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Capoeta capoeta (Güldenstädt, 1773) Remarks. This species is distributed in Caspian Sea basin. Afghanistan is not included in the natural distribution range of the species. Previous records were based on misidentification, probably of Capoeta heratensis., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W & Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid, 2023, Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist, pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 5305 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8048564, {"references":["Guldenstadt, J. A. von (1773) Cyprinus capoeta et Cyprinus mursa. Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae, 17, 507 - 520."]}

Summary The mature spermatozoon of Khawia armeniaca, a monozoic caryophyllidean parasite of templar fish Capoeta capoeta sevangi (De Filippi, 1865) from the Lake Sevan, Armenia, has been studied using transmission electron microscopy and cytochemical technique of Thiéry (1967) for the first time. The mature spermatozoon of K. armeniaca consists of a single axoneme with the 9+‘1’ trepaxonematan structure, cortical microtubules and nucleus which are situated parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spermatozoon, and a moderately electrondense cytoplasm with glycogen particles. The cortical microtubules are arranged in one continuous semicircle beneath the plasma membrane in Region II and anterior part of Region III of the mature spermatozoon. The two opposite rows of cortical microtubules are observed in the remaining nuclear and at the beginning of the postnuclear part (Regions III, IV) of the male gamete The number of cortical microtubules is remarkably variable in the spermatozoa of various Khawia species. K. armeniaca exhibits the highest number of cortical microtubules in comparison with K. sinensis and K. rossittensis. Glycogen was detected in the cytoplasm of prenuclear (II), nuclear (III) and postnuclear (IV) regions with different ultrastructural organization of the mature spermatozoon of K. armeniaca. Variations of sperm ultrastructural characters within caryophyllideans and other cestodes are discussed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acrylamide on Capoeta capoeta (Guldensttead 1773) by histopathological, electrophoretic and biochemical methods. Capoeta capoeta caught from Kars stream were used in the study. The fish were divided into 5 groups, each containing 10 pieces, and placed in 300 liter tanks with tap water. Group 1 was kept as a negative control. 20 mg / kg cyclophosphamide given to group 2 (i.p. positive control group), 10 mg / L acrylamide given to group 3, 20 mg / L acrylamide given to group 4 and 30 mg / L acrylamide given to group 5. After all groups were kept in tanks for 4 days, blood and tissue samples taken from fish were investigated by histopathological, electrophoretic and biochemical methods. As a result of the analyzes serum AST and ALT levels were decreased in the other groups compared to the negative control group and serum TAS levels were significantly increased in the 30 mg / L acrylamide group compared to the negative control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the negative control group, TOS levels were increased in all groups. When the electropherogram obtained from SDS-PAGE was examined, it was determined increases and decreases at 21 kD, 27 kD, 36 kD, 42 kD, 48 kD, 54 kD protein expressions in groups with different concentrations compared to the negative control group. It was observed that protein expressions were inhibited especially in the group treated with 20 mg / L acrylamide. As a result of histopathological examinations; increased degenerations were detected in the gill and liver tissues of fish due to the concentration of acrylamide. As a result; acrylamide treatment caused toxic effects on C. capoeta after this varying time intervals and concentrations.

We provide a first investigation of fish species composition, sex ratios, age, length-weight relationships and growth models in Saghamo Lake located in Javakheti highland (Georgia). In total 713 specimens belonging to 8 species were collected included non-native Coregonus albula, Carassius gibelio and native Alburnoides bipunctatus, Squalius cephalus, Capoeta capoeta, Romanogobio persus, Salmo cf. caspius and Barbus lacerta, among which later two were recorded for the first time in the lake. In overall, relative abundances of all species is low while some species may not be presented with viable populations. Deviation from expected sex ratio, growth at age and age structure indicates severe anthropogenic pressure as a potential driver of fish community degradation in the lake.

This study was conductedidentify the cause of mortality in diseased Seven khramulya (Capoeta capoeta)and to determine the damage to the fish tissue caused by the agents identified.While hemorrhage on the fins and abdominal region of diseased fish, necrosis ingills, darkening color and loss of scales were externally determined, thepresence of bloody and smelling liquid in the abdominal cavity, necrosis of visceralorgans, splenomegaly, hyperemia and hemorrhage in the visceral organs wereinternally observed. As a result of the parasitological examination, Gyrodactylus sp. were found on the gills of the diseased fish, and Trichodina sp. were found on their skin. Bacteriologically, isolated bacteria wereidentified as Aeromonas hydrophila,Vibrio fluvialis, Staphylococcus warneriand S. capitis. Histopathologically,thickening of epicardium in heart tissue, myopathy, periglomerular and tubularedema melanomacrophage and hemosiderinfoci, the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the kidney, hyperemia, infiltrationof inflammatory cells in the liver were observed. A. hydrophila, V. fluvialis, S. warneri,and S. capitis were firstisolated and identified as disease agents from the co-infection in diseasedSeven khyramulya, and furthermore,pathological changes in tissues caused by these pathogenic bacteria wereinvestigated in detail., Bu çalışma, hasta sirazbalıklarında (Capoeta capoeta)görülen ölümlerin nedenini belirlemek ve tespit edilen etkenlerin balıkdokusunda meydana getirdiği hasarı tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Dışbakıda balıkların yüzgeçlerinde ve karın bölgesinde hemoraji, yanı sırasolungaçlarda nekroz, renkte koyulaşma ve pullarda dökülme tespit edilirken,içbakıda ise abdominal boşlukta kanlı ve kokulu bir sıvının olduğu ayrıca içorganlarda nekroz, dalakta büyüme ve iç organlarda hiperemi ve hemoraji tespitedilmiştir. Parazitolojik muayene sonucunda, incelenen hasta balıklarınsolungaçlarında Gyrodactylus sp.derisinde ise Trichodina sp.parazitlerine rastlanılmıştır. Bakteriyolojik olarak izole edilen bakteriler Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio fluvialis,Staphlococcus warneri ve S. capitis olarakidentifiye edilmiştir. Histopatolojik olarak, epikardiyum da kalınlaşma,miyopati, böbrek dokusunda periglomerular ve tübüler ödem, melanomakrofaj vehemosiderin odakları yanı sıra inflamasyon hücrelerinin infiltrasyonu,karaciğerde hiperemi, infilamasyon hücrelerinin filtrasyonu gözlenmiştir. Buçalışma ile hasta siraz balıklarının karma enfeksiyonundan ilk kez hastalıketkeni olarak A. hyrophila, V. fluvialis,S. warneri ve S. capitis izole veidentifiye edilmiş ayrıca bu patojen bakterilerin dokularda meydana getirdiğipatolojik değişiklikler detaylı bir şekilde araştırılmıştır.

