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Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most common forms of poisoning in the world. Although the primary mode of treatment, oxygen therapy, is highly effective in many cases, there are instances in which it is inadequate or inappropriate. Whereas oxygen therapy relies on high levels of a low-affinity ligand (O2) to displace a high-affinity ligand (CO) from metalloproteins, an antidote strategy relies on introducing a molecule with a higher affinity for CO than native proteins (Kantidote,CO > Kprotein,CO). Based on the fundamental chemistry of CO, such an antidote is most likely required to be an inorganic compound featuring an electron-rich transition metal. A review is provided of the protein-, supramolecular complex-, and small molecule-based CO poisoning antidote platforms that are currently under investigation.

In the present work we have investigated the stability, CO poisoning tendency and HOR and ORR activities of small-sized monometallic Pt and bimetallic PtGe nanoclusters deposited on a series of 2D materials. By means of global minima search and mechanistic studies at the density functional theory (DFT) level with continuum implicit solvent, a screening of size, composition and support material has been carried out to obtain the optimal catalyst compositions that may boost the catalytic performance. Alloying and support effects work in two directions. On the one hand, the support increases the stability and modifies the electronic structure of the cluster via metal-support interaction. On the other hand, the cluster can change the electronic properties and catalytic activity of the support, which can be modulated with its size and composition. In addition, the 2D support assists pure Pt clusters in reducing the propensity to undergo CO poisoning, which can be further reduced by Ge alloying. This effect can be exploited to the point that the interaction with CO is not even favorable, as in Pt 5 Ge 5 /germanene, thus completely inhibiting the CO poisoning on the catalyst. Regarding the catalytic activities, all the catalysts studied in this work yield too high overpotentials for the ORR in acidic conditions, due to the presence of too oxophilic active sites which results in the overbinding of oxygenated species. However, the combination of Ge alloying and 2D support yield remarkable results in the HOR performance. The simultaneous tailoring of catalyst composition and support is demonstrated to be an effective strategy to successfully adjust the catalytic properties. [Display omitted] • This article studies the activity of Pt(Ge) clusters supported on 2D materials. • 2D materials enhance significantly the stability of monometallic clusters. • Combination of 2D material and Ge alloying drastically reduces CO poisoning. • Combination of 2D material and Ge alloying yields too oxophilic active sites for ORR. • Combination of 2D material and Ge alloying optimizes HOR performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas that is a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons such as gas or coal. Carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity, although the symptoms of exposure are non-specific and difficult to diagnose. Historically, healthcare professionals who work directly in service users' homes have faced a higher risk of exposure to environments contaminated with carbon monoxide. Despite improved heating engineering and greater protective legislation, there still remains a tangible risk for community nurses and service users, particularly in homes still using open fires, old heating systems and poorly maintained heating appliances. This article provides a scientific summary of carbon monoxide poisoning for nurses working in the community setting. It outlines evidence-based guidance on prevention and initial treatment actions, along with safety instructions to follow in the event of exposure to carbon monoxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen-transporting membrane reactors play active roles in ammonia (NH 3) decomposition and carbon dioxide (CO 2) reduction by combining reaction and separation in one unit, simplifying the processes and reactor design and therefore saving the cost. These important reactions normally occur at high temperatures and in reducing and acidic atmosphere, thus posing great challenges on the membrane stability. Previous effort was devoted to thin Pd membranes, which however, suffer the shortcomings of hydrogen embrittlement, CO poisoning and high costs. Herein, we develop a H 2 -CO x -tolerant and non-noble metal-ceramic dual-phase hydrogen permeable membrane reactors with a nominal composition of 60 vol% Ni-40 vol% La 5.5 WO 11.25-δ (Ni-LWO). NH 3 decomposition and hydrogen permeation was observed via the developed mixed protonic and electronic conducting membrane. A considerable production of CO in the sweep (CO 2) side could also be achieved from CO 2 reduction when the membrane was coupled by NH 3 decomposition where the permeated hydrogen can consume the produced oxygen from favorable CO 2 decomposition. Furthermore, we systematically investigated the performance of NiO–CeO 2 catalyst coated Ni-LWO membrane reactor for CO 2 reduction. Noteworthy that the CO generation rate obtained from Ni-LWO membrane reactor was increased in the presence of NiO–CeO 2 catalysts. Hydrogen separation process coupled with surface reactions is jointly controlled by hydrogen surface exchange and bulk diffusion kinetics. These findings reveal a vital step towards the development of efficient hydrogen-transporting membrane reactor for the integration of chemical reactions and separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsCarbon monoxide poisoning may result in various neurological injuries, including acute symptomatic seizures. We aimed to investigate the long-term risk of epilepsy and status epilepticus in patients with previous carbon monoxide poisoning.The study population was derived from the National Health Insurance Service database of the Republic of Korea between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2021. We included adults with at least one documented visit to medical facilities because of carbon monoxide poisoning (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, code T58). Patients were matched, on the same index date, with controls, without a T58 code, for age, sex, insurance type, income level, and residence location in a 1:1 