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Pepper is a significant cash crop, and Capsicum frutescens is an exemplary variety of pepper cultivated for its distinctive flavor and substantial nutritional value. Polyploidization of plants often leads to an increase in their biomass and improved stress tolerance, and thus has important applications in plant breeding and improvement. In this study, germplasm innovation was carried out by polyploidy induction of C. frutescens by colchicine. To investigate the effects of polyploidization on C. frutescens, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of diploids and homotetraploids of C. frutescens to gain insights into the mechanisms of metabolite composition and molecular regulation of C. frutescens by polyploidization. Based on the analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics data, a total of 551 differential metabolites were identified in the leaves of C. frutescens of different ploidy and 634 genes were significantly differentially expressed. In comparison, 241 differential metabolites and 454 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the mature fruits of C. frutescens of different ploidy. Analysis of KEGG enrichment of differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites revealed that both differential metabolites and differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway. It is worth noting that phenylpropanoids are highly correlated with capsaicin synthesis and also have an effect on fruit development. Therefore, we comprehensively analyzed the phenylalanine metabolic pathway and found that chromosome doubling significantly down-regulated the expression of genes upstream of phenylalanine (PAL, 4CL), which promoted lignin accumulation, and we suggested that this might have led to the enlargement of polyploid C. frutescens fruits. This study provides some references for further research on the phenotypic traits of different ploidy of C. frutescens, cloning of key regulatory genes, and using genetic engineering techniques in C. frutescens breeding for germplasm improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabai rawit adalah salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang banyak dibudidayakan secara komersial di Indonesia karena secara ekonomi dan konsumsi memiliki permintaan yang tinggi. Produksi tanaman cabai belum mampu memenuhi kebutuhan nasional. Serangan patogen merupakan salah satu faktor penghambat produksi cabai rawit di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengarakterisasi kerusakan struktur morfologi dan anatomi daun cabai rawit yang terinfeksi jamur Cercospora capsici. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif observatif. Sampel daun cabai rawit yang menunjukkan gejala bercak kuning dikumpulkan dari lapangan, lalu diamati karakter morfologi dan anatominya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan karakter morfologi yaitu berupa bercak kecil bulat berwarna coklat dan klorosis dengan gejala lanjutan berupa nekrosis hingga terjadi kerontokan daun. Kerusakan karakter anatomi cabai rawit menunjukkan adanya infeksi hifa jamur yang masuk ke dalam jaringan mesofil dan korteks daun melalui stomata dan ruang antarsel sehingga menyebabkan terganggunya fotosintesis.