The Middle East contains a great diversity of Capoeta species, but their taxonomy remains poorly described. We used mitochondrial history to examine diversity of the algae‐scraping cyprinid Capoeta in Iran, applying the species‐delimiting approaches General Mixed Yule‐Coalescent (GMYC) and Poisson Tree Process (PTP) as well as haplotype network analyses. Using the BEAST program, we also examined temporal divergence patterns of Capoeta. The monophyly of the genus and the existence of three previously described main clades (Mesopotamian, Anatolian‐Iranian, and Aralo‐Caspian) were confirmed. However, the phylogeny proposed novel taxonomic findings within Capoeta. Results of GMYC, bPTP, and phylogenetic analyses were similar and suggested that species diversity in Iran is currently underestimated. At least four candidate species, Capoeta sp4, Capoeta sp5, Capoeta sp6, and Capoeta sp7, are awaiting description. Capoeta capoeta comprises a species complex with distinct genetic lineages. The divergence times of the three main Capoeta clades are estimated to have occurred around 15.6–12.4 Mya, consistent with a Mio‐Pleistocene origin of the diversity of Capoeta in Iran. The changes in Caspian Sea levels associated with climate fluctuations and geomorphological events such as the uplift of the Zagros and Alborz Mountains may account for the complex speciation patterns in Capoeta in Iran., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, (Grant/Award Number: “CGL2013-41375-P”).

In this study, the digestive tract of three freshwater fish species (Capoeta capoeta, Alburnus mossulensis and Squalius cephalus) was examined using a morpo-histopathological technique. Sediment and fish samples were taken from selected four stations in the Karasu River (Erzurum, Turkey) between June and September in 2015–2016. In water and sediment samples, the concentrations of some metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr and Pb) were determined. Histopathological changes in digestive tract were determined by histopathological alterations index (HAI). Intestinal coefficient (IC) and condition factor (CF), which are general indicators of exposure to environmental stress, were calculated for each fish. The highest CF was observed at the least contaminated site of the gradient. C. capoeta showed the highest values of IC among species. The detected abnormalities were infiltration, swelling, gastric degenerations, vacuolization, congestion, epithelial degenerations, hyperplasia, fibrosis and fusion at polluted site fish. It was also observed that the HAI and IC values in fish varied significantly from site to site. The results showed that the content of heavy metals in the river water and sediment may affect the health status of the fish species.

Summary Length–weight and length–length parameters were calculated in the Talkhehrud River, northwestern Iran, for four freshwater fish species belonging to two families. The b values varied between 2.27 and 3.19, with a mean ± SD of 2.2777 ± 0.387. The b parameter values in the length–weight relationship equations were determined as 2.73 for Alburnus atropatenae Berg, 1925; 3.19 for Alburnoides petrubanarescui Bogutskaya & Coad, 2009; 2.92 for Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstadt, 1773); and 2.27 for Oxynoemacheilus persa (Heckel, 1847). This study provides the first reference on the LWRs and LLRs for these species in the Talkhehrud River.

The aim of this study was stablish of gene bank on The Caspian Sea bony fish, identification genetic characterization and population of Barbus brachycephalus caspius, Lucioperca lucioperca , Rutilus rutilus caspius , Rutilus frisi kutum and Salmo trutta caspius in southern part of the Caspian Sea by molecular method (Microsatellites) and formation DNA bank, create of cryopreservation bank of bony fish and the feasibility of creating a natural habitat for spawning of bony fish in the Caspian Sea in order to preserve biodiversity and genetic risk. The results showed that The genetic diversity was significantly different between samples of Golestan (Goegan Gulf), Gilan (Sefidrood, Karganrood and Astara rivers) and Mazandaran (Tajan, Tonekabon, Sardabrood and Chaloos rivers) (p

WOS: 000403134800051 The aim of this study is to explore the effects of the herbicide glyphosate on serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total antioxidant (TAS) and oxidant (TOS) levels in Kars Creek Transcaucasian Barbs (Capoeta capoeta [Guldenstaedt, 1773]). Twenty four Capoeta capoeta are chosen within a weight range of 200 to 240 grams and they are equally divided into 3 groups, namely Groups I, II, III. The fish placed in Group I are received aquatic environment while Groups II and III were kept in aquatic environments with a pH value of 7.4 in tanks to which 0,01 and 0,02 mg/L glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine 480 mg/L), respectively. It was found that groups II and III had significantly lower serum plasma PON1, HDL and TAS levels than the control group (Group I). On the other hand, serum TOS levels were found significantly elevated in Groups II and III, in comparison to the control group. In this work, significant changes were found in the serum paraoxonase activity, HDL, TAS and TOS levels of fishes living in environments added 0.01 and 0.02 mg/L glyphosate.

