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AbstractThe mouth cavity is the second most complex microbial community in the human body. It is composed of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. An imbalance in the oral microbiota may lead to various conditions, including caries, soft tissue infections, periodontitis, root canal infections, peri-implantitis (PI), pulpitis, candidiasis, and denture stomatitis. Additionally, several locally administered antimicrobials have been suggested for dentistry in surgical and non-surgical applications. The main drawbacks are increased antimicrobial resistance, the risk of upsetting the natural microbiota, and hypersensitivity responses. Because of their unique physiochemical characteristics, nanoparticles (NPs) can circumvent antibiotic-resistance mechanisms and exert antimicrobial action via a variety of new bactericidal routes. Because of their anti-microbial properties, carbon-based NPs are becoming more and more effective antibacterial agents. Periodontitis, mouth infections, PI, dentin and root infections, and other dental diseases are among the conditions that may be treated using carbon NPs (CNPs) like graphene oxide and carbon dots. An outline of the scientific development of multifunctional CNPs concerning oral disorders will be given before talking about the significant influence of CNPs on dental health. Some of these illnesses include Periodontitis, oral infections, dental caries, dental pulp disorders, dentin and dental root infections, and PI. We also review the remaining research and application barriers for carbon-based NPs and possible future problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-targets detection has obtained much attention because this sensing mode can realize the detection of multi-targets simultaneously, which is helpful for biomedical analysis. Carbon nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention due to their superior optical and chemical properties, but there are few reports about red emission carbon nanoparticles for simultaneous detection of multi-targets. In this paper, a red emission fluorescent carbon nanoparticles were prepared by 1, 2, 4-triaminobenzene dihydrochloride at room temperature. The as-prepared red emission fluorescent carbon nanoparticles exhibited strong emission peak located at 635 nm with an absolute quantum yield up to 24%. They showed excellent solubility, high photostability and good biocompatibility. Furthermore, it could sensitively and selectively response to hypochlorite and pH, thus simultaneous detection of hypochlorite and pH was achieved by combining the red emission fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with computational chemistry. The formation mechanisms of red emission fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and their response to hypochlorite and pH were investigated, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, for the first time, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films with nanoinclusions of amorphous carbon have been synthesized via spin coating, and the thermoelectric performances were investigated varying the aging period of the solution, the procedure of carbon nanoparticles' addition, and the annealing atmosphere. The addition of nanoparticles has been pursued to introduce phonon scattering centers to reduce thermal conductivity. All the samples showed a strong orientation along the [002] crystallographic direction, even though the substrate is amorphous silica, with an intensity of the diffraction peaks reaching its maximum in samples annealed in the presence of hydrogen, and generally decreasing by the addition of carbon nanoparticles. Absolute values of the Seebeck coefficient improve when nanoparticles are added. At the same time, electric conductivity is higher for the sample with 1 wt.% of carbon and annealed in Ar with 1% of H2, both increasing in absolute value with the temperature rise. Among all the samples, the lowest thermal conductivity value of 1.25 W/(m∙K) was found at room temperature, and the highest power factor was 111 μW/(m∙K2) at 325 °C. Thus, the introduction of carbon effectively reduced thermal conductivity, while also increasing the power factor, giving promising results for the further development of AZO-based materials for thermoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nanocomposite materials for food packaging applications requires a precise balance of material functionality, safety, and regulatory compliance. In this work, the design, manufacturing, optimization, feasibility, and safety profile of polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibers filled with biocompatible carbon nanoparticles (CNP) and copper-loaded (CNP-Cu) nanoparticles by electrospinning are presented. To ensure nanoparticle compatibility with the PLA solvent system and achieve a uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles within nanofibers, dynamic light scattering analysis was employed, while the incorporation efficiency was demonstrated by building a novel UV–vis spectroscopy analytical method. Morphological analysis, performed through FE-SEM and TEM, confirmed the homogeneous distribution of CNP and CNP-Cu nanoparticles without aggregation. Migration studies in aqueous food simulants were also carried out to assess the material's safety profile. The results showed minimal nanoparticle release, and the calculated copper migration was well within the limits set by European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 for food contact materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop plants are severely affected by heavy metals (HMs), leading to food scarcity and economical loss. Lead (Pb) is outsourced by use of lead-based fertilizers, batteries, mining, smelting and metal processing. It significantly reduces growth, development and yield of crops cultivated on contaminated sites. In this study, the ameliorative role of carbon based fullerenol nanoparticles (FNPs) in combination