Chili pepper is Indonesia’s widely cultivated horticultural commodity, driven by high economic and consumer demand. However, chili production has not been able to meet national needs. One of the major inhibiting factors is the attack by pathogens. This study aimed to characterize the damage to the morphological and anatomical structures of chili pepper leaves infected with the fungus Cercospora capsici. A descriptive observational method was employed in this research. Samples of chili pepper leaves exhibiting yellow spot symptoms were collected from the field, followed by observations of their morphological and anatomical characteristics. The results indicated that morphological damage manifested as small, round brown spots and chlorosis, with advanced symptoms leading to necrosis and eventual leaf drop. Anatomical damage revealed the presence of fungal hyphae infiltrating the leaf’s mesophyll and cortex tissues through stomata and intercellular spaces, disrupting the process of photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assembly of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) cannot be separated from the direction of qualitative character development. This is based on the role of qualitative characters in determining nutritional content and market segments. Therefore, the analysis of qualitative characters in the F 4 multiple cross cayenne pepper population needs to be done in determining the direction of line development in the next generation. The purpose of this study was to identify the inheritance pattern of qualitative traits and genotype grouping from a population of F4 multiple cross lines. The research was conducted at the Experimental Field of Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. The study was designed with the concept of observation on 90 F4 multiple cross chili lines and three parental cultivars (Dewata F1, Bara and Ungara). Observations focused on 10 qualitative characters. The analysis showed that there are two types of diversity in this population, namely centralized diversity and distributed diversity. Centralized diversity consists of leaf color, book color, leaf shape, canopy density, stem color, fruit shape, and fruit tip shape. In contrast, characters that have a diverse distribution are crown color, young and old chili fruit color. The distribution results show three main groups, namely the Dewata -Bara group (27 genotypes), the Ungara group (16 genotypes) and the rest are groups outside of these two groups. Based on the whole study, the results of this evaluation are recommended as a consideration for the selection of F5 lines in supporting the direction of releasing chili cultivars from multiple cross. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substrate supplementation and co-cultivation approaches were used to enhance activity of biofungicide Trichoderma viride. Biopesticides were produced using corn cobs (T), corn cobs + 1% keratin (K), corn cobs + 5% lignin (L), and corn cobs + 1% keratin + 5% lignin (K+L). Also, biopesticides were produced through co-culturing with Bacillus subtilis MTCC8142, by sequential inoculation (B+T) and simultaneous inoculation (T3+B2) (B2+T3). The highest spore count was produced by (T3+B2) of 6.25x108 spores/g of substrate, followed by (T) of 6.20x108 spores/g of substrate. GC-MS characterization of ethyl acetate extract of biopesticides revealed different metabolites produced under different conditions. The zone of inhibition of extract was greatest for (T) of 21 mm, followed by (K) of 20.7 mm and for (B2+T3) of 18 mm at 10 mg/mL concentration. (K) and (B2+T3) did not affect antifungal properties; however, other substrate-supplemented and co-cultivated biopesticides decreased them. Competition between two microbes prevented (T3+B2) from producing antimicrobial metabolites; hence, no zone of inhibition was observed. The biopesticides (K), (L) and (B2+T3) significantly enhanced growth of chili plants (Capsicum frutescens L.), outperforming other biopesticides. The production of phthalates, also known as phytotoxins, by B+T resulted in a decrease in plant growth. Adding 1% keratin to corn cobs (K) and (B2+T3) sequential inoculation are best ways to boost plant growth promoting activity of T. viride without affecting its biocontrol activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilli is an important vegetable crop used to add spiciness to food. Capsicum frutescens L. is one of the cultivated species of chilli grown wild in high rainfall regions. The experimental material consisting of thirty-three genotypes involving thirty-two bird's eye chilli germplasm lines collected from various regions of Karnataka and Kerala and one check variety were evaluated for yield and its contributing traits. The replicated experiment was conducted in open field condition during the January-June, 2023 at Department of Biotechnology, GKVK, Bengaluru. For traits including plant height, the number of secondary branches per plant and the number of days to first fruit harvest, significant treatment differences were noted. The traits viz., plant height, individual fruit dry weight and fruit yield per plant recorded high estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (27.43, 25.49 and 27.10%, respectively), phenotypic coefficient of variation (29.92, 27.19 and 28.99%, respectively), heritability (84.00, 68.70 and 78.21%, respectively) and genetic advance over mean (51.81, 43.35 and 49.71, respectively). Promising genotypes identified for better yield were UASBCF-29, UASBCF-30, UASBCF-27, UASBCF-31 and UASBCF-9. The traits with high estimates of variance and heritability may be altered through selection. The better performing genotypes for yield can be effectively utilized in crop improvement programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene β cyclase (LCY-B) catalyzes the conversion of linear lycopene to cyclic β carotene, a crucial component of the photosynthetic machinery and a source of vitamin A for humans and animals. The gene was amplified in fragments using primers designed from conserved sequences of available nucleotide sequences from NCBI and a sequence of 1494 bp was observed upon amplification of the complete gene. The deduced amino acid sequence had a significant overall similarity with sequences of other Capsicum plants. It was observed that C. frutescens occurred in the same cluster as C. annuum and C. baccatum, while LCYB from all the other plants of the Solanaceae family were placed in one cluster signifying the conserved nature of the protein. The tertiary structure obtained from the protein was validated using the Ramachandran plot and ERRANT scores were determined. The protein function analysis gives insight into important parameters of the protein such as the number of cysteine residues, glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepper is a significant cash crop, and Capsicum frutescens is an exemplary variety of pepper cultivated for its distinctive flavor and substantial nutritional value. Polyploidization of plants often leads to an increase in their biomass and improved stress tolerance, and thus has important applications in plant breeding and improvement. In this study, germplasm innovation was carried out by polyploidy induction of C. frutescens by colchicine. To investigate the effects of polyploidization on C. frutescens, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of diploids and homotetraploids of C. frutescens to gain insights into the mechanisms of metabolite composition and molecular regulation of C. frutescens by polyploidization. Based on the analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics data, a total of 551 differential metabolites were identified in the leaves of C. frutescens of different ploidy and 634 genes were significantly differentially expressed. In comparison, 241 differential metabolites and 454 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the mature fruits of C. frutescens of different ploidy. Analysis of KEGG enrichment of differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites revealed that both differential metabolites and differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway. It is worth noting that phenylpropanoids are highly correlated with capsaicin synthesis and also have an effect on fruit development. Therefore, we comprehensively analyzed the phenylalanine metabolic pathway and found that chromosome doubling significantly down-regulated the expression of genes upstream of phenylalanine (PAL, 4CL), which promoted lignin accumulation, and we suggested that this might have led to the enlargement of polyploid C. frutescens fruits. This study provides some references for further research on the phenotypic traits of different ploidy of C. frutescens, cloning of key regulatory genes, and using genetic engineering techniques in C. frutescens breeding for germplasm improvement.

In order to study the effect of melatonin on the storage quality and energy metabolism of postharvest green pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). The green pepper was used as the experiment material in this experiment with different concentrations (100, 200 and 300 μmol/L) at low temperature (9 ℃). To investigate the effects of melatonin treatment on the storage quality and energy metabolism of green pepper fruits. The results showed that melatonin treatment could effectively reduce decay rate and slow down the decline of fruit hardness of green pepper. In particular, the treatment effect of 200 μmol/L melatonin was the best. In addition, melatonin could delay the decline of capsaicin and chlorophyll content, maintained a lower MDA content, inhibited the degradation of ATP, ADP and AXP, promoted the accumulation of AMP content, and maintained a higher energy charge level in green pepper. Melatonin could also maintain high SDH, CCO, H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activity in green pepper. Correlation analysis showed that the activities of ATP, ADP, AXP, energy charge, H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in green pepper were significantly negatively correlated with the decay rate (P