ratio. Follow-up continued until death, migration, or the end of the observation period (31 December 2021). The primary outcome was the incidence of epilepsy (codes G40 or R56) and status epilepticus (code G41).This study included 53,380 patients with carbon monoxide poisoning and 53,380 controls, with 44.2% women and a mean age of 45.7 years. The mean (±SD) follow-up period was 5.7 ± 4.3 years in the carbon monoxide poisoned group and 6.4 ± 4.4 years in controls. The overall risk of epilepsy (adjusted hazard ratio 2.60; 95% CI: 2.43–2.78; P < 0.001) and status epilepticus (adjusted hazard ratio 4.10; 95% CI: 2.84–5.92; P < 0.001) was significantly increased in the carbon monoxide poisoned group compared to controls. The risk of epilepsy and status epilepticus was increased in patients with previous carbon monoxide poisoning, regardless of sex, age or a history of stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, or central nervous system tumour or infection. However, in the subgroup analysis according to age, the highest risk of epilepsy and status epilepticus was observed in patients less than 40 years of age.In this population-based cohort study, previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of epilepsy and status epilepticus. The risk was more noticeable in patients aged less than 40 years. Further studies are needed to confirm such an association in other populations.Previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of epilepsy and status epilepticus, particularly in the younger population. The long-term management of survivors of carbon monoxide poisoning should include monitoring for epilepsy and status epilepticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning incidents in Beijing from 2018 to 2022, and to explore targeted prevention and control measures. Methods The data were from the National Public Health Emergency Reporting Management Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning incidents in Beijing from 2018 to 2022. Relative risk (RR) was used to assess the risk of morbidity and mortality. Results From 2018 to 2022, a total of 1841 non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning incidents were reported in Beijing, with 2729 cases of poisoning and 31 deaths. The annual morbidity and mortality were 25.14 and 0.29 cases per million, respectively. There were two peaks of poisoning cases in spring and winter, accounting for 49.98% and 24.00% of the total cases, respectively. The highest incidence occurred between 8 and 11 o 'clock, accounting for 22.83%. In the inner suburbs, outer suburbs and urban areas, the incidence of non-occupational carbon monoxide was 0.96 cases/100 000, 1.27 cases/100 000 and 18.79 cases/100 000, and the mortality was 0.02 cases/100 000, 0.02 cases/100 000 and 0.11 cases/100 000, respectively. The poisoning incidents mainly occurred in residential families in 1633 cases, accounting for 88.70%; This was followed by 118 restaurants, accounting for 6.41 percent. The proportion of household poisoning incidents decreased from 92.10% in 2018 to 84.13% in 2022. The proportion of poisoning incidents in restaurants increased year by year from 4.23% in 2018 to 10.05% in 2022. The proportion of poisoning cases occurring at home decreased from 86.39% in 2018 to 71.84% in 2022. The proportion of poisoning cases in restaurants increased from 9.88% in 2018 to 20.57% in 2022. Conclusion The incidence and death risk of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning in Beijing is not balanced among regions, and the proportion of poisoning incidents in restaurants is increasing year by year. Targeted measures should be taken to strengthen the prevention and control work in the outer suburbs and key restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning may cause liver damage and liver dysfunction. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the efficiency of normobaric oxygen (NBO) and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNCO) treatments on liver injury. For that purpose, 28 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups (Control, CO, CO + NBO, and CO + HFNCO). The control group was allowed to breath room air for 30 min. Acute CO poisoning in CO, CO + NBO, CO + HFNCO was induced by CO exposure for 30 min. Thereafter, NBO group received 100% NBO with reservoir mask for 30 min. HFNCO group received high-flow oxygen through nasal cannula for 30 min. At the end of the experiment, all animals were sacrificed by cardiac puncture under anesthesia. Serum liver function tests were measured. Liver tissue total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels, tissue histomorphology and immunoexpression levels of Bax, Caspase 3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB were also examined. Our observations indicated that acute CO poisoning caused significant increases in blood COHb, serum aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT0, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, albumin, and globulin levels but a decrease in albumin to globulin ratio (all, p < 0.05). Furthermore, acute CO poisoning significantly increased the OSI value, and the immunoexpresssion of Bax, Caspase 3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB in liver tissue (all, p < 0.05). These pathological changes in serum and liver tissue were alleviated through both of the treatment methods. In conclusion, both the NBO and HFNCO treatments were beneficial to alleviate the acute CO poisoning associated with liver injury and dysfunction. Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups (control, CO, CO + NBO, and CO + HFNCO) and the animals in CO, CO + NBO, CO + HFNCO were exposed to CO poisoning in a closed box (1), CO + NBO group received 100% normobaric oxygen with a reservoir mask at a flow rate 15 L/min (2), CO + HFNCO group received high-flow oxygen through nasal cannula at a flow rate of 60 L/min (3). All rats were sacrificed by cardiac puncture under anesthesia (4), blood and liver tissues were received (5) for the laboratory examinations (6). Our observations indicated that CO poisoning (7) caused significant increases in blood COHb, serum AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, albumin, globulin levels but a decrease in albumin to globulin ratio as well as the upregulation of tissue oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine levels (8). The upregulated oxidative stress and inflammation possibly led to increases in apoptotic protein expressions of Bax (9), Caspase 3, and NF-κB (10). The elevated NF-κB potentially increased the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (11). However, both O2 treatments alleviated the pathological alterations in both serum and liver tissue (12). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational design of efficient methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) catalyst that undergo non‐CO pathway is essential to resolve the long‐standing poisoning issue. However, it remains a huge challenge due to the rather difficulty in maximizing the non‐CO pathway by the selective coupling between the key *CHO and *OH intermediates. Here, we report a high‐performance electrocatalyst of patchy atomic‐layer Pt epitaxial growth on CeO2 nanocube (Pt ALs/CeO2) with maximum electronic metal‐support interaction for enhancing the coupling selectively. The small‐size monolayer material achieves an optimal geometrical distance between edge Pt−O−Ce sites and *OH absorbed on CeO2, which well restrains the dehydrogenation of *CHO, resulting in the non‐CO pathway. Meanwhile, the *CHO/*CO intermediate generated at inner Pt−O−Ce sites can migrate to edge, inducing the subsequent coupling reaction, thus avoiding poisoning while promoting reaction efficiency. Consequently, Pt ALs/CeO2 exhibits exceptionally catalytic stability with negligible degradation even under 1000 s pure CO poisoning operation and high mass activity (14.87 A/mgPt), enabling it one of the best‐performing alkali‐stable MOR catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity of platinum for CO oxidation depends on the interaction of electron donation and back‐donation at the platinum center. Here we demonstrate that the platinum bromine nanoparticles with electron‐rich properties on bromine bonded with sp‐C in graphdiyne (PtBr NPs/Br‐GDY), which is formed by bromine ligand and constitutes an electrocatalyst with a high CO‐resistant for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The catalyst showed peak mass activity for MOR as high as 10.4 A mgPt−1, which is 20.8 times higher than the 20 % Pt/C. The catalyst also showed robust long‐term stability with slight current density decay after 100 hours at 35 mA cm−2. Structural characterization, experimental, and theoretical studies show that the electron donation from bromine makes the surface of platinum catalysts highly electron‐rich, and can strengthen the adsorption of CO as well as enhance π back‐donation of Pt to weaken the C−O bond to facilitate CO electrooxidation and enhance catalytic performance during MOR. The results highlight the importance of electron‐rich structure among active sites in Pt‐halogen catalysts and provide detailed insights into the new mechanism of CO electrooxidation to overcome CO poisoning at the Pt center on an orbital level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actual ionomer distribution in the catalyst layer is revealed by integrating multiple electrochemical methods. Different catalyst layer interfaces are formed with varying ionomer contents. Uneven distribution of ionomers will lead to a low ECSA, causing high local oxygen transport resistance. Though the uniformity of ionomer distribution can be improved by increasing ionomer contents, it will enlarge the oxygen transport distance from the bulk of the catalyst layer to active sites, thereby increasing the local oxygen transport resistance. The former has a more obvious impact on PEMFC performance. [Display omitted] In view of a catalyst layer (CL) with low-Pt causing higher local transport resistance of O 2 (R local), we propose a multi-study methodology that combines CO poisoning, the limiting current density method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to reveal how real CL interfaces dominate R local. Experimental results indicate that the ionomer is not evenly distributed on the catalyst surface, and the uniformity of ionomer distribution does not show a positive correlation with the ionomer content. When the ionomer coverage on the supported catalyst surface is below 20 %, the ECSA is only 10 m2·g−1, and the ionomer coverage on the supported catalyst surface reaches 60 %, the ECSA is close to 40 m2·g−1. The ECSA has a positive correlation with ionomer coverage. Because the ECSA is measured by CO poisoning, it can be inferred that the platinum contacted with ionomer can generate effective active sites. Furthermore, a more uniform distribution of ionomer can create additional proton transport channels and reduce the distance for oxygen transport from the catalyst layer bulk to the active sites. A higher ECSA and a shorter distance for oxygen transport will reduce the R local , leading to better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major health problem associated with a high rate of severe morbidity and mortality. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the serum glucose/potassium (Glu/K) ratio as a quick predictor of both early and delayed unfavorable outcomes following acute CO poisoning. Patients and methods: This prospective cohort study included 136 patients with acute CO poisoning admitted at Tanta Poison Control Center, Egypt, between January 2023 and June 2024. The serum Glu/K ratio was calculated for all patients. The primary outcome was a prediction of mortality. Secondary outcomes were the prediction of delayed neurological sequelae (DNS) within six months after CO exposure, the need for mechanical ventilation, and the need for hyperbaric oxygen. A receiver operating curve analysis was applied to test the performance of the Glu/K ratio in predicting acute CO poisoning outcomes. Results: The mortality rate was 12.5% of patients with acute CO poisoning. Meanwhile, 14.7% of patients developed DNS. Furthermore, mechanical ventilation was required in 16.9% of patients. An elevated Glu/K ratio was significantly associated with the severity of acute CO poisoning. At a cut-off value of >31.62, the Glu/K ratio demonstrated an AUC of 0.649 for predicting mortality. The Glu/K ratio was employed to predict DNS at a cut-off value of 33.10, with a sensitivity of 60.0%, a specificity of 82.76%, and an AUC of 0.692. Conclusions: Early Glu/K ratio may be an effective, reliable, and convenient laboratory predictor of mortality, DNS, and the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with acute CO poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning affects several vital organs; however, the long-term damage to lungs has not been