with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculation was examined in Brassica napus L. grown in Pb contaminated soil. A pot experiment in three-ways completely randomize fashion with three replicates was conducted. For Pb stress, a 200 µM PbCl2 solution was applied at a rate of 1 L per pot. FNPs were applied via foliar spray at a concentration of 3 mM. For AMF inoculation rhizospheric soil was collected from Sorghum bicolor fields and used in this experiment. Results of the study showed that Pb toxicity greatly reduced growth (shoot length; 15%, root length; 25%) of B. napus plants. It lowered photosynthesis (38%) and gas exchange related attributes. Pb contamination caused oxidative stress, evident from elevated level of malondialdehyde (62%), and reactive oxygen species (H2O2; 60%, OH−; 103% and O2•−; 23%). It also triggered the antioxidant defense system of B. napus. These plants also had high Pb metal ions in their root and shoot compared with control. Foliar application of FNPs along with AMF inoculation effectively mitigated oxidative stress caused by Pb via increasing antioxidant enzymes activities. Catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol peroxidase activities were increased by 37, 19, 96, 200, 47, 117 and 47%, respectively. In conclusion, these treatments modulated photosynthetic machinery, antioxidant defense mechanism and nutrients uptake in B. napus plants to alleviate Pb stress. It is presumed that use of carbon-based nano particles in combination with AMF inoculation could effectively mitigate HMs stress in crop plants grown in contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Benign multinodular goiter (BMNG) can grow very large and cause compression symptoms, making the operation procedure difficult. However, the recurrence rate of BMNG ranges from 3% to 43%. Reoperative thyroid surgery for BMNG is uncommon and can result in a high rate of complications, including hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Carbon nanoparticles (CNs) have been widely used as a protective agent for the parathyroid gland and as a tracer agent in central lymph node dissection. However, the protection effect of CNs in redoing BMNG has not been well illustrated. This study investigates whether CNs could protect parathyroid glands (PGs) during reoperation for patients with BMNG. Methods: BMNG patients who previously underwent thyroidectomy and received reoperation between January 2019 and January 2022 were retrospectively recruited. The Dunhill approach was employed for all patients. The patients were divided into two groups: the CNs group, who received injection CNs injection 1 hour before the operation (n = 24), and the control group, who underwent thyroid surgery without CNs injection (control group, n = 25). The numbers of PGs preserved in situ , autotransplantation, the accidental removal of the PGs, and the parathyroid hormone level were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results revealed that more PGs were preserved in situ in the CNs group compared to the control group (3.25±0.15 vs 2.60±0.16, P=.007). Moreover, fewer PGs were subjected to autotransplantation and were accidentally discovered in the specimen in the CNs group compared to the control group. Patients who had CNs injection exhibited a lower rate of transient (5/24 vs. 13/25, P=.024) and permanent hypoparathyroidism (2/24 vs. 9/25, P=.020) compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electroanalytical method based on disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with non-toxic carbonaceous nanodots is proposed as a reliable and effective device for codeine determination in biological fluids and soft drinks. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and carbon nanodots (CNDs) were evaluated as electrode modifiers for the determination of the drug. The electroactive areas of the modified electrodes were assessed by cyclic voltammetry using potassium ferricyanide. Results demonstrated that GQDs provided the best analytical response for codeine, displaying an intense and well-defined anodic wave approximately 0.9 V vs reference electrode. The method exhibits an acceptable linear dynamic range, low limits of detection and quantification (0.21 and 0.73 µM, respectively), and satisfactory precision (below 3.9% expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD)) in saliva. Only the analysis of biofluids requires a simple extraction protocol. The feasibility and applicability of this novel approach were assessed by determining codeine in different matrices, with recoveries ranging from 69 to 112%. This cost-effective, simple, easily miniaturised and portable method was applied not only to biofluids but also for the direct detection of codeine in soft drinks combined with a codeine-enriched syrup, a medication that is being used to adulterate beverages, particularly at specific events (drinking and nightclub parties). There is no need for any sample treatment, demonstrating its versatility in analysing beverages for potential adulteration as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Engineering (China) / Huaxue Gongcheng is the property of Hualu Engineering Science & Technology Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized by acid hydrolysis from dextrin by the microwave-assisted method. The effect of temperature and synthesis time on morphology, size, UV–Vis absorption, and photoluminescence properties was studied. An increase in temperature from 135 to 180 °C decreases the CNPs diameter from 17.8 to 9.7 nm. Similarly, an increase in synthesis time from 2 to 5 min promotes a decrease in sizes from 13.1 to 6.7 nm. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies indicated that the nanoparticles have a maximum absorbance around 300 nm and when the CNPs are excited with λ close to 400 nm, λ emission occurs in the range of 500–650 nm. CNPs were synthesized maintaining synthesis conditions of 150 °C, for 5 min, varying the type of acid (H2SO4 and CH3COOH) and pH before subjecting the solution to microwave irradiation. It was observed that, when CH3COOH is used as a hydrolysis agent instead of H2SO4, the intensity of the emission increases. Regarding pH, it was observed that CNPs synthesized at alkaline pH have greater photoluminescence than those synthesized at acid pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol (PCM) is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic agent for humans worldwide. However, PCM overdoses or overuse can cause health issues, such as hepatoxicity. As PCM is also used for the treatment of farm animals, it is essential to monitor these residues in animal-derived matrices at risk-based sites in order to minimize the intake of PCM through the food chain. In the present study, we have developed a novel carbon nanoparticle (CNP)-based indirect competitive lateral flow immunoassay (icLFIA) for the rapid detection of PCM in bovine urine. The developed icLFIA can detect PCM residues within 10 min, and its performance was validated according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808, i.e., determination of the detection capability (CCβ), specificity, robustness, and stability. The CCβ of the icLFIA for PCM in bovine urine is 5 mg/L and the icLFIA is proven to be selective and specific towards PCM in bovine urine, as no matrix interference and cross-reactivity were observed, except for high concentrations of orthocetamol. The icLFIA for PCM in bovine urine is robust to (small) variations in reading time, but it remains necessary to strictly use a dilution ratio of running buffer/bovine urine of 80/20. Moreover, the produced icLFIAs are stable for at least 56 days under the stored conditions. In conclusion, the developed and validated icLFIA provides a rapid and cost-effective method for on-site monitoring of PCM abuse in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-toxic properties and inherent antibacterial power of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and their nanocomposites with other metal nanoparticles have attracted much attention in recent years. Moreover, the combination of CNPs with other nanoparticles has shown enhanced antibacterial effects, making them promising candidates for reducing resistance and improving targeted delivery. In this study, CNPs were produced by the hydrothermal method from the biomass of Vibrio sp. VLC. To increase the biological properties of this nanostructure, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were produced by the cell lysed extract (CLS) of Vibrio sp. VLC and doped on the surface of CNPs to form CNPs/ZnO nanocomposite. The morphology and characteristics of the produced nanostructures were evaluated by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, DLS, and FE-SEM–EDX methods. The results showed that the average size of CNPs and CNPs/ZnO nanocomposite were 23.31 and 37.62 nm, respectively, and both possessed quasi-spherical structures. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of CNPs and CNPs/ZnO nanocomposite on 4 MDR Escherichia coli isolates (E6, E22, E27, and E55) were investigated in the concentration range of 195.31–25,000 µg/ml. The growth inhibition percentages (GI %) at a concentration of 25,000 μg/ml for CNPs and the CNPs/ZnO nanocomposite were calculated as follows: E6 (64% and 71.5%), E22 (76.5% and 86.7%), E27 (74.5% and 85.7%), and E55 (70.7% and 86%). Also, both nanostructures effectively inhibited biofilm formation of E. coli clinical isolates in a dose dependent manner, with the CNPs/ZnO nanocomposite demonstrating superior antibiofilm activity. In this study, the use of bacteriogenic CNPs/ZnO nanocomposite as a new antibiofilm and antimicrobial agent significantly reduced the growth of antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-producing clinical E. coli strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yun Li,1,2 Zhijie Xu,3 Zijuan Qi,4 Xiaofeng Huang,1,2 Mingyu Li,5 Sijin Liu,1,2 Yuanliang Yan,6 Ming Gao1,2 1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 4Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 5Mudanjiang Medical University, Mu Danjiang, Hei Longjiang, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Pharmacy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yuanliang Yan, Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Email yanyuanliang@csu.edu.cn Ming Gao, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People’s Republic of China, Email minggao@rcees.ac.cnAbstract: Recent advances in tumor immunotherapy have highlighted the pivotal role of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon dots, graphene quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes. This review examines the unique benefits of these materials in cancer treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action within immunotherapy. These include applications in immunoregulation, recognition, and enhancement. We explore how these nanomaterials when combined with specific biomolecules, can form immunosensors. These sensors are engineered for highly sensitive and specific detection of tumor markers, offering crucial support for early diagnosis and timely therapeutic interventions. This review also addresses significant challenges facing carbon nanomaterials in clinical settings, such as issues related to long-term biocompatibility and the hurdles of clinical translation. These challenges require extensive ongoing research and discussion. This review is of both theoretical and practical importance, aiming to promote using carbon nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy, potentially transforming clinical outcomes and enhancing patient care.Keywords: carbon nanoparticles, immune cell, tumor immunotherapy, drug delivery, immunosensors

Ultrafine grained (UFG) n-C/Al composite bulk was obtained by mechanical milling and hot extrusion with petroleum coke utilized as carbon source. After extrusion, n-C sheets got dispersed and distributed in grain interiors or at grain boundaries. The tensile strength and corresponding thermal conductivity reached 407 ± 3 MPa and 216 ± 1.6 W m−1 K−1.