The fruit color of chili pepper is an important characteristic in identification and classification and is often used as the basis for determining consumer preferences. Information on the relationship between chili fruit color and its molecular profile is very important in supporting selection activities in plant breeding. This study aims to identify genetic diversity associated with the fruit color of three genotypes of chili (Capsicum frutescens L.): Cakra Hijau, HV-149 and G1/M8, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR). Morphological confirmation was carried out according to Capsicum descriptors. Nineteen RAPD markers and six SSR markers were used for genetic variability assessment. Genetic variation was analyzed using the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic mean and the Jaccard similarity index. The three chili genotypes had different fruit colors at each maturation stage. The immature Cakra Hijau fruit is dark green and turns dark red as it ripens. The immature fruits of the G1/M8 line are light green and turn red when ripe. Finally, immature HV-149 fruits are dark green and yellow when ripe. The SSR markers used in this study were unable to show polymorphism. On the other hand, the RAPD marker successfully detected genetic variation in the three chili genotypes and resulted in a total of 49 alleles. The average value of polymorphic information content of the RAPD primers used ranged from 0 to 0.296, with the highest index indicated by OPA-1. The dendrogram shows the separation of the three genotypes into two main clusters, with the first cluster consisting of the HV-149 variety and the second cluster consisting of Cakra Hijau and G1/M8 lines. This study revealed that there are genetic variations based on the morphological characteristics of fruit color at each ripening stage and RAPD band profile. The RAPD marker was more effective than the SSR marker for identifying the genetic diversity of fruit color in the three chilies studied.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

North Central Timor (NCT) Regency, located on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT) Indonesia, has dry climate conditions with rainfall of 1,500 milli meters (mm) every year. This holds the potential for microbial diversity including rhizobacteria. This research aimed to select and identify potential isolates as biological fertilizers and in vivo application for bird’s eye pepper (Capsicum frutescens) germination. Selection of rhizobacteria from 20 isolates collected by researchers was obtained 5 isolates solubilizer phosphate, 4 isolates fixed nitrogen, and 5 isolates produced Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). Two isolates of CN03 and RTCR01 have potential as biofertilizers. The results of biochemical identification demonstrate that CN03 and RTCR01 isolates ferment glucose, lactose, and sucrose, are positive for citrate and catalase tests, while the molecular identification of 16S rRNA isolates CN03 99 % is similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and isolates RTCR01 99 % is similar to Lysinibacillus boritolerans. Meanwhile, the application with the immersion treatment of bacterial isolates on the bird’s eye pepper seed germination results in immersion treatment (K1) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; (K3) the combination of P. aeruginosa and L. boronitolerans significantly (p > 0.05) affected germination, vigor index, length of root, and growth of sprouts, but treatment (K2) L. boronitolerans is not significantly different (p < 0.05) from the control treatment (KO) using distilled water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying conditions such as temperature and duration leads to pepper modifications that can results into quality degradation. In this study matured red fresh Capsicum frutescens var. Baccatum (FB) and Capsicum frutescens var longum (FL) were dried using sun drying (SFB and SFL) and hot air cabinet drying (CFB and CFL) methods. Effects of drying was investigated on moisture content, water activity, carotenoid (capsorubin, violaxanthin, capsanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin) and colour characteristic (extractable, surface colour, non-enzymic browning index [NEBI]). Cabinet drying significantly (P

This experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of Mineral fertilizer and Sorbitol Sugar on the growth, and yield produced by chili pepper plant Barbarian F1, A factorial experiment with two factors, Mineral Fertilizer concentration 0, 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 g L-1 and Sorbitol Sugar 0 and 10 g L-1 was used in the term of (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed significant superiority of Mineral Fertilizer at 1.5 ml-1 in the plant height (59.62 cm plant-1 ), number of main branches plant-1 (5.600 branch plant-1), total leaf area (21.100 dm2 plant-1), number of fruits plant (88.25 fruit plant-1). One plant yield (0.718 kg plant-1) and total yield (23.94 tons hectare-1). The result also showed a significant increase of Sorbitol sugar in concentration 10 g L-1 in the plant height, number of branches1, total leaf area by balance, number of fruits, (58.63cm, 5.493 branch plants-1, 21.98dm2, 84.78 fruit plant-1, 0.685 kg plant-1, and 23.03 ton hectare-1 respectively). The interaction indicated that both variables were significant for all the studied traits, indicated that the response of pepper to the first variable is related to the second one. Thus, the research has concluded that the Interaction of variables, mineral fertilizer (1.5 g L-1) and Sorbitol Sugar 10 g l-1 has a great combination to increase the growth and the yield of chili pepper.

La sequía es el factor más común que limita el desarrollo y productividad de los cultivos, afectando severamente a la agricultura. En México, uno de los cultivos de importancia económica y gastronómica sensible al estrés hídrico es el género Capsicum. En el presente estudio se evaluó la aplicación de prolina en plantas de Capsicum frutescens expuestas a sequía inducida por polietilenglicol (PEG) en un sistema hidropónico. Empleando un diseño factorial 22, se evaluaron un total de 60 plántulas durante 120 h dividas en cuatro tratamientos: PEG (0 y 10 %) y Pro (0 y 10 mM) como variables de estudio. Los resultados demostraron que la exposición a 10 mM de Pro indujo un aumento significativo en la concentración de clorofila y de prolina endógena (hoja y raíz) en las plántulas en ausencia de estrés. Además, se observó un 80 % de supervivencia de las plántulas y un aumento en el contenido de prolina en aquellas que estuvieron expuestas a 10 mM Pro + 10 % PEG. De igual manera, se presentó un aumento en el contenido de clorofila (13 µg • mL-1), contenido relativo de agua (CRA) en raíz (77.6 %), porcentaje de electrolitos en hoja y raíz (~44 y ~52 % respectivamente), en comparación con el tratamiento de 0 mM Pro + 10 % PEG. Los resultados sugieren que la aplicación previa de prolina tiene un efecto positivo en la supervivencia de las plántulas bajo condiciones de sequía inducida por PEG.