Bu çalışmada, azotlu gübre uygulaması sonucu Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) dokularında oksidatif doku hasarının ve antioksidan seviyelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Bu amaçla çalışmada, 36 adet Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) kullanıldı. Hayvanlar 10 günlük adaptasyon süreci sonunda 2 deney (15 mg/L ve 30 mg/L azotlu gübre) ve 1 kontrol olmak üzere, her grupta 12 balık bulunan 3 gruba ayrıldı. Gruplar deney süresi boyunca 300'er litrelik su tanklarında bekletildi. Deney gruplarına uygulanan gübre su ortamına verildi. Kontrol grubuna herhangi bir uygulama yapılmadı. Deney gruplarından 15 günlük azotlu gübre uygulamasının sonunda immunohistokimyasal ve biyokimyasal çalışmalar için kan ve doku örnekleri alındı. Elde edilen plazma örnekleri total oksidan (TOS) ve total antioksidan seviyelerinin (TAS) ölçülmesine kadar -20oC'de saklandı. Histolojik inceleme için alınan karaciğer, solungaç ve bağırsak doku örnekleri ise fosfat tamponu solüsyonu ile hazırlanmış %10'luk formaldehit solusyonunda tespit edildi.Balıklardan alınan doku örnekleri üzerinde yapılan histopatolojik incelemelere göre kontrol grubuna kıyasla gübre uygulanan gruplarda; karaciğerin en fazla etkilenen organ olduğu, hepatositlerde hidropik dejenerasyon, nekroz ve hepatik kordon dejenerasyonları; solungaç dokusu incelendiğinde sekonder lamellada kütleşme, lamella epitelinde vakuolleşme; bağırsak dokusunda ise villuslarda kütleşme, supranüklear boşlukta azalma ve lamina propriada hücre infiltrasyonu gözlenmiştir.Katalaz immunoreaktivitesi incelemesine göre kontrol grubuna kıyasla gübre uygulanan gruplarda karaciğer dokusunda dejenerasyonun fazla olduğu bölgelerde ve piknotik çekirdekli hücrelerde immunboyama olduğu, solungaçların sekonder lamel epitel hücrelerinde ve sekonder lamella tabanında katalaz immunoreaktivitesi olduğu, bağırsak dokularında katalaz immunoreaktivitesi olmadığı saptanmıştır.SOD1 immunoreaktivitesi incelemesine göre kontrol grubuna kıyasla gübre uygulanan gruplarda, karaciğer dokusunda çekirdek üzerinde SOD1 immunoreaktivitesi olduğu, solungaç dokularında bazı sekonder lamella hücrelerinde SOD1 immunoreaktivitesi olduğu, bağırsak dokusu incelendiğinde enterosit kolumnar hücrelerinde hafif şiddette SOD1 immunoreaktivitesi olduğu gözlenmiştir.TAS ve TOS ölçüm sonuçlarına göre, TAS düzeyinde 15 mg/L ve 30 mg/L gübre uygulanan gruplarda istatistiksel olarak artış olduğu saptandı (p< 0,05). TOS düzeylerinde artış olduğu görüldü ancak istatistiksel olarak önemli bir fark belirlenmedi. In this study, it was aimed to determine oxidative tissue damage and antioxidant levels in tissues of Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) which is the result of application of nitrogen fertilizer.For this purpose, 36 Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) was used. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 12 fish (15 mg/L and 30 mg/L nitrogenous fertilizer) and 1 control in each group at the end of the 10-day adaptation period. The groups were kept in 300 liter water tanks throughout the experiment. The fertilizer applied to the experimental groups was given to the water. No treatment was given to the control group. Blood and tissue samples were taken for immunohistochemical and biochemical studies at the end of 15 day nitrogen fertilizer application from experimental groups. Obtained plasma samples were stored at -20 °C until total oxidant (TOS) and total antioxidant levels (TAS) were measured. Liver, gill and intestinal tissue samples collected for histological analyses were fixed in 10% phosphate buffered formaldehyde solution.According to the histopathological studies on the tissue samples taken from the fishes, in comparison with the control group, liver is the most affected organ, hydropic degeneration, necrosis and hepatic cord degeneration in hepatocytes, when the gill texture is examined, secondary to laminae laminae, vacuolization of lamella epithelium, masses in the villi around the intestine, decrease in the supranuclear space and cell infiltration of the lamina propria were observed.Catalase immunoreactivity was examined in comparison with control group in fertilizer applied groups, regions where there is excessive degeneration in the liver, and immunoblots in picnic nucleated cells, catalase immunoreactivity in the glandular lamellar epithelial cells of the gills and on the bottom of the laminae of the secondary, Catalase immunoreactivity was not found in intestinal tissues. SOD1 immunoreactivity was examined in comparison with control group in fertilizer applied groups SOD1 immunoreactivity is on the nucleus in liver tissue, there is SOD1 immunoreactivity in some gonadal lamella cells in the gill tissues, When intestinal tissue was examined, it was observed that mild severe SOD1 immunoreactivity was found in enterocyte columnar cells.According to TAS and TOS measurement results, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the TAS level in 15 mg/L and 30 mg/L fertilizer application groups (p

Measurement of hematological and blood serum biochemical parameters of Capoeta capoeta gracilis with regard to age, sex, and geographic location was the main purpose of this work. There was no gender effect on hematological and blood serum biochemical parameters. Blood samples were collected from 1, 2, 3, and 4-year-old specimens (n = 20 for each age). Sodium and potassium concentrations suggested significant differences among ages. The amount of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and eosinophil revealed significant differences between two locations (Siahrood and Talar Rivers). These data provide a baseline range for blood constituents of C. c. gracilis with regard to age, sex, and geographic location. This information may prove to be useful in monitoring the health of field-collected C. c. gracilis.

