agreement ASI-INAF n. 2017-14-H.O . TB acknowledges support by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX15AK84G and 80NSSC19K0319 issued through the Astrophysics Theory Program and by the Research Corporation for Science Advancement through a Cottrell Scholar Award. SF and KÉG thank the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office ( OTKA NN110333 ) for support. KÉG was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by the ÚNKP-19-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology. BH acknowledges financial support by the DFG grant GE625/17-1 . EL is supported by a European Union COFUND/Durham Junior Research Fellowship (under EU grant agreement no. 609412). DL acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under grant 647208 (PI Jonker). AS is supported by the ERC CoG grant 818691 (B Massive). MGi is supported by the “Programa de Atracción de Talento” of the Comunidad de Madrid grant 2018-T1/TIC-11733 for the project: “Unveiling Black Hole Winds from Space”, and by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) grant MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu” - Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC). PRC and LM acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under the Grant 200020_178949 . MC acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) NANOGrav Physics Frontier Center, award number 1430284 . NHR acknowledges support from the BMBF Verbundforschung under FKZ: 05A17PC1 and FKZ: 05A17PC2. ZH acknowledges support from NASA grants NNX17AL82G and 80NSSC19K0149 and NSF grant 1715661 . KI acknowledges support by the Spanish MINECO under grant AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P and MDM-2014-0369 of ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia ’María de Maeztu’). MPT acknowledges financial support from the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía ( SEV-2017-0709 ) and through the MINECO grants AYA2012-38491-C02-02 and AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P .

Published
2019
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