Studies were carried out to determine the efficacy of three spices (Allium sativum L., Capsicum frutescens L., and Zingiber officinale Rosc.) against Sitophilus zeamais reared on maize grains. Application rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g of each of A. sativum, C. frutescens and Z. officinale and 0.12 g of Permethrin were applied to 20 g of maize grains infested with S. zeamais under controlled conditions of 30 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% R.H. In all the treatments, 100% mortality of adult S. zeamais reared on maize was obtained. The effect of the spices on adult mortality was significantly different (p

O levantamento das espécies de moscas-das-frutas, especialmente as da família Tephritidae, na cultura de pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens) é importante para melhor compreensão no monitoramento e controle desses grupos de insetos, dada sua importância econômica para a produção de pimenta malagueta. As moscas-das-frutas são responsáveis por grandes perdas em fruteiras comerciais, por isso, é fundamental conhecer as espécies predominantes na região. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) no cultivo de pimenta malagueta, no semiárido Moçambicano. Realizou-se uma seleção dos frutos maduros infestados (com larvas e/ou com sintomas de ataque de moscas-das-frutas) de forma sistemática. Foi recolhido um fruto em cada planta, tendo como alvos frutos danificados e não danificados. Foi necessário a distribuição de armadilhas na área e subsequente recolhimento das moscas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que no monitoramento com armadilhas ocorreu predominância de gênero Dacus em relação ao gênero Ceratitis. Os picos populacionais de cada safras (2013 e 2014), ocorrem no segundo semestre em meses de maturação dos frutos em todos os gêneros. Registra-se em condições da fazenda, a ocorrência de espécies como: Celidodacus sp., Ceratitis capitata, C. cosyra, C. millicentae, C. rosa, Dacus sp., Dacus bivittatus, D. famona, D. hamatus, D. humeralis, D. punctatifrons. Concluiu-se que o ataque de moscas-das-frutas influenciou de forma significativa na produtividade, causando danos econômicos, sendo necessário um controle redobrado. O uso sequencial das iscas ao longo do tempo, aumenta o número de populações capturadas com registro dos gêneros Ceratitis e Dacus. O uso de armadilhas não foi eficiente no controle moscas-das-frutas nas áreas de produção.

The survey of fruit fly species, especially of the Tephritidae family, in the culture of chili peppers (Capsicum frutescens) is important for a better understanding in the monitoring and control of these groups of insects, given their economic importance for the production of chili peppers. Fruit flies are responsible for major losses in commercial fruit trees, so it is essential to know the predominant species in the region. The objective of this work was to study the influence of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the cultivation of chilli pepper in the Mozambican semi-arid region. Infested ripe fruits (with larvae and/or with symptoms of fruit fly attack) were systematically selected, 1 fruit was collected from each plant, targeting damaged and undamaged fruits on each plant. it was necessary to distribute traps in the area and subsequently collect the flies. The obtained results indicate that in the monitoring with traps there was a predominance of the genus Dacus in relation to the genus Ceratitis. The population peaks of each season (2013 and 2014) occur in the second semester in months of fruit maturation in all genera. The occurrence of species such as: Celidodacus sp., Ceratitis capitata, C. cosyra, C. millicentae, C. rosa, Dacus sp., Dacus bivittatus, D. famona, D. hamatus, D. humeralis, D. punctatifrons. In conclusion, the attack of fruit flies significantly influenced productivity, causing economic damage, requiring redoubled control. The sequential use of the toxic bait, over time, increased the number of populations of the genera Ceratitis and Dacus. The application of traps was not able to prevent the access of fruit flies within the production areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The length of time a crop is exposed to competition for resources in an intercrop is a determinant to its performance. Field experiments were carried to determine effects of time of initiation of intercropping Egusi melon (Citrullus vulgaris Thunb) on growth and fruit yield of two pepper species: [Capsicum chinense (L.) and C. frutescens (L.)]. Egusi melon was planted simultaneously with pepper (SWP), and at 2 and 4 weeks after transplanting pepper (WATP), mono-cropped Egusi melon and mono-cropped pepper were used as checks. Time of initiation of intercropping melon with pepper did not affect all vegetative growth parameters of pepper. Number of branches of melon was reduced when it was monocropped. Number and duration of pepper harvests in 2017 were higher in C. frutescens than C. chinense, but were similar for both species in 2018. In both pepper species, fruit yield reduction was more when melon was intercropped SWP. Seed yield of melon was more when it was intercropped SWP. Land equivalent ratio in 2017 was greater relative to 2018. Initiation of intercropping melon at 2 or 4 WATP may improve pepper yield, while initiation of intercropping melon simultaneously with pepper may improve yield of Egusi melon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biometric and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of eight seeds from the Túcume site, six seeds from the El Brujo site and one seed from Cerro La Virgen, corresponding to Capsicum, whose results at the level of topography and patterns of reticulations were carried out from the surface of the testa, determined the identification that these seeds correspond to Capsicum frutescens, finding that the reticulation patterns at the MEB level are determinant to be able to identify the seeds at the species level and correlate with biometric data and seed shapes taking into account information from the sympatric species Capsicum chinense, with which it shares close genetic affinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation concentrates on the possibility of using gamma radiation for the decomposition of organic pollutants in textile wastewater and reuse as irrigation water. The wastewater sample was irradiated at four different absorbed doses of 3, 5, 8, and 10 kilo Gray (kGy). After irradiation at 8–10 kGy, physicochemical parameters, i.e., pH, turbidity, EC, total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), have decreased sharply and approached to the expected value recommended by Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh. At 10 kGy absorbed dose, 59.0 % biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and 71.6 % chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal has been achieved, accelerating the enhancement in biodegradability index (BOD5/COD). Ammonium and total nitrogen have improved up to 87.0 % and 94.5 % after irradiation at 10 kGy doses. Subsequently, the treated textile wastewater samples were reused to grow Capsicum frutescens plants to inspect the fertility responses. When Capsicum plants were nourished by textile wastewater irradiated at 8–10 kGy, increased values were observed in the plant morphological parameters such as dry masses of the fruits (from 2.25 to 3.02 g), moisture content (from 91.35 to 92.62%), root length (from 13.21 to 16.56 cm), average plant height (from 2.42 to 4.07 cm/week), average number of leaves (from 14 to 16 nos./week), and total number of fruits (from 25 to 40 nos.) in comparison to those plants nourished by simply water and raw wastewater. The elemental analysis confirmed that negligible amounts of heavy metals were found in Capsicum fruits at higher absorbed doses. In contrast, helpful macro and micronutrients for plant production were raised to sufficient levels at 8–10 kGy, which can be the optimum doses for gamma irradiation to treat textile wastewater for maintaining sustainable water resources.