Antibiotic resistance is a crisis that is escalating nowadays. Thus, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is crucial to personalize the dose. Point‐of‐care (POC) devices are very effective in TDM where drug concentration can be easily and continuously monitored. This work describes for the first time the use of inexpensive, transportable, efficacious, and eco‐friendly POC solid‐state potentiometric sensor for the TDM of Flucloxacillin (FLU) in spiked plasma samples. This was achieved by using an innovative glassy carbon electrode modified with ion sensing membrane doped with carbon nanotubes. Optimization of the sensing membrane composition was performed using different plasticizers and by adding an ionophore. This was followed by doping the ion sensing membrane with carbon nanotubes which resulted in enhancing the sensor's sensitivity towards FLU. Over a concentration range from 1.0×10−5–1.0×10−2 M FLU, a linear response was obtained with a slope of 56.6 mV/decade. Our proposed sensor has been validated according to IUPAC recommendations with acceptable results. It was effectively employed for a selective determination of FLU in the presence of a co‐formulated antibiotic (Amoxicillin), along with other excipients in the dosage form, and in spiked plasma samples, without any interference. The whiteness of the method was assessed, which proves the high greenness and superb functionality of our proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global challenge of oil spill treatment has been addressed using nanocomposite-based natural fibers. These materials offer great potential in oil spill cleanup and are considered due to their environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and low cost. Thus, the current study reports a novel composite fabricated from date palm fiber (DPF) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) with a proper combination of a mixture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanosheets (GNSs) for oil removal. The established nanocomposite (DPF-rPET/CNT/GNS) was fabricated via physical mixing of various quantities (0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 g) of PET, along with varying loads of DPF at different proportions of CNT:GNS. The prepared nanocomposite (DPF-rPET/CNT/GNS) was fully characterized using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. In static experiments and under the optimal parameters of pH, sorbent doze, shaking time, and quantity of diesel oil), the established sorbent (DPF-rPET/CNT-GNS nanocomposite) displayed excellent adsorption capacity (98 mg/g). This study also expands the utility of the sorbent for the reusability of the oil adsorption, maintaining performance after five cycles. The adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and maximum adsorption capacity of 99.7 mg/g, indicating monolayer adsorption. Additionally, the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, with an R2 near unity and an adsorption capacity of 99.09 mg/g. This study highlights the promising potential of the DPF-rPET/CNT-GNS composite as an effective adsorbent for treating oily water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants have a high potential for sustainable and renewable uses. TiO2 is a widely studied photocatalyst due to its high chemical and photochemical stability and wide range of applications. However, the wide band gap and low capacity of photo-induced charge separation provide lower catalytic activity; thus, improvement of these properties must be found. The doping of TiO2 with other elements, such as carbon nanoparticles (CNP) in a quantum dot form, offers a promising pathway to improve the aforementioned properties. In addition, in situ doping methods should be investigated for practical scalability, as they offer the advantage of integrating dopants directly during material synthesis, ensuring a more uniform distribution and better interaction between the dopant and the host material, in turn leading to more consistent photocatalytic properties. Current technologies primarily involve nanoparticle combinations. This work focuses on the development of a novel in situ synthesis methodology by the introduction of three different graphene-based quantum nanodots into anodic TiO2 and the following investigation of structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties. Results indicate that the introduction of CNP allows for the shift of a set of parameters, such as the optical band gap, increased photo-induced charge carrier density of TiO2/CNP composite, and, most importantly, the change of crystalline phase composition depending on added CNP material. Research indicates that not only a higher concentration of added CNP enhances higher photocatalytic activity as tested by the degradation of methylene blue dye, but also the type of CNP determines final crystalline phase. For the first time brookite and rutile phases were obtained in anodic titania synthesized in inorganic electrolyte by introducing hydrothermally treated exfoliated graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanoparticle viscosity reducer has been shown to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil effectively. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are environmentally friendly materials with good application prospects and biocompatibility. In this research, hydroxyl CNPs with phenyl groups on their surface were synthesized and used to reduce viscosity and improve fluidity in heavy oil. The effects of the CNPs on the rheological properties of heavy oil and their ability to reduce viscosity were measured using a rheometer and a rotational viscometer. The CNP viscosity reducer decreased the viscosity of Tahe heavy oil by up to 65.89%, with the introduction of long-chain alkyl groups affecting the viscosity reduction performance. The asphaltene structure was studied using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, which showed that the microcrystalline structural parameters of asphaltene changed after the interaction with the CNP viscosity reducer. The effect of the viscosity reducer on the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of asphaltene was studied using Fourier-transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, which showed that the interaction with the viscosity reducer destroyed the original hydrogen bonds within the asphaltene. The CNP viscosity reducer decreases the accumulation height of asphaltene aggregates by changing the microcrystalline structural parameters of asphaltenes and dispersing asphaltene aggregation structures, thereby reducing the viscosity of heavy oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon nanoparticles layer coated zinc anode with (1 0 3) crystal plane preferential oriented crystal structure (denoted as C@RZn) is prepared by a facile one-step vapor deposition method, and showed great potentials in extending lifespan and inhibiting dendrite growth. [Display omitted] • The C@RZn was prepared by a facile one-step vapor deposition method. • The C@RZn is combining crystallographic orientation and coating layer. • The C@RZn can guide the deposition of Zn2+ ions and inhibit the dendrite growth. • The C@RZn anode achieves a stable cycle life for more than 3000 h. • The MVO//C@RZn cell keep stable for 5000 cycles. Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been considered promising energy storage systems due to their excellent electrochemical performance, environmental toxicity, high safety and low cost. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and side reactions at the zinc anode have seriously hindered the development of ZIBs. Herein, we prepared the carbon nanoparticles layer coated zinc anode with (1 0 3) crystal plane preferential oriented crystal structure (denoted as C@RZn) by a facile one-step vapor deposition method. The preferential crystallographic orientation of (1 0 3) crystal plane promotes zinc deposition at a slight angle, effectively preventing the formation of Zn dendrites on the surface. In addition, the hydrophobic layer of carbon layer used as an inert physical barrier to prevent corrosion reaction and a buffer during volume changes, thus improving the reversibility of the zinc anode. As a result. the C@RZn anode achieves a stable cycle performance of more than 3000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with CE of 99.77 % at 5 mA cm−2. The full battery with C@RZn anode and Mn-doped V 6 O 13 (MVO) cathode show stability for 5000 cycles at the current density of 5 A g−1. This work provides a new approach for the design of multifunctional interfaces for Zn anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has experienced substantial expansion due to its wide-ranging applications, and in view of this, different synthetic routes were developed and many of them employ toxic reagents, have high energy consumption and generate toxic waste. Nowadays, with growing concerns regarding environmental and health safety, green chemistry is gaining prominence and as a result, certain synthetic routes have been replaced to align with the principles of green chemistry. This review outlines current methods for synthesizing silver, iron, and carbon nanoparticles, alongside discussions on green synthesis routes and their mechanisms. Additionally, it evaluates future perspectives on green synthesis, addressing the challenges that need to be overcome.