well investigated. Objective: This study investigated the morphological changes and the associated molecules 6 weeks after CO poisoning in rat models. Rats in the CO poisoning group were exposed to 1500 ppm CO in a gas chamber for 3 h. After 6 weeks, the rats in the control and CO poisoning groups were sacrificed. Pathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Western blotting and antibody arrays for inflammatory signaling molecules were performed using lung homogenates. Complete blood counts and Krebs Von Den Lungen (KL)-6 levels were compared among rats in the control group and those immediately and 6 weeks after CO poisoning using blood sampling from an indwelling catheter. Results: CO-poisoned lungs showed emphysematous changes with increased mean linear intercept (p = 0.0007). SERPINA1, IL-13, CD44, and GDF7 levels were significantly decreased, whereas TGFβ, ɑ-SMA, MMP9, and NF-κB levels were significantly increased in the CO-poisoned lungs. KL-6 serum levels were significantly higher in the CO-poisoned rats (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate the long-term effects and emphysematous changes in CO-poisoned lung models. We recommend long-term monitoring following CO poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serious problem of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning on the surface of Pt-based catalysts has long constrained the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Regeneration of Pt sites by maintaining CO scavenging ability through precise construction of the surface and interface structure of the catalyst is the key to obtaining high-performance CO-resistant catalysts. Here, we used molybdenum carbide (MoCx) as the support for Pt and introduced Ru single atoms (SA-Ru) at the Pt-MoCx interface to jointly decrease the CO adsorption strength on Pt. More importantly, the MoCx and SA-Ru are immune to CO poisoning, which continuously assists in the oxidation of adsorbed CO by generating oxygen species from water dissociation. These two effects combine to confer this anode catalyst (SA-Ru@Pt/MoCx) remarkable CO tolerance and the ability to operate stably in fuel cell with high CO concentration (power output 85.5 mW cm−2@20,000 ppm CO + H2 – O2), making it possible to directly use the cheap reformed hydrogen as the fuel for PEMFCs. Here, authors report a Pt-based catalyst resistant to high concentration CO poisoning for fuel cell applications, making it possible to use reformed hydrogen directly as fuel for fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high risk of CO poisoning justifies the need for indoor air quality control and warning systems based on the detection of low concentrations (ppm‐ppb) of CO. Cobalt corrole complexes selectively bind CO vs. O2, CO2, N2, opening new fields of applications. By combining the CO chemisorption properties of cobalt corroles with the known sorption capacity of MOFs, we hope to obtain high performance sensing materials for CO detection. In addition, the exposed metal sites of MOFs lead to CO2 physisorption, allowing the co‐detection of CO and CO2. In this work, PCN‐222, a stable Zr‐based MOF made from Ni(TCPP) with natural vacancies, has been used as a porous matrix for the grafting of electron‐poor metallocorroles. The materials were characterized by powder XRD, SEM and optical microscopy, BET analyses and gas adsorption measurements at 298 K. No degradation of the crystalline structure of PCN‐222 was observed. At 1 atm, the adsorbed CO(g) volumes measured for the best materials were 12.15 cm3 g−1 and 14.01 cm3 g−1 for CoCorr2@PCN‐222 and CoCorr3@PCN‐222 respectively, and both materials exhibited high CO chemisorption and selectivity against O2, N2, and CO2 at low pressure due to the highest energy of the chemisorption process vs physisorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution is an efficient and clean hydrogen production technology with simple process and high product purity. Searching for inexpensive alternatives to platinum will help popularize proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) technology. However, the alternative catalytic materials are essentially limited by low catalytic efficiency. Herein, we address this challenge through chemically activating cobalt phosphide (CoP) by doping a small amount of atomic palladium. Palladium substitution occurs at the cobalt site of CoP. Theoretical calculations manifest that the phosphorus atoms near the palladium sites exhibit almost zero hydrogen adsorption free energy. The final cobalt phosphide doped with only 2 wt% of palladium shows wonderful HER performance. Specifically, its overpotential at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is only 37.5 mV in an acidic medium, and the corresponding Tafel slope is 56 mV dec−1. This work provides a reference for preparing high performance non-platinum catalysts. [Display omitted] • We successfully doped Pd atoms into CoP (Pd–CoP@NC) by designing a thermodynamic spontaneous reaction. • Palladium doping greatly improves the hydrogen evolution performance of CoP. • Carbon monoxide poisoning experiment proves that doped Pd atoms are not active sites. • DFT calculations show that phosphorus atoms near the palladium site exhibit almost zero hydrogen adsorption free energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum-based high-entropy-alloy nanoparticles (PHEA-NPs) have been attractive as electrocatalysts due to their excellent electrocatalytic properties. In this work, PHEA-NPs consisting of platinum, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel and manganese were prepared via a facile solvothermal reduction method and further examined for electro-oxidation of formic acid (FA) and glycerol (GLY). The resulting PHEA-NPs exhibited superior activity for FA and GLY electro-oxidation in acidic solutions relative to the commercial Pt/C catalyst. In contrast, PHEA-NPs showed no activity for FA oxidation and mediocre activity for GLY oxidation in alkaline electrolytes. Interestingly, the activity for FA and GLY electro-oxidation in alkaline solutions was enhanced via an acidic treatment, which was attributed to the surface enrichment of platinum element arisen from the structural re-construction of PHEA-NPs. To explore the role of the components, a series of control samples were prepared. It was found that the presence of copper, nickel, and iron is beneficial to the electro-oxidation of FA and GLY in acidic electrolytes. Further CO stripping