ABSTRACT Plant ambiance studies the environmental condition favorable to plant growth at the initial stage of seedlings or the complete production cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the cultivation of the ornamental pepper ‘Pyramid’ under protected environments and growing benches with and without reflective material. The protected environments consisted of a greenhouse covered with low-density polyethylene film and 42/50% shading thermo-reflective screen under the film, structure with 35% shading thermo-reflective aluminized screen, and structure with 30% shading black screen. The growing benches were tested in environments without and with reflective material made of aluminized screen. The environment of the agricultural greenhouse covered with low-density polyethylene film and 42/50% thermo-reflective screen under the film favored the growth of ornamental pepper plants regarding height and diameter and provided early flowering and high fruit production. The use of the reflective material showed no significant results for plant height, stem diameter, and the number of leaves. The use of reflective material increased the number of fruits in plants under the environments with 35% shading aluminized screen and 30% shading black screen.

The genus Capsicum has the unique character of pungency due to the biosynthesis of capsaicinoids that is the major reason for the domestication of different Capsicum spp. in several parts of the world. Chilli is considered excellent condiment for human health. It was observed that the concentration of biochemical content may vary in different genotypes originated from diverse agro-ecological zones. In current study 78 genotypes of Capsicum frutescens were collected from different research centers and capsicum producing areas of the country. Biochemical parameters such as Post-harvest water loss, Total carotenoids content, Total phenolics content, Capsaicin content, Antioxidant Activity, Vitamin C content, Total acidity, Total flavonoids content and Total soluble solids were estimated from ripen fruits of selected chilli germplasm. The aim of the current study was to assess the best genotypes with maximum desired bioactive compounds to expedite the chilli breeding programs. The results indicated that significant variation existed in available chilli germplasm as maximum Post-harvest water loss was observed in genotypes AZRI-Selection-03-03B (77.13 ± 0.65 %), Total carotenoids content was recorded in genotype IHS-74 (136.45 ± 2.50 mg/g DW), Total phenolics content was calculated in Hot Pepper Sky Red (76.95 ± 0.07 mg/100 g of GAE), Capsaicin content in genotypes AZRI-Selection-05-C-01B (543.69 ± 1.41 µg/g DW), Antioxidant Activity was calculated in genotypes AZRI-Selection-01-B2 (61.23 ± 0.14 %), Vitamin C content was estimated in genotypes HHP-082B (239.39 ± 6.27 mg /100 g), Total acidity was assessed in Hot Red (0.48 ± 0.005 %), Total flavonoids content were recorded in genotype Hot Pepper Sky Red (35.26 ± 1.21 mg/g) and Total soluble solids was observed in genotypes 33828 (7.56 ± 0.104 °Brix). PCA analysis indicated that (53.31%) variability among different biochemical attributes in available germplasm of Capsicum frutescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of Mineral fertilizer and Sorbitol Sugar on the growth, and yield produced by chili pepper plant Barbarian F1, A factorial experiment with two factors, Mineral Fertilizer concentration 0, 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 g L-1 and Sorbitol Sugar 0 and 10 g L-1 was used in the term of (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed significant superiority of Mineral Fertilizer at 1.5 ml-1 in the plant height (59.62 cm plant-1 ), number of main branches plant-1 (5.600 branch plant-1), total leaf area (21.100 dm² plant-1), number of fruits plant (88.25 fruit plant-1). One plant yield (0.718 kg plant-1) and total yield (23.94 tons hectare-1). The result also showed a significant increase of Sorbitol sugar in concentration 10 g L-1 in the plant height, number of branches1, total leaf area by balance, number of fruits, (58.63cm, 5.493 branch plants-1, 21.98dm², 84.78 fruit plant-1, 0.685 kg plant-1, and 23.03 ton hectare-1 respectively). The interaction indicated that both variables were significant for all the studied traits, indicated that the response of pepper to the first variable is related to the second one. Thus, the research has concluded that the Interaction of variables, mineral fertilizer (1.5 g L-1) and Sorbitol Sugar 10 g l-1 has a great combination to increase the growth and the yield of chili pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to our insight, it is the first investigation based on a literature review to establish the oxidative stress defense and hypoglycemic effects of Capsicum frutescens fruits. The anti-hyperglycemic effect of acetone extract of the fruits of C. frutescens (CFA) was imposed at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg for 21 days in diabetic-induced Wistar rats. The rats were divided into five groups as control, diabetic, diabetic receiving glibenclamide, and two diabetic receiving CFA-treatment groups. Beginning on the 4th day and up to the 21st day of therapy, CFA at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg demonstrated a substantial decrease in Blood Glucose Levels (BGL). CFA at 500mg/kg led to a considerable decrease in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a substantial increase in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, showing that CFA possesses anti-diabetic properties. Histopathological examinations reveal hepatic, pancreatic, and renal regularization. As a result, the current study clearly demonstrated more important antidiabetic activity of CFA extracts.