The contamination of surface waters by different pollutants is an important problem worldwide. In this study, the histopathological effects of water pollution were investigated on freshwater fish species Capoeta capoeta caught from the Karasu River. Fish were caught at three different sites in the Karasu River, namely, Askale, Dumlu, and Serceme. The histological changes in gill and liver of fish were detected microscopically and evaluated with quantitative analyses. In addition, heavy metals have also been determined in surface water samples from these sites. Results showed that the Askale site was polluted by different kinds of heavy metals. In Askale site, some heavy metals such as Cd, Al, As, Pb, and Mn levels were mostly detected at concentrations above than the accepted values by the Turkish Standards Institute. The presence of gill and liver histological alterations were assessed by the degree of tissue change (DTC). In gill filaments, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium, lamellar epithelial lifting, lamellae shortening, vasodilatation, lamellar disorganization, blood congestion, fusion, and aneurysm were observed. In the liver, the changes included an increase in the number and size of melanomacrophage aggregates, nonhomogenous parenchyma, proliferation of the hepatopancreas, sinusoidal dilatation, vacuolization, hypertrophy of the hepatocytes, congestion and degeneration of central vein, blood congestion, pyknotic nucleus, focal necrosis, and hepatic granuloma. The histological lesions were comparatively most severe in liver. The DTC means were varied from slight to moderate of gill and moderate to severe of liver tissue in the Askale site, thus the site is considered to be of low quality. Some pathological alterations were observed in the Serceme site, although their distribution was lower than sites Dumlu and especially Askale. The least DTC means of the Serceme site demonstrated their good environmental quality. The results suggest that there is a close relationship between amounts of pathological alterations and environmental contamination.

We evaluated the effects of the Shahid-Rajaei dam, 14 years after its construction, on morphometric and genetic divergence between up- and downstream populations of the Iranian fish Siah-Mahi (Capoeta capoeta gracilis). Sixty-six specimens were analyzed. There were significant differences between the 2 groups in the means of 16 morphometric characters (univariate analysis). In discriminant function analysis, the proportion of individuals classified into their original groups was 97 and 100% for up- and downstream populations, respectively. Principal component analysis of morphometric data demonstrated that the up- and downstream samples of Siah-Mahi are clearly distinct. In the genetic analysis, 6 informative primers produced 89 polymorphic bands with 95% polymorphism. In association analysis between morphological and genetic data, 63 of 89 genetic markers were significantly correlated with the 16 morphometric characters. We conclude that these are 2 morphologically and genetically distinct populations of C. c. gracilis, probably due to limited downstream dispersal and elimination of upstream migration.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of natural reproduction of indanger fish in the southern Caspian Sea in Tajan, Haraz,Sardabrood and Chalos rivers, and identify suitable habitats for this species in the study area as a genetic reserve.Sampling of physical and chemical parameters of water, macrobenthic invertebrates and fish fauna was conducted seasonaly in each rivers at selected stations from febrary 2010 during one year. Macrobenthic invertebrate sampling were used bySorber sampler and fish was collected by gill net and electroshocker set with a voltage of 1.7 A and 100-300 V. A total of 53 taxa of macrobenticinvertabrateshave been identified in the four mentioned rivers, in which Tajanriverconsisted of 47 taxa with highest richness.20 species of fish were determined in the studied rivers that 6 of them were non-native species.The results showed that the predominant identified fish species were native in the river. The fish species diversity increases as one moves from the headstream towards the estuaries of the two studied Sardabrud and Chalus rivers.The results of this study showed that the relative abundance of fish species resistant to pollution and hard environmental conditions were much more that sensitive species. physicochemical parameters of water such as; water temperature, DO, BOD5, pH, TSS, TDS, EC, turbidity, nutrients, biodiversity index such as Shanon index, EPT, HFBI, EPT/CHIR, nutrition functioning group and present or absent of fish species showed that there are significant decrease in water qualities from upstraem ratio to down stream (For example, in Tajan river water turbidity varied from 0 at station 1 to 333 NTU at station 6, Which is strongly influenced by sand workshops. As well as the activities of a significant impact of fish farming workshop on the Haraz river water quality). The minimum of HFBI index was 2.84 at station 1 and the maximum was recorded at station 5 with 6.01, and there is not any possibility to natural reproduction of migrated species that are dominant and indanger at downstream. Conditions for natural reproduction of this species in the rivers of srdabrood and Chalus there is to some. In Shahid- Rajaei dam the maximum relative abundance of fish species belonged to Capoeta capoeta, Luciobarbus capito and Squalius cephalus, respectively. These species have different age, length and weight stuctures at Shahid- Rajaei dam inhabitant, and the resourval of this dam and it,s upstream have been preparing auch a favorabile condition that seems there are potentioal of introductionand inhabitant of some of the Migratory and indanger fish species such as Barbels, Sturgeon, Alburnus chalcoides and etc. as genetic reserve for biodiversity preservation.

As presently recognized, the genus Capoeta includes 24 species, nine of which are known to occur in Iran (Capoeta aculeata, Capoeta capoeta, Capoeta buhsei, Capoeta damascina, Capoeta fusca, Capoeta heratensis, Capoeta mandica, Capoeta saadii and Capoeta trutta) and are distributed in almost all Iranian basins except Sistan and Mashkid. Capoeta coadi sp. n. is a new species from the Karun River, southern Iran, draining into the Arvand Rud (Shatt al-Arab) which drains into the Persian Gulf. It is distinguished from all other species of Capoeta by the combination of the following characters: elongate and usually cylindrical body; 8–9 branched dorsal-fin rays; last unbranched dorsal-fin ray weakly to moderately ossified and serrated along 1/3–2/3 of its length; scales small; 70-84 in lateral line (total); 12–17 scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; 9-11 scales between anal-fin origin and lateral line; 26–32 circum-peduncular scales; 10–13 gill rakers on lower limb of first gill arch; 45–47 total vertebrae; one posterior pair of barbels; bright golden-greenish or silvery body coloration in life; length of the longest dorsal-fin ray 15–22% SL; head length 23–26% SL; mouth width 7–10% SL. Capoeta coadi is also distinguished from all other congeners in the Iranian drainages by fixed diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mtDNA COI barcode region and cyt b. It is nested in the Capoeta damascina species complex.