experiments were conducted to evaluate the poisoning resistance of the samples, which correlates with the catalytic performance. It was found that PHEA-NPs exhibit superior tolerances to CO poisoning compared to Pt/C. The findings from this work may be valuable for fabricating high-performance electrocatalysts for the electro-oxidation of FA and GLY. [Display omitted] • PHEA-NPs show excellent performance for FA and GLY oxidation in acidic electrolytes. • Copper, nickel, and iron contribute played a crucial role for the superior activity. • PHEA-NPs exhibit superior tolerances to CO poisoning compared to Pt/C. • An acid treatment enhanced activities of PHEA in alkaline electrolytes. • Surface Pt enrichment was the main reason for the increased activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), as a feasible alternative to replace the traditional fossil fuel-based energy converter, contribute significantly to the global sustainability agenda. At the PEMFC anode, given the high exchange current density, Pt/C is deemed the catalyst-of-choice to ensure that the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) occurs at a sufficiently fast pace. The high performance of Pt/C, however, can only be achieved under the premise that high purity hydrogen is used. For instance, in the presence of trace level carbon monoxide, a typical contaminant during H2 production, Pt is severely deactivated by CO surface blockage. Addressing the poisoning issue necessitates for either developing anti-poisoning electrocatalysts or using pre-purified H2 obtained via a thermo-catalysis route. In other words, the CO poisoning issue can be addressed by either thermal-catalysis from the H2 supply side or electrocatalysis at the user side, respectively. In spite of the distinction between thermo-catalysis and electro-catalysis, there are high similarities between the two routes. Essentially, a reduction in the kinetic barrier for the combination of CO to oxygen containing intermediates is required in both techniques. Therefore, bridging electrocatalysis and thermocatalysis might offer new insight into the development of cutting edge catalysts to solve the poisoning issue, which, however, stands as an underexplored frontier in catalysis science. This review provides a critical appraisal of the recent advancements in preferential CO oxidation (CO-PROX) thermocatalysts and anti-poisoning HOR electrocatalysts, aiming to bridge the gap in cognition between the two routes. First, we discuss the differences in thermal/electrocatalysis, CO oxidation mechanisms, and anti-CO poisoning strategies. Second, we comprehensively summarize the progress of supported and unsupported CO-tolerant catalysts based on the timeline of development (nanoparticles to clusters to single atoms), focusing on metal–support interactions and interface reactivity. Third, we elucidate the stability issue and theoretical understanding of CO-tolerant electrocatalysts, which are critical factors for the rational design of high-performance catalysts. Finally, we underscore the imminent challenges in bridging thermal/electrocatalytic CO oxidation, with theory, materials, and the mechanism as the three main weapons to gain a more in-depth understanding. We anticipate that this review will contribute to the cognition of both thermocatalysis and electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges encountered by Pt‐based electrocatalysts in alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction include high Pt dosage and conflicting demands for modulating adsorption strengths among diverse intermediates. Here, an ultrasmall Pt cluster grafted on antimony tin oxide nanocrystalline with strong electron donor ability to minimal Pt dosage yet maximized electrocatalytic performance is developed. Mechanism studies show that the formation of Pt–Sn/Sb interaction at the heterointerface and the resultant reversed electron transfer selectively enhance the adsorption for OH‐ while concurrently weakening the binding strength for *H and CO toward Pt clusters. This accelerates the kinetics of H2/CO oxidation by promoting the binding of OH species with *H/*CO, yielding the catalyst with up to 5.7‐fold higher mass‐specific activity than benchmark Pt/C and increased resistance to CO poisoning. This work demonstrates the rational design of the synergistic multi‐site interactions towards advanced Pt‐based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of mild hypothermia combined with hyperbaric oxygen on myocardial injury markers, oxidative stress response and neurofactors levels in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACMP), so as to provide clinical guidance for the treatment of ACMP. Methods: A total of 96 ACMP patients admitted to our hospital from January 2022 to May 2023 were selected and divided into study group (n = 48) and control group (n = 48) by random number table method. The control group was given hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and the study group was given mild hypothermia combined hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Myocardial injury markers, oxidative stress, neurofactors, neurological function, coma degree, ability of daily living, mortality, incidence of acute carbon monoxide poisoning delayed encephalopathy (DEACMP) and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: After treatment, the levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (cTnI) in two groups were decreased (P < 0.05) and the levels in the study group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the two groups were increased (P < 0.05), while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased (P < 0.05) The levels of GSH-Px and SOD in the study group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the levels of MDA and NO were lower (P < 0.05) After treatment, serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein (MBP) and cerebrospinal fluid central nerve specific protein (S100ß) were decreased in both groups (P < 0.05), and those in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05) . After treatment, the score of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) decreased (P < 0.05) while the score of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Barthel (BI) of standard daily living ability increased (P < 0.05) The NIHSS score of the study group was lower than that of the control group P < 0.05 ), and the scores of GCS and BI were higher (P < 0.05) Mortality and incidence of DEACMP in the study group were 2.08% (1/48) and 16.67% (8/48), which were lower than 10.42% (5/48) and 27.08% (13/48) in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was 12.50% (6/48), which had no statistical significance compared with 18.75% (9/48) in the control group (P>0. 