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ABSTRACT Ornamental pepper plants produced in containers under protected environments have high added value. We carried out research with an aim to evaluate the growth and development of ornamental pepper in containers of different colors under two protected environments, both with thermal-reflective screens under a polyethylene film: one with 18–22 % shading and the other with 42–50 % in colored containers (brown, blue, black, and red). The treatments formed by a 2 × 4 factorial (environments × container colors) were arranged in a completely random pattern with 4 replications and 5 plants per plot, and a joint analysis of experiments was used to compare environments. The protected environment covered with low-density polyethylene film having 42–50 % of shading promoted higher initial growth of pepper plants, including early maturity, compared to the protected environment with 18–22 % of shading. The colored containers, namely, the brown container in a protected environment with 42–50 % shading and red container with 18–22 % shading formed plants with better growth and yield characteristics compared to the black container. The seedlings in the blue container had delayed flowering.

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The cultivation of peppers in northern Brazil has grown recently influenced by the increase in consumption, culinary usefulness, and medicinal features. However, pest insects damage plants and fruits, impairing production. This work investigates the management of pepper pests by intercropping plants that provide multiple ecosystem services, especially conservative biological control of pests. The experiment was carried out at the Federal Institute of Pará, Campus Rural de Marabá, Pará. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four treatments and five replications. Each plot contained thirty plants. The sampling of arthropods was carried out weekly in the useful portion of each treatment, through direct counting (visual analysis) and tapping plants on a white tray. The average abundance of arthropods in each functional group was calculated over the sampling weeks. We counted the number of fruits and bored fruits per plant to evaluate the effect of treatments on pepper yield. The abundance of pollinators differed significantly among treatments. Intercropping may favor the establishment of natural enemies and reduce the impacts of chemical insecticides.

The cultivation of peppers in northern Brazil has grown recently influenced by the increase in consumption, culinary usefulness, and medicinal features. However, pest insects damage plants and fruits, impairing production. This work investigates the management of pepper pests by intercropping plants that provide multiple ecosystem services, especially conservative biological control of pests. The experiment was carried out at the Federal Institute of Pará, Campus Rural de Marabá, Pará. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four treatments and five replications. Each plot contained thirty plants. The sampling of arthropods was carried out weekly in the useful portion of each treatment, through direct counting (visual analysis) and tapping plants on a white tray. The average abundance of arthropods in each functional group was calculated over the sampling weeks. We counted the number of fruits and bored fruits per plant to evaluate the effect of treatments on pepper yield. The abundance of pollinators differed significantly among treatments. Intercropping may favor the establishment of natural enemies and reduce the impacts of chemical insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese wild pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) acts as a source of genetic variability for cultivated pepper breeding. High-resolution quantitative train locus (QTL) mapping is essential for identifying genetic regions related to important phenotype variation. In this study, a set of 120 F2 populations derived from a cross between cultivar Capsicum annuum ‘007EA’ and the wild relative Capsicum frutescens ‘P1512’ (Chinese wild pepper) were generated, and genotyping was performed with genotyping-by-sequencing. Next, an interspecific high-density genetic map containing 3708 bins was constructed using a sliding window approach. The genetic distance of the total map was 5601.79 cM, and the average interval between bins was 1.51 cM. Based on the genetic map, a QTL analysis of the pepper horticultural traits was performed. A total of 25 significant QTLs controlling nine horticultural traits were detected on 12 linkage groups (LGs), and contributed values of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging from 1.90% to 59.03%, with LOD scores ranging from 4.2 to 24.6. In addition, the QTLs for the main stem length, flowering date and numbers of leaves were observed at the same position. Next, we mapped a set of significant QTLs for yield-related traits and other horticultural traits in pepper, based on a high-density genetic linkage map, using GBS. These genetic map and markers are valuable genomic resources for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of excellent agronomic traits and will provide a basis for further fine mapping and comparative genomics research involving pepper.