It has been postulated that the building of the Shahid-Rajaei dam on the Tajan River around 1995 has lead to the morphological divergence of Siah Mahi Capotes capoeta gracilis (Pisces) of up- and downstream populations due to the isolation. A 13-landmark morphometric truss network system was used to investigate the hypothesis. Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences between the means of the two groups for 45 standardized morphometric measurements out of 78 characters studied. In linear discriminant function analysis (DFA), the overall assignment of individuals into their original groups was 87.6%. The proportion of individuals correctly classified into their original groups was 90.3% for upstream and 83.7% for downstream population. The principal component analysis (PCA) scatter plot of individual component scores between PC1 and PC2 showed 121 fish specimens grouped into two areas but with a relativity high degree of overlap between two populations. Clustering analysis based on Euclidean square distances among groups of centroids using an UPGMA resulted into two main clusters indicating two populations of C. c. gracilis. The present study indicated the presence of two morphologically different populations of C. c. gracilis in the Tajan River across the Shahid-Rajaei dam, probably due to their limited downstream dispersal and the elimination of upstream migration altogether, due the construction of the dam.

In the present study, 81 specimens of Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Keyserling, 1861) were collected from the Shiroud River, the Caspian drainage basin, Iran in June and October 2007. The fish were examined for infection with the nematode Rhabdochona fortunatowi (Dinnik, 1933). Nematodes were counted and sexed, then the sex ratio and intestinal site preference of the R. fortunatowi individuals and the intersexual interactions of the parasites were investigated. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence and intensity of infection in relation to host size and sampling season, but not host sex. Parasite burden (mean intensity) was higher in October than in June and the results revealed a decrease in female-to-male sex ratio (FMR) in the fish in October compared to the ones in June. In other words, as the mean intensity of infection of R. fortunatowi increases, the proportion of male worms increases, too. The female-biased sex ratio in June was replaced by a male-biased one in October. Nematode distribution rose to a significant peak in the mid-region of the fish intestine relative to the anterior and posterior parts. Some changes in the distribution of male and female worms in different parts of the host intestine were also observed during June and October. Density-dependent selection and intersexual competition seem to be the main factors driving such a shift in the sex ratio and its variation in different parts of the host intestine.

Kizilirmak River has been used as Ankara’s drinking water source for approximately 1.5 years. Therefore, this region’s water, sediment, and fish samples are measured for detecting the heavy metals. This is important for the current situation as well as the future in terms of potential impact. The amount of heavy metals in drinking water should be within the limited values; otherwise, the accumulation of heavy metals will cause many problems to living organisms. Especially high levels of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, etc. are very dangerous to freshwater ecosystems as for human if the water is being use as drinking water. In this study, water, sediment samples, muscle, and gills of three fish species (Capoeta tinca, Capoeta capoeta, Leuciscus cephalus) were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals such as (Al, Fe, As, Cd, Ni, Mn, Se, Si) to determine present accumulation levels and possible toxic effect. The accumulation pattern of heavy metals in the water, sediment, and fish tissue follows the sequence: Si > Fe > Al > Mn > As > Ni > Se > Cd, Fe > Al > Mn > Ni > As > Se > Cd, and Fe > Al > Mn > As > Ni > Si > Cd. In addition, the detected concentrations of heavy metals in the Kizilirmak and Delice Rivers are compared with other heavy metal studies in the other main rivers and lakes in Turkey.

Summary Siah Mahi, Capoeta capoeta gracilis, is a predominant fish in the river systems of the south Caspian Sea basin. Although there is evidence of the geographical divergence of this taxon, no information is available on morphological differences within the subspecies populations. The study was designed to evaluate this differentiation in the Shirud River system of the south Caspian Sea basin in Iran. A total of 120 fish specimens (≥ 180 mm) were collected from the Shirud River; 33 morphometric and 10 meristic characteristics were recorded for each specimen. The standardized data were subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA) and variables with eigenvector ≥ 0.74 used as input for analysis of clustering, which grouped the 120 fish specimens into five distinct clusters. The overall random assignment of individuals into their original groups was high (86.7%), indicating that these specimens are highly divergent from each other. The proportion of individuals correctly classified into their original groups was 90, 81.8, 85.7, 100 and 76% for groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. There were significant differences in nine morphometic characteristics among the five multivariate groups. Pectoral-anal length was the only characteristic that, based on all possible pair combinations of the five groups, could be individually distinguishable. With regard to meristic characteristics, a Kruskal–Wallis test showed that there were no significant differences among medians of the five multivariate groups.

In this study, we investigated whether wild-thyme (Thymus serpyllum) hydrosol had a preserving effect against spoilage of freshwater fish. Sensorial characteristics, chemical freshness indicator contents, and microbial counts (total aerobes, psychrotrophics, Enterobacteriaceae, fecal coliform bacteria, Aeromonas spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) of whole ungutted and gutted Transcaucasian barb (Capoeta capoeta capoeta Guldenstaedt, 1772) stored on ice produced from wild-thyme hydrosol and tap water at 4 degrees C for 20 days were compared. The results did not reveal any significant (P > 0.05) differences in the microbial counts, sensorial characteristics, pH, and total volatile basic nitrogen values between gutted and ungutted groups. Sensory evaluation and microbiological and chemical analyses indicated that the storage of the fish on ice produced from wild-thyme hydrosol had a significant increase in shelf life by at least 15 to 20 days.