05). Conclusion: The application of mild hypothermia combined with hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of ACMP patients can reduce the degree of myocardial and nerve damage and coma, relieve the oxidative stress reaction, promote the recovery of nerve function, improve the ability of daily living, reduce the mortality and the incidence of DEACMP, with high safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent technological progress, carbon monoxide poisoning is still one of the leading causes of domestic and industrial morbidity and mortality. The brain is particularly vulnerable to CO toxicity, and thus the majority of survivors develop delayed movement and cognitive complications. CO binds to haemoglobin in erythrocytes, preventing oxygen delivery to tissues, and additionally inhibits mitochondrial respiration. This renders the effect of CO to be closely related to hypoxia reperfusion injury. Oxygen deprivation, as well as CO poisoning and re-oxygenation, are shown to be able to activate the production of reactive oxygen species and to induce oxidative stress. Here, we review the role of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in the mechanism of neuronal cell death induced by carbon monoxide and re-oxygenation. We discuss possible protective mechanisms used by brain cells with a specific focus on the inhibition of CO-induced ROS production and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Although Platinum (Pt)-based alloys have garnered significant interest within the realm of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), there still exists a notable dearth in the exploration of the catalytic behavior of the liquid fuels on well-defined active sites and unavoidable Pt poisoning because of the adsorbed CO species (CO ads). Here, we propose an electronegativity-induced electronic redistribution strategy to optimize the adsorption of crucial intermediates for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) by introducing the Co element to form the PtCo alloys. The optimal PtCo hollow nanospheres (HNSs) exhibit excellent high-quality activity of 3.27 A mg Pt −1, which is 11.6 times and 13.1 times higher than that of Pt/C and pure Pt, respectively. The in-situ Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy validates that electron redistribution could weak CO adsorption, and subsequently decrease the CO poisoning adjacent the Pt active sites. Theoretical simulations result show that the introduction of Co optimize surface electronic structure and reduce the d-band center of Pt, thus optimized the adsorption behavior of CO ads. This study not only employs a straightforward method for the preparation of Pt-based alloys but also delineates a pathway toward designing advanced active sites for MOR via electronegativity-induced electronic redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultrafine Pt 1 Ru 3 alloys were successfully embedded into the mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (MCHS). • Pt 1 Ru 3 @MCHS delivers superior electrocatalytic activity and excellent CO-poisoning tolerance towards the MOR. • The Pt single atom site over the Ru nanoparticles for Pt 1 Ru 3 @MCHS shows strong CH 3 OH adsorption. • The Pt single atom site over the Ru nanoparticles can promote CO removal due to the modified electronic structure. Active and durable electrocatalysts are essential for commercializing direct methanol fuel cells. However, Pt-based catalysts, extensively utilized in the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), are suffered from resource scarcity and CO poisoning, which degrade MOR activity severely. Herein, Pt 1 Ru x bimetallic catalysts were synthesized by confining Pt 1 Ru x alloys within the shells of mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (MCHS) via a vacuum-assisted impregnation method (Pt 1 Ru x @MCHS). The confinement effect induced by mesoporous carbon hollow spheres resulted in a robust structure of Pt 1 Ru 3 @MCHS with an ultrafine dispersion of alloy nanoparticles. The experimental and theoretical results confirmed that the boosting electrocatalytic activity and stability of the MOR over Pt 1 Ru 3 @MCHS were contributed to the regulated electronic structure as well as the superior CO tolerance of atomic Pt site caused by the electronic interaction between single Pt atoms and Ru nanoparticles. This strategy is versatile for the rational design of Pt-based bimetallic catalysts and has a positive impact on MOR performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RuCo alloy nanoparticles confined in hollow spherical structure (hcp-RuCo@C) was fabricated by impregnation and pyrolysis strategies. Studies demonstrate that alloying-induced d - d electronic interaction significantly optimize the adsorption energies of H and OH species, which enabled them to exhibit impressive HOR activity and resistance to CO poisoning. [Display omitted] • RuCo alloy nanoparticles is fabricated by impregnation and pyrolysis strategies. • The hollow mesoporous structure facilitates ion diffusion and electron transport. • The hcp-RuCo@C exhibits good HOR activity and resistance to CO poisoning. • Alloying-induced d - d electronic interaction optimizes the HBE and OHBE, promoting the vital Volmer step. Bimetallic alloys hold exceptional promise as candidate materials because they offer a diverse parameter space for optimizing electronic structures and catalytic sites. Herein, we fabricate ruthenium-cobalt alloy nanoparticles uniformly dispersed within hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (hcp-RuCo@C) via impregnation and pyrolysis strategies. The intriguing hollow mesopore structure of hcp-RuCo@C facilitates efficient contact between active sites and reactants, thereby accelerating hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics. As anticipated, the hcp-RuCo@C showcases remarkable exchange current density and mass activity of 3.73 mA cm−2 and 2.8 mA μ g R u - 1 , respectively, surpassing those of commercial Pt/C and documented Ru-based electrocatalysts. Notably, hcp-RuCo@C demonstrates robust resistance to 1000 ppm CO, a trait lacking in Pt/C catalysts. Comprehensive experimental results reveal that