Abstract Background Dermestes maculatus is a destructive pest of smoked-dried fish. Due to its implications, this research was aimed at investigating the insecticidal activities of edible plant extracts on smoked Clarias gariepinus as protectants against Dermestes maculatus. Result The extract of Piper guineense at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations recorded between 8–92% and 33–100% mortalities, respectively, for the first 4 weeks and 0% mortality was observed in weeks 5–8. The extracts of Capsicum frutescens and Dennettia tripetala at 4% concentration recorded between 8 and 92% mortalities in the first 4 weeks and 5 weeks, respectively, and no mortality was recorded in the remaining weeks. At 12% concentration for Dennettia tripetala extract, 8–100% mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. At 12% concentration for Capsicum frutescens, 8–92% mortality was recorded in weeks 1–7 and 0% in week 8. Positive control recorded 33–67% mortality in weeks 1–4 and 0% mortality in weeks 5–8. Negative control recorded no mortality in the first 3 weeks, but few larvae were found dead in the remaining weeks. The mean value of 106, 36, and 96 progenies emerged at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations, respectively, in the smoked fish treated with Piper guineense. Mean value of 0.50 and 0.50 progenies were recorded at 4% and 8% concentrations, respectively, while no emergence was observed at 12% concentration of Dennettia tripetala extract. Extract of Capsicum frutescens recorded mean value of 1.00, 3.00, and 3.50 progenies at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations, respectively. Weight loss of 66.47%, 31.46%, and 56.25% at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations was observed for Piper guineense extract respectively. Extracts of Dennettia tripetala and Capsicum frutescens recorded weight loss of 3.46%, 2.11%, and 0.02% and 27.77%, 12.30%, and 22.90%, respectively, at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations. Positive and negative controls recorded 4.36% and 81.18% weight loss, respectively. Conclusion They can therefore serve as affordable substitutes for synthetic chemicals which had been proven to be detrimental to the health of its consumers.

The dataset presented in this article is associated with the TMT (Tandem mass tag) labeled proteomics of chili pepper plant (Capsicum frutescens) infested by a broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus). Data was captured using a nano liquid chromatography system coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap FusionTribridmass spectrometer. Proteomics data was analyzed using the Proteome Discoverer version 2.4 tool using MASCOT and SequestHT algorithms. We have identified a total of 5,807 proteins supported by 48,555 unique peptides and 1,279,655 peptide-spectrum matches. Individually, 5,186 proteins were detected in healthy leaf samples, 5,193 in infested leaf sample, 5,194 proteins in healthy meristem sample, and 5,196 proteins in infested meristem samples. Datasets obtained from reciprocal blast against the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome database enabled the prediction of protein-protein interactions, and subcellular localization of differentially expressed proteins, which are also included in this article. Data presented in this article has been deposited in the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE repository, which can be accessed through the accession ID: PXD018653.

We conducted a field survey of Capsicum peppers in the Karimunjawa Islands, Central Java, Indonesia, to investigate the local nomenclature for, and distribution and usage of, Capsicum peppers. There were two species in the Karimunjawa Islands: C. annuum and C. frutescens. The general name for Capsicum peppers is lombok for Javanese, ladang, cabe, or cabe-cabe for Buginese, and cabih for Madurese. Fresh and dried fruit and fruit soaked in sweet soy sauce are used as spices and condiments. Some people use Capsicum leaves as a vegetable. Medicinally, leaves are applied to boils and roots are used to treat stomach-ache. The fruit are used as offerings in Javanese rituals and to stop rain. It is also widely believed that women should not eat any (or too many) fruit while pregnant or breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance, infestation, and severity of the mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus were studied on the chili (Capsicum frutescens L., Solanaceae) varieties BARI Morich 1, BARI Morich 2, BARI Morich 3, BINA Morich 1, and Bogura Morich from November 2017 to June 2018. The abundance of mites was found from 05 February to 28 May, and the peak abundance on the chili varieties occurred on 09 April. Mite population showed the highest and the lowest occurrences on BINA Morich 1 and BARI Morich 2, respectively. The abundance of P. latus on the chili varieties showed significant positive correlation with temperature, and the relationship with relative humidity and rainfall was negative. Mite population was negatively correlated with leaf trichomes of all the chili varieties, and depicted significant negative correlation with the leaf area of BARI Morich 1, BARI Morich 3 and BINA Morich 1. The number of flower of the chili varieties BARI Morich 3 and BINA Morich 1, and number of fruit of the varieties BARI Morich 1, BARI Morich 3, BINA Morich 1 and Bogura Morich showed significant negative correlation with mite population. The chili varieties demonstrated significant differences within their leaf curl indices (LCI), and infestation levels of flower and fruit. The BARI Morich 2 revealed the lowest level of mite infestation on flowers and fruits. The varieties BARI Morich 1, BARI Morich 2, and Bogura Morich contained <50% LCI, which were categorized as moderately resistant, and the rest varieties were categorized as susceptible due to >50% LCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, fertilization recommendations for pepper are old and scarce. Because pepper is a semi-perennial crop with high yield potential and dependence on phosphorus (P), an extremely important element, as it participates in several metabolic processes, it is necessary to look for efficient alternatives for phosphate fertilization, due to its low availability and high adsorption capacity in most Brazilian soils. Slow release fertilizers have been shown to be an excellent alternative to conventional mineral fertilization. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of P on growth and yield of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the JK campus of UFVJM, Diamantina - MG, Brazil, arranged in a completely randomized design with eleven treataments (absence of fertilization, mineral treatment, organic treatment and four slow-release phosphate sources: pelleted organomineral, granulated organomineral, MAP coated and triple formulated, at doses of 150 and 300 kg ha-1 of P2O5). Growth variables, fresh and dry matter accumulation and yield were evaluated 180 days after planting. The pelleted and granulated organomineral treatments at the dose of 300 kg ha-1 of P2O5, promoted the best results for the parameters dry mass of root, number of fruits per plant, fresh and dry mass of fruits and total yield. Such results can be explained by the better efficiency of P release and the better absorption of this nutrient by the plant, making it an excellent option in relation to conventional sources commonly adopted.