To explore the localization efficacy of preoperative ultrasound-guided intraparathyroid injection of carbon nanoparticles in endoscopic surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative ultrasound was used to locate the hyperplastic and enlarged parathyroid gland. Subsequently, < 0.06 ml nano carbon was injected into the parathyroid gland. The black-stained parathyroid gland was accurately located during endoscopic surgery and completely removed. Biochemical indicators and rapid pathologic examinations were performed to confirm accurate removal of the diseased parathyroid gland. The clinical data of 6 patients who were operated using this method were summarized. Of the 6 patients, 3 were ladies and 3 were gentleman. All patients were diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism caused by single parathyroid adenoma. All patients underwent endoscopic surgery via the anterior thoracic approach, and the operations were successfully completed. There was a significant decrease in postoperative parathyroid hormone and blood calcium levels, and no complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were recorded. Preoperative ultrasound–guided injection of carbon nanoparticles into the parathyroid is safe and feasible in endoscopic parathyroidectomy. This method can achieve accurate intraoperative positioning, reduce operation time, avoid extensive dissociation, and reduce recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, which needs further promotion and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) emitting pH-dependent blue photoluminescence (PL) in aqueous solutions were solvothermally prepared and modified with a new fluorophore molecule, N-chlorobenzyl dithiomaleimide dimethyl diacetate (NCBDTM), with pH-dependent yellow-green PL in aqueous solutions and irreversible PL emission quenching in alkaline aqueous solutions at basic pHs. In the π-complex system formed by donor CNPs and acceptor NCBDTM molecules, energy transfer occurs by the FRET mechanism. Due to the implementation of the FRET mechanism, a significant Stokes shift of 170 nm is observed, making this and similar systems promising for the visualization of pH-dependent processes in the green-yellow visible light region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and PEDOT-functionalized carbon nanoparticles (f-CNPs) were synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and pyrolysis methods. f-CNP-PEDOT nanocomposites were prepared by varying the concentration of PEDOT from 1 to 20% by weight (i.e., 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt%). Several characterization techniques, such as field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were applied to investigate the morphology, the crystalline structure, the N2 adsorption/desorption capability, as well as the electrochemical properties of these new synthesized nanocomposite materials. FESEM analysis showed that these nanocomposites have defined porous structures, and BET surface area analysis showed that the standalone f-CNP exhibited the largest surface area of 801.6 m2/g, whereas the f-CNP-PEDOT with 20 wt% exhibited the smallest surface area of 116 m2/g. The BJH method showed that the nanocomposites were predominantly mesoporous. CV, GCD, and EIS measurements showed that f-CNP functionalized with 5 wt% PEDOT had a higher capacitive performance compared to the individual f-CNPs and PEDOT constituents, exhibiting an extraordinary specific capacitance of 258.7 F/g, at a current density of 0.25 A/g, due to the combined advantage of enhanced electrochemical activity induced by PEDOT doping, and highly developed porosity of f-CNPs. Symmetric aqueous supercapacitor devices were fabricated using the optimized f-CNP-PEDOT doped with 5 wt% of PEDOT as active material, exhibiting a high capacitance of 96.7 F/g at 1.4 V, holding practically their full charge, after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles at 2 A/g, thus providing the highest electrical electrodes performance. Hereafter, this work paves the way for the potential use of f-CNP-PEDOT nanocomposites in the development of high-energy-density supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study prepared carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) by precipitating a soluble carbon material (SCM) solution synthesized from phloroglucinol. To this end, an SCM was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and deionized water, which was used as a poor solvent. After tuning the initial concentration of the SCM-DMF solution (0.5–10 wt. %), the CNPs prepared from SCM (SCMCNPs) dispersions demonstrated changeable particle sizes (18–110 nm). Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the primary SCMCNPs had a spherical shape, and Raman analysis confirmed that the SCMCNPs had G and D bands, further confirming that they were carbon materials. Moreover, the SCMCNPs, whose zeta potential was − 42.1 mV at pH 7.16, was dispersed in a stable and uniform manner in water, and Tyndall effect was observed. The lubricating properties of the SCMCNP dispersions were evaluated. A smaller coefficient of friction was observed for larger particle sizes. Therefore, the largest SCMCNPs exhibited the best lubricity with a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.3. The SCMCNPs also exhibited rolling lubrication properties because of their spherical shape. Thus, this study demonstrates that size-adjustable SCMCNPs can be synthesized using simple and environment-friendly methods and can be used in aqueous systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) inevitably results in their introduction into soil and groundwater, which poses a significant risk to the safety of these natural resources. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the transport behavior of CNPs in the subsurface environment and how it affects the transport of co-contaminants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, nano-plastics, engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review focuses on recent advancements in research on the transport behaviors of CNPs in porous media and its effect on the transport of co-contaminants, with respect to the mechanisms associated with CNPs transport and the mechanisms of action of CNPs on co-contaminant transport, as well as the factors that influence these processes. Results of the existing research indicate that aggregation, attachment, detachment, straining, blocking and ripening are the primary processes governing CNPs transport due to their unique physiochemistry. CNPs can either act as carriers, facilitating the transport of co-contaminants, or as competitors, hindering the deposition of co-contaminants. Additionally, they can serve as collectors for co-contaminant deposition or co-deposit with co-contaminants, inhibiting their transport. The interactions between CNPs, co-contaminants, and the medium determine the exact role played by CNPs in co-contaminant transport. The processes of CNPs transport and its effect on co-contaminant transport are affected by the physicochemical properties of CNPs and porous media, as well as the chemistry and hydrodynamics of groundwater. This review article is of great significance for risk assessment of CNPs in soil and groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long‐term effect of intraoperative usage of carbon nanoparticles (CN) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) test strip using immune colloidal gold technique (ICGT) is unclear. This study aims to compare the effect of intraoperative usage of CN and ICGT test strips on PG function. Methods: This randomized clinical study involved adult patients who underwent total thyroidectomy. They were randomly allocated into three groups (control, CN, and ICGT group). Clinical data were analyzed. Results: Each group involved 98 patients. Serum calcium and PTH concentrations at 24 h postoperatively (PTH24h) were higher in CN group. The parathyroid function recovered quicker in CN group. Use of CN increased in situ PG preservation and PTH24h. Mediation analysis indicated that 23.05% of the total effect of CN on PTH24h was attributed to PGRIS. Conclusion: CN holds promise to improve in situ PG preservation and protect PG vasculature, thereby reducing the incidence of early hypoparathyroidism. The value of ICGT test strips for PG protection is dubious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of nanomaterials in different plants exerts varying effects, both positive and negative. This study aimed to investigate the influence of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) on the growth and development of Ficus tikoua Bur. plant. The morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll content of F. tikoua Bur. plants were evaluated under four different concentrations of CNPs. Results indicated a decreasing trend in several agronomic traits, such as leaf area, branching number, and green leaf number and most photosynthetic parameters with increasing CNPs concentration. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents were also significantly reduced in CNPs-exposed plants compared to the control. Notably, variations in plant tolerance to CNPs were observed based on morphological and physiological parameters. A critical concentration of 50 g/kg was identified as potentially inducing plant toxicity, warranting further investigation into the effects of lower CNPs concentrations to determine optimal application levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of carbon-supported components is a crucial factor in augmenting the interplay between carbon-supported and metal-active components in the utilization of catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Here, we propose a strategy for designing a catalyst by modifying candle soot (CS) and loading nickel onto ordered carbon soot. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the Ni nanoparticles content on the electrocatalytic performance of Ni–CS, ultimately leading to the identification of a maximum composition. The presence of an excessive quantity of nickel particles leads to a decrease in the number of active sites within the material, resulting in sluggishness of the electron transfer pathway. The electrocatalyst composed of nickel and carbon support, with a nickel content of 20 wt%, has demonstrated a noteworthy current activity of 18.43 mA/cm2, which is three times that of the electrocatalyst with a higher nickel content of 25 wt%. For example, the 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalytic activity was found to be good, and it was approximately four times higher than that of 20 wt% Ni–CB (nickel–carbon black). Moreover, the chronoamperometry (CA) test demonstrated a reduction in current activity of merely 65.80% for a 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalyst, indicating electrochemical stability. In addition, this demonstrates the great potential of candle soot with Ni nanoparticles to be used as a catalyst in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of effective supercapacitor materials is still a priority in the quest to improve energy storage technology. Herein, we present a novel nanocomposite composed of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and colloidal SnO2 quantum dots (c-SQDs) or colloidal SnO2 ultrasmall nanoparticles, synthesized through a facile sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal approach. The XRD and XPS analyses confirmed the successful synthesis and composition of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite. Morphology studies revealed a well-dispersed morphology with intimate interfacial interactions between the CNPs and c-SQDs. Specifically, the nanocomposite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 569 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, surpassing conventional carbon-based supercapacitors. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed excellent stability with 99% capacity retention after 5000 cycles, indicative of its superior cyclability. These results underscore the potential of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite as a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications, offering enhanced charge storage capacity, stability, and cyclability. This study contributes to the advancement of energy storage technologies, paving the way for the development of efficient and sustainable electrochemical energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]