the alloying-induced d - d electronic interactions between Ru and Co species significantly optimizes hydrogen binding energy (HBE) and hydroxide binding energy (OHBE). This optimization promotes the vital Volmer step, ameliorating the alkaline HOR properties of hcp-RuCo@C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistically improvement of the catalytic activity, durability and anti-CO poisoning via the metal–metal oxide strong interactions between PtFe NPs and CeO 2 and the oxygen vacancies in CeO 2. [Display omitted] • Pt 3 Fe@CeO 2 /MWCNTs exhibited high activity, stability, and CO tolerance during MOR. • Strong metal–metal oxide interaction between PtFe NPs and CeO 2 can stabilize PtFe NPs against migration/agglomeration. • The d-orbital electronic configuration of Pt is optimized by combining the PtFe intermetallic with metal–metal oxide interaction. • The PtFe intermetallic coupled with oxygen vacancies in CeO 2 facilitates the adsorption of *OH and oxidation of *CO, boosting the performance of MOR. Coordinating the interfacial interaction between Pt-based nanoparticles (NPs) and supports is a significant strategy for the modulation of d-orbital electronic configuration and the adsorption behaviors of intermediates, which is of critical importance for boosting electrocatalytic performance. Herein, we demonstrated a specific synergy effect between the ordered PtFe intermetallic and neighboring oxygen vacancies (Ov), which provides an "ensemble reaction pool" to balance the barriers of both the activity, stability, and CO poisoning issues for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). In our proposed "ensemble reaction pool", the deprotonation of methanol occurs on the Pt site to form the intermediate *CO, where the strain derived from the PtFe intermetallic could alter the d-orbital electronic configuration of Pt, intrinsically weakening the *CO adsorption energy, and Ov in CeO 2 promote hydroxyl species (*OH) adsorption, which will react with *CO, facilitating the dissociative adsorption of *CO, thus cooperatively enhancing the performance of MOR. The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses reveal the electron transfer in CeO 2 and then convert Ce4+ to Ce3+. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that introducing Fe induces strain could modify the d-band center of Pt, and thus lower the energy barrier of the potential-determining step. Meanwhile, the introduction of CeO 2 can favor the *OH adsorption, speeding up the oxidation and removal of *CO blocked at the Pt site. Furthermore, the determined atomic arrangement and surface composition of PtFe intermetallic further guarantee the stability of MOR by suppressing less-noble metal into the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the role of social media in public health through a case of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning prevented and subsequently overlooked, as influenced by digital community interaction. A TikTok influencer shared an experience with a coal stove, leading to followers advising against its use due to CO poisoning risks. This advice was heeded, yet a family member, unaware of these risks, experienced CO poisoning. This incident illuminates social media's potential in disseminating life-saving health information and influencing behavior, forming the basis of "Media Epidemiology." This new field studies how digital communication impacts health-related behaviors and outcomes. Our analysis highlights social media as a tool for rapid health information dissemination and preventive action. It underscores the need for integrating digital platform dynamics into public health strategies, emphasizing education on hazards like CO poisoning. This study advocates for leveraging social media in public health, exemplifying its role in disease prevention and health promotion, and marking a significant stride in contemporary epidemiological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The winter climate in Delhi is severe, with temperatures dropping below 10°C. As a result, individuals often resort to utilizing diverse heat sources such as electrical heating appliances, coal and gas geysers. Unfortunately, these sources are commonly associated with the emission of carbon monoxide (CO) which can accumulate in inadequately ventilated spaces. Exposure to this noxious gas can lead to acute lethargy and debilitation, leaving individuals in a state of helpless distress. Materials and Methods: The present study utilized a retrospective descriptive analysis to examine cases of fatal carbon monoxide exposure retrieved from the Department of Forensic Medicine archives at the esteemed All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Autopsy records were thoroughly examined with respect to various parameters including age, gender, seasonality of the incident, circumstances surrounding the death, source of carbon monoxide generation, post mortem observations, as well as toxicological analysis reports. Results and Discussion: This study entailed an analysis of 56 individuals who fell victim to carbon monoxide poisoning, with a staggering 95% of fatalities occurring during the winter season. The majority of the individuals affected belonged to the age bracket of 21–30 years. The most common sources of carbon monoxide exposure were linked to the use of coal-burning earthen or iron vessels for room heating, as well as structural fires. With the exception of one case, all incidents were accidental in nature. Additionally, nearly all of the victims were discovered in enclosed spaces with heating equipment in close proximity, and evidence of a struggle was noted on the crime scene or with the deceased. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the principal contributor to the inadvertent build-up of lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide gas is the utilization of heating appliances within inadequately ventilated, enclosed spaces. Due to the scentless and non-irritating properties of this gas, individuals who are asleep may be unable to detect its presence in their surroundings, thereby leading to a silent death. To mitigate such risks, the installation of carbon monoxide detectors is crucial. Additionally, it is of utmost importance to raise public awareness regarding the perils associated with using fire pots, coal burning and electrical heating appliances in areas with insufficient ventilation.