A pimenta malagueta possui grande importância econômica e social para produtores devido sua crescente procura por agroindústrias que confeccionam molhos. Apesar disso, estudos sobre o manejo nutricional da pimenta malagueta são escassos, logo a adubação em cultivos é realizada, principalmente, de forma empírica. Diante disso, este trabalho objetivou verificar a influência de doses de nitrogênio na produtividade de pimenta malagueta. O experimento foi conduzido entre agosto de 2016 e maio de 2017 na área experimental do Campus Arapiraca, da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Arapiraca, AL. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, e seis doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 kg ha-1 N). A aplicação do N ocorreu de forma parcelada aos 108, 142, 172 e 202 dias após o plantio (DAP), utilizou-se ureia como fonte de N. A colheita de frutos iniciou-se 90 DAP, sendo realizada em uma frequência semanal. As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura de planta (m), diâmetro do dossel (cm), índice SPAD, número de frutos e produtividade (t ha-1). As doses não influenciaram na altura de plantas e diâmetro do dossel. O maior índice SPAD (53,11), maior produção de frutos totais ao final do período de colheita (2.773 frutos por planta-1) e maior produtividade (26,25 t ha-1) foram verificados com 500 kg ha-1 de N.

In general, fertilization recommendations for pepper are old and scarce. Because pepper is a semiperennial crop with high yield potential and dependence on phosphorus (P), an extremely important element, as it participates in several metabolic processes, it is necessary to look for efficient alternatives for phosphate fertilization, due to its low availability and high adsorption capacity in most Brazilian soils. Slowrelease fertilizers have been shown to be an excellent alternative to conventional mineral fertilization. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of P on growth and yield of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the JK campus of UFVJM, Diamantina - MG, Brazil, arranged in a completely randomized design with eleven treataments (absence of fertilization, mineral treatment, organic treatment and four slow-release phosphate sources: pelleted organomineral, granulated organomineral, MAP coated and triple formulated, at doses of 150 and 300 kg ha-1 of P2O5). Growth variables, fresh and dry matter accumulation and yield were evaluated 180 days after planting. The pelleted and granulated organomineral treatments at the dose of 300 kg ha-1 of P2O5, promoted the best results for the parameters dry mass of root, number of fruits per plant, fresh and dry mass of fruits and total yield. Such results can be explained by the better efficiency of P release and the better absorption of this nutrient by the plant, making it an excellent option in relation to conventional sources commonly adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease that endangers human health and can lead to death. Restricted absorption and poor results of conventional therapies demand new effective natural remedies to treat both enteral and parenteral trichinellosis. This study assessed the antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus limon and Capsicum frutescens on murine trichinellosis and compared them with those of albendazole and prednisolone, which are conventionally used to treat trichinellosis. Overall, 50 Swiss albino male mice were divided into five groups, with ten mice in each group: negative control, positive control, albendazole combined with prednisolone, C. limon, and C. frutescens. Mice were sacrificed 7 and 35 days after infection, for intestinal and muscular phase analyses. Drug efficacies were parasitologically, biochemically, histopathologically and ultrastructurally assessed. Our results demonstrated the efficacy of C. frutescens and C. limon extracts as antiparasitic agents, showing a substantial decrease in adult and larval counts. Moreover, both extracts had the ability to decrease serum tumour necrosis factor-α levels during the intestinal and muscular phases. In addition to the improved histopathological changes in the small intestine and muscles, the destructive effects on adults and larvae were ultrastructurally evident on transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, C. frutescens and C. limon extracts are promising remedies for the treatment of experimental trichinellosis, particularly, the C. frutescens extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chili peppers hold great economic and social importance for producers due to growing demand from agribusinesses that make sauces with them. Nevertheless, studies on the nutritional management of chili peppers are scarce. Thus, fertilization of the crop is mainly empirical. This study was conducted to verify the influence that doses of nitrogen have on the yield of chili peppers. The experiment was conducted between August 2016 and May 2017 in the experimental area of the Arapiraca Campus of the Federal University of Alagoas in Arapiraca, Alagoas. A randomized block design with four replications was employed for six doses of nitrogen (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg ha-1 N). Nitrogen was applied in increments 108, 142, 172, and 202 days after planting (DAP); urea was the source of N. Harvesting began 90 DAP and on a weekly basis. The following variables were observed: plant height (m), canopy diameter (cm), SPAD index, number of fruits, and yield (t ha-1). The doses did not affect plant height and canopy diameter. The highest SPAD index (53.11), the greatest total fruit production by the end of the harvest period (2,773 fruits per plant-1), and the greatest yield (26.25 t ha-1) were verified with 500 kg ha-1 of N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to our insight, it is the first investigation based on a literature review to establish the oxidative stress defense and hypoglycemic effects of Capsicum frutescens fruits. The anti-hyperglycemic effect of acetone extract of the fruits of C. frutescens (CFA) was imposed at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg for 21 days in diabetic-induced Wistar rats. The rats were divided into five groups as control, diabetic, diabetic receiving glibenclamide, and two diabetic receiving CFA-treatment groups. Beginning on the 4th day and up to the 21st day of therapy, CFA at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg demonstrated a substantial decrease in Blood Glucose Levels (BGL). CFA at 500mg/kg led to a considerable decrease in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a substantial increase in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, showing that CFA possesses anti-diabetic properties. Histopathological examinations reveal hepatic, pancreatic, and renal regularization. As a result, the current study clearly demonstrated more important antidiabetic activity of CFA extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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