Amaç: Araştırma Türkiye'nin Kuzey Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde bulunan Kars Platosunda yer alan dere ve çaylardaki tatlı su balıklarında Ligula intestinalis parazitlerinin yaygınlığını ve bunların neden olduğu enfeksiyonları bildirmek amacıyla yapıldı. Yöntemler: Çalışma Nisan-Temmuz 2011 tarihleri arasında yürütüldü. Materyali oluşturan balık örnekleri serpme ağ ile avlamak süratiyle yakalandı. Ligula intestinalis pleroserkoidleri yönünden avlama sonrası hemen parazitolojik olarak incelendi. Bulgular: Araştırmada 310 adet akarsu balığı Ligula intestinalis plerocercoidi yönünden incelendi. Bu balıkların %55.8'ini Capoeta capoeta, %24.2'sini Squalius cephalus, %11.0'ini Alburnus filippii, % 5.8'ini Barbus plebejus lacerta ve %3.2'sini ise Alburnoides bipunctatus türleri oluşturdu. İncelenen balıkların %2.6 (8/310)'ında L. intestinalis plerocercoidi saptandı. Bu parazitin görülme oranı Barbus plebejus lacerta'da %38.9 (7/18) ve Capoeta capoeta'da %0.6 (1/173) olarak bulundu. Diğer üç balık türü olan Squalius cephalus, Alburnus filippii ve Alburnoides bipunctatus'ta ise cestod larvasına rastlanmadı. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada Kars Platosunda yer alan Kars Çayı ve kollarındaki tatlı su balıklarında L. intestinalis plerocercoidleri ilk olarak bildirildi, Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Ligula intestinalis and infections caused by these on freshwater fish in rivers and streams in the Kars plateau of north-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Methods: This research was conducted between April and July 2011. Fish samples were caught via a casting net and an electro-shocker. The samples were immediately examined to determine the prevalence of L. intestinalis plerocercoids. Results: In this research, 310 stream fishes were studied to determine the prevalence of L. intestinalis plerocercoids. Detected fishes included 55.8% Capoeta capoeta, 24.2% Squalius cephalus, 11.0% Alburnus filippii, 5.8% Barbus plebejus lacerta, and 3.2% Alburnoides bipunctatus. L. intestinalis plerocercoids were found in 2.6% (8/310) of the examined fishes. The percentage of this parasite was found to be 38.9% (7/18) on B. plebejus lacerta and 0.6% (1/173) on C. capoeta. L. intestinalis plerocercoids were not observed on the other three fish species (S. cephalus, A. filippii, and Al. bipunctatus).Conclusion: In this study, L. intestinalis plerocercoids were reported for the first time in the Kars stream and its distributaries on the Kars plateau in north-eastern Anatolia, Turkey.

Spermiogenesis of the monozoic cestode Khawia armeniaca (Cholodkovski, 1915), a parasite of Capoeta capoeta sevangi (De Filippi, 1865) (Pisces: Cyprinidae), has been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy for the first time. The present results show that the type of spermiogenesis in K. armeniaca shares the main features described previously in the pseudophyllideans and/or spathebothriideans: apical dense material in the zone of differentiation in the early stages of spermiogenesis, rotation of flagellum and flagellar bud, proximodistal fusion, and penetration of the nucleus into the spermatid body after the fusion of the free flagellum with the MCP has started. However, only one axoneme and a simple intercentriolar body represent presumably more evolved characters, typical for "higher" tapeworms. Ultrastructural data of spermiogenesis in K. armeniaca may support the hypothesis that the Caryophyllidea are secondarily derived from an ancestor closely allied with the Pseudophyllidea.

In this study, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3 + CaMg (CO3)2) on Capoeta capoeta (Guldensteadt, 1773) were studied with electrophoretic and histopathological methods. The fish caught from Kars Creek (TURKEY) were put into 300 liters tanks and they were enabled to adapt to the medium for 10 days. Then they were divided into 3 groups. The fish in the 1st group were held in normal water, 2nd and 3rd groups were held in the water containing 15 mg/L and 30 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer respectively for 15 days. At the end of this period, blood and tissue samples were taken from the fish for electrophoresis and histopathological examination. Serum samples obtained were carried out in Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Tissue samples were fixed in %10 formaldehyde solution, and paraffin blocks were prepared by routine histological methods and section 3-5 μ thickness were performed and all of the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin method and investigated under light microscope. In SDS-PAGE of serum proteins, new protein expression as well as thinning and thickness in various protein bands of fish applied nitrogen fertilizer were observed. In histopathological examination, increasing levels of degeneration, necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration were observed in the tissues of the liver, intestine, gill and kidney tissues of experimental fish groups in proportion with the increasing of dose. It is concluded that contamination of nitrogen fertilizer in aquatic environments can have harmful effects on fish.

Total mercury concentrations were determined in muscle tissue of Khramulia (Capoeta capoeta) captured in the Cheshme Kile and Zarrin Gol Rivers, Iran. In Cheshme Kile River, 49 fish samples were collected. The mean total mercury concentration in the muscles of C. capoeta from this area was 249 ng g(-1) dw. In Zarrin Gol River, where 62 fish samples were collected, the total mercury in muscles averaged 164 ng g(-1) dw. A significant difference was found between means of mercury in the rivers (p0.001). All samples from the two rivers had mean mercury concentrations below the maximum allowable limits for mercury set by the Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization, Standardization Administration of China and Environmental Protection Agency. The results of this study indicate that the values of hazard target quotient and estimated weekly intake are low and represent a negligible risk for human health.

Karasu River, which is the only river in the Erzurum plain, is the source of the Euphrates River (Eastern Anatolia of Turkey). The river is in a serious environmental situation as a result of pollution by agricultural and industrial sewage and domestic discharges. The present study aims to evaluate genotoxic effects of toxic metals in chub, Leuciscus cephalus, and transcaucasian barb, Capoeta capoeta, collected from contaminated site of the Karasu River, in comparison with fish from an unpolluted reference site. Heavy metal concentrations in surface water of the river were determined. The condition factor (CF) was taken as a general biomarker of the health of the fish, and genotoxicity assays such as micronucleus (MN) and other nuclear abnormalities (NA) were carried out on the fish species studied. MN and NA such as kidney-shaped nucleus, notched nucleus, binucleated, lobed nucleus, and blebbed nucleus were assessed in peripheral blood erythrocytes, gill epithelial cells, and liver cells of the fish. A significant decrease in CF values associated with a significant elevation in MN and NA frequencies was observed in fish collected from the polluted sites compared with those from the reference site. Results of the current study show the significance of integrating a set of biomarkers to identify the effects of anthropogenic pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals have a potential genotoxic effects, and the toxicity is possibly related to industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities.

Bu çalışmada Çıldır gölündeki Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), Capoeta capoeta (Güldenstadt, 1773) ve Squalius turcicus (De Filippi, 1865) türlü balıkların bazı fenotopik özellikleri belirlenmiştir.Her bir balıkta standart boy (SL), sırt yüksekliği (SY), baş uzunluğu (BU), toplam vücut ağırlığı (W), pul ağırlığı (PA), yüzgeç ağırlığı (YA), iç organ ağırlığı (İOA), kılçıklı karkas ağırlığı (KA), ovaryum ağırlıkları (OA) ve pul yaşı belirlendi. Ayrıca kondüsyon faktörü (K), SL/SY, SY/SL, BU/SL, BA/W, YA/W, PA/W, karkas verimi, visserosomatik indeks (VSİ), gonadosomatik indeks (GSİ) oranları da hesaplanmıştır.Sazan ve kefal grubunda grup içi ve cinsiyete göre değerlendirildiğinde hem SL, BU, W, BA, KA, PA hem de SL/SY, SY/SL, BU/SL, BA/W, PA/W; YA/W, VSİ, KV, GSİ ve K faktörü bakımından istatistiki olarak önemli bir fark bulunmamıştır (P> 0,05). Karabalık grubunda ise SL (P0,05).Sonuç olarak, K faktörü düşükten büyüğe doğru karabalık, sazan ve kefal şeklinde iken KV açısından karabalık, kefal ve sazan sıralaması tespit edilmiştir. In this study, some phenotypic characteristics of the Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), Capoeta capoeta (Güldenstadt, 1773) and Squalius turcicus (De Filippi, 1865) species belongs to Çıldır Lake- Turkey were investigated.Each fish was determined for standard length (SL), back height (SY), head length (BU), total body weight (W), flake weight (PA), fins weight (YA), internal organ weight (İOA), carcass weight (KA), ovarian weights (OA) and the age flakes. In addition, condition factor (K), SL/SY, SY/SL, BU/SL, BA/W, YA/W, PA/W, carcass yield (KV), visserosomatic index (VSİ), gonadosomatic index (GSİ) rates were calculated.Compared to within the fish groups by gender, both the Cyprinus carpio group and the Squalius turcicus group, no statistically significant differences were obtained in terms of SL, BU, W, BA, KA, PA, SL/SY, SY/SL, BU/SL, BA/W, PA/W, YA/W, VSİ, KV, GSI and K factor (P>0,05). In the group Capoeta capoeta, there was a statistically significant difference, respectively; SL (P0,05).In conclusion, from small to large for K factor was found Capoeta capoeta, Cyprinus carpio and Squalius turcicus rankings, while Capoeta capoeta, Squalius turcicus and Cyprinus carpio rankings were determined in terms of KV. 65

Bu çalışmada, Kars Çayı'ndan yakalanan Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) bireyleri üzerine bir pestisit olan Dimetoat (DM)'ın histopatolojik ve elektroforetik etkileri ve buna karşı Askorbik asit (AA,C vitamini)'in koruyucu etkileri araştırılmıştır. Kars Çayı'ndan yakalanan balıklar laboratuar ortamında 300'er L'lik tanklarda 10 gün süreyle ortama adaptasyonları sağlandıktan sonra 10'ar balık bulunan 4 grup oluşturuldu. I. gruptaki balıklar normal su ortamına, II. gruptaki balıklar 100 mg/L AA, III. gruptaki balıklar 2mg/L DM ve IV. gruptaki balıklar ise 100 mg/L AA ve 2 mg/L DM içeren su ortamına alınarak 10 gün süreyle bekletildi. Bu süre sonunda elektroforetik ve histopatolojik çalışmalar için balıklardan kan ve doku örnekleri alındı. Doku örnekleri %10'luk formaldehit solüsyonunda tespit edilerek rutin histolojik yöntemlerle parafin bloklar hazırlandı. 3-5 kalınlığında kesitler alınarak tamamı hematoksilen ve eosin boyama metoduna göre boyanarak mikroskopta incelendi. Elde edilen serum örnekleri ise Sodyum Dodesil Sülfat Poliakrilamid Jel Elektroforezi (SDS-PAGE)'nde yürütüldü.Serum numunelerinin SDS-PAGE'den elde edilen elektroforegramında kontrol grubundaki balıkların protein bandlarına kıyasla, 100 mg/L AA ve 2 mg/L DM uygulanması sonucu 82 kD, 72 kD, 69 kD, 49 kD ve 36 kD'luk bandlarda kalınlaşmalar, 100 kD, 97 kD, 76 kD, 56 kD ve 30 kD'luk bandlarda incelmeler, 93 kD, 46 kD, 44 kD ve 26 kD'luk bandların ise yeni sentezlendiği saptandı.DM ve AA uygulaması ile oluşturulan gruplardan elde edilen karaciğer, bağırsak ve böbrek dokularında yapılan histopatalojik incelemelerde DM'a bağlı olarak dejenerasyon, nekroz, piknotik nükleus ve hücre infiltrasyonları tespit edildi.Sonuç olarak DM uygulamasının Capoeta capoeta'da toksik etki meydana getirdiği ve buna karşı AA'in kısmen iyileştirici etkisinin olduğu sonucuna varıldı. In this study, Dimethoate (a pesticide)'s histopathological and electrophoretic effects on Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) individuals captured from Kars River and against that ascorbic acid (vitamin C)'s protective effects were investigated. After providing their adaptations to the environment in 300 liter tanks in the laboratory, the fish caught from Kars River were divided into 4 groups (each including 10 fish). The fish were kept in different water containing mediums: group I in normal water medium, group II in 100 mg/L AA, group III in 2 mg/L DM and group IV in 100 mg/L AA and 2 mg/L DM, and then they were steeped in these water mediums for 10 days. After this period, blood and tissue samples were taken from the fish for electrophoretic and histopathological studies. Tissue samples were detected in 10% formaldehyde solution and paraffin blocks were prepared by routine histological methods. Sections taken into 3-5 thick, all stained according to hematoxylin and eosin staining methods, were examined under a microscope. Obtained serum sampleswere carried out in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).Compared to the serum samples obtained from SDS-PAGE electropherogram in the control group of fish protein bands, as a result of the application of 100 mg/L AA and 2 mg/L DM, thickening in 36 kD band, thinning in 100 kD, 97 kD, 76 kD, 56 kD and 30 kD bands was observed, also 93 kD, 46 kD, 44 kD and 26 kD bands were detected to newly synthesized.In the histopathological examinations depending on DM on liver, intestine and kidney tissues obtained from the group formed by application of DM and AA, degeneration, necrosis, pyknotic nuclei and cell infiltrates were detected.As a result, DM application was found to create toxic effects on Capoeta capoeta, whereas AA was found to have a healing effect on it. 53

Studying native fishes of Hamadan province have been done in 159 stations from 51 important water resources (wetland, reservoir, spring, river and qanat) using with electric tool, cast-net, seine and gill-net gears from July 2010 to Oct. 2011 and the main aims were species identifying and determining their distribution and abundance in the studied area. In the study, 33411 fish specimens are caught in 257 times of sampling and selected randomly about 8500 individual and laboratory works showed the fish belong to 37 species from 7 families. Cyprinidae with 25, Nemacheilidae with 6 and Sisoridae with 2 species had the most diversity and Cobitidae, Poeciliidae, Salmonidae and Mastacembelidae had only a representative. 31 fish species were native or endemic and 6 species were alien. Fish species existed in all rivers of Ghezelozan and Sirvan sub-basins but there were not any fish in 10 rivers of Ghara-Chai sub-basin and in 6 rivers of Gamasiab sub-basin, too. Also, it was observe 1-3 fish species in 15 rivers, 4-6 fish species in 10 rivers, 7-10 fish species in 5 rivers and more than 10 fish species in 4 main water resources and Gamasiab sub-basin with 32 fish species was the most diversified and Ghezelozan sub-basin with 2 fish species was the least diversified. There were any species to 4 (mostly 1 or 2) fish species in studied qanats in Ghara-Chai and Gamasiab rivers sub-basins. 23 fish species existed in a subbasin, 12 species in 2 sub-basin, Capoeta capoeta in 3 sub-basin and Squalius cephalus in all sub-basins of studied area. Alburnoides nicolausi,Capoeta aculeata and Alburnus mossulensis have had the most frequency. Studying fish abundance showed Oxynoemacheilus argyrogramma with 17.8%, Garra rufa with 12.3%, A. mossulensis with 12.1% and C. aculeata with 10.2 % of total number of caught fish specimens are dominant. S. cephalus, Capoeta damascina, C. aculeata, C. trutta, Chondrostoma regium and A. mossulensis have had sport fishing value but Acanthobrama marmid, Oxynoemacheilus kiabii, Oxynoemacheilus kermanshahensis, Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi, Alburnus caeruleus and Mastacembelus mastacembelus have biodiversity value for being endemic or having limited habitats in Iran. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

This study had been carried out between October 1992 and February 1994 in Koycegiz Lagoon System (KLS) which is aspecially protected area (SPA). Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OC) in Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) and infish (Capoeta capoeta, Oreochromis mossambica, Lizaramada, Chelon labrosus and Anguilla anguilla) from KLSwere analysed by gas chromatography. Residues of 5 OC pesticides(α-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane); 0.48 μg kg-1,β-HCH; 0.58 μg kg-1, γ-HCH; 2.60 μg kg-1, aldrin; 0.42 μg kg-1, and endrin; 1.80 μg kg-1) were foundin crab samples, while 7 OC (Total DDT, dieldrin, α-HCH,β-HCH, γ-HCH, aldrin and endrin) were observed infish samples. One of them, α-HCH was found in all fishspecies' muscle tissues. The average of results were 6.75 μg kg-1 for C. capoeta; 35.90 μg kg-1 for O. mossambica; 26.30 μg kg-1 for L. ramada; 5.33 μg kg-1 for μg kg-1 for C. labrosus; 5.00 μg kg-1 for A. anguilla.

Summary It is believed that streams of a basin may contribute to stream-specific variation in allometry coefficients related to between-habitat differences. To test intra-basin variation of the allometry coefficients of Lenkorn Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Keyserling, 1861), a total of 1731 individuals were sampled in six streams of the Gorganroud basin (southeast Caspian Sea) between April and May 2008. Values of b ranged from 2.647 for males of Chelchai to 2.964 for females of Madarsou, indicating negative allometric growth for the fish in the basin. There were variations in the allometry coefficient among the considered groups, which can be interpreted as species’ response to different habitats. To the best knowledge of the authors, this study documents the comparative reference on variation of allometry coefficient of Capoeta capoeta gracilis in southeast Caspian streams.