Objective To examine the levels of systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACOP), and to explore the predictive value of SIRI, Lp - PLA2 and their combination for delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP). Methods Total 265 patients with ACOP diagnosed and treated in Harrison International Peace Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Hengshui and The No.4 People's Hospital of Hengshui from March 2020 to March 2023 were included. SIRI and serum Lp-PLA2 levels were measured. According to the occurrence of DEACMP, they were divided into DEACMP group (n = 32) and non -DEACMP group (n = 233), while according to the degree of poisoning, they were divided into mild poisoning group (n = 20), moderate poisoning group (n = 107) and severe poisoning group (n = 138). Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to screen the risk factors of DEACMP in patients with ACOP, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive efficacy of SIRI, Lp - PLA2 and their combination for DEACMP. Results The levels of SIRI (t = 13.068, P = 0.000) and serum Lp-PLA2 (t = 8.208, P = 0.000) in DEACMP group were higher than those in non-DEACMP group, and their levels gradually increased with the severity of poisoning, the levels of SIRI (t = 8.764, P = 0.000; t = 4.586, P = 0.000) and Lp-PLA2 (t = 3.726, P = 0.000; t = 2.038, P = 0.044) in the severe poisoning group and moderate poisoning group were higher than those in the mild poisoning group, and the levels of SIRI and serum Lp-PLA2 in the severe poisoning group were also higher than those in the moderate poisoning group (t = 10.294, P = 0.000; t = 2.700, P = 0.007). Logistic regression analysis showed the severe poisoning (OR = 11.695, 95%CI: 4.893-39.994; P = 0.000), SIRI increased (OR = 1.600, 95%CI: 1.033-2.476; P = 0.001) and Lp - PLA2 increased (OR = 11.302, 95%CI: 1.486-38.933; P = 0.000) were risk factors of DEACMP in patients with ACOP. ROC curve showed that area under the curve (AUC) predicted by Lp-PLA2, SIRI and their combination were 0.82 (95%CI: 0.754-0.894, P = 0.000), 0.82 (95%CI: 0.739-0.895, P = 0.000) and 0.87 (95%CI: 0.805-0.934, P = 0.000), sensitivity were 0.66, 0.72 and 0.84, specificity were 0.85, 0.88 and 0.90, respectively. The prediction efficiency of Lp-PLA2 combined with SIRI was better than that of Lp- PLA2 (t = 2.198, P = 0.027) or SIRI (t = 2.268, P = 0.023) alone. Conclusions DEACMP is easy to occur when SIRI and serum Lp-PLA2 were high in patients with ACOP. The combined detection of Lp-PLA2 and SIRI can be used for early screening of DEACMP.

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) results from incomplete combustion of carbon-based materials, causing symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, chest pain, confusion, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Normobaric oxygen therapy (NBOT) is the standard therapy, whereas hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is recommended in severe cases of organ damage. This study examined the early and late adverse outcomes in patients with severe CO poisoning. Materials and methods: This study analyzed severe cases of CO poisoning among patients admitted to the emergency department between January 2020 and May 2022. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of symptomatic individuals and those requiring HBOT were examined. The study recorded early outcomes, such as intubation and in-hospital mortality, and late outcomes, such as delayed neurological sequelae and 1-year mortality. Chi-square tests, Spearman's rho correlation tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting these outcomes. Results: Patients who received HBOT showed a significant difference in delayed neurological sequelae (DNS) compared to those who received NBOT (p = 0.037). Significant differences were observed in the need for intubation, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality between patients based on COHb levels, but no significant differences were found in DNS. The 1-year mortality probability was significantly influenced by COHb level (odds ratio = 1.159, 95% CI [1.056–1.273]). Patients receiving NBOT had a higher odds ratio for DNS risk than those receiving HBOT (odds ratio = 8.464, 95% [1.755–40.817], p = 0.008). Conclusion: The study showed no differences in intubation, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality rates between the HBOT and NBOT groups. However, significant differences in DNS suggest that treatment modalities have different effects on neurological outcomes. High COHb levels are associated with an increased risk of intubation, and mortality underscores the significance of monitoring COHb levels in clinical evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum-based catalysts that have long been used as the anodes for the formic acid electro-oxidation (FAO) in the direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) were susceptible to retrogradation in performance due to CO poisoning that impaired the technology transfer in industry. This work is designed to overcome this challenge by amending the Pt surface sequentially with nanosized cobalt (nano-CoOx, fibril texture of ca. 200 nm in particle size) and iron (nano-FeOx, nanorods of particle size and length of 80 and 253 nm, respectively) oxides. This enriched the Pt surface with oxygenated groups that boosted FAO and mitigated the CO poisoning. The unfilled d-orbitals of the transition metals and their tendency to vary their oxidations states presumed their participation in a faster mechanism of FAO. Engineering the Pt surface in this FeOx/CoOx/Pt hierarchy resulted in a remarkable activity toward FAO, that exceeded four times that of the Pt catalyst with up to ca. 2.5 times improvement in the catalytic tolerance against CO poisoning. This associated a ca. − 32 mV shift in the onset potential of FAO which increased to − 40 mV with a post-activation of the same catalyst at − 0.5 in 0.2 mol L–1 NaOH, displaying the catalyst's competitiveness in reducing overpotentials in DFAFCs. It also exhibited a favorable amelioration in the catalytic durability in long-termed chronoamperometric electrolysis. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the CO stripping voltammetry were employed to elucidate the origin of enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) represents a significant global health burden, characterized by its morbidity and high mortality rates. The pathogenesis of COP-induced brain injury is complex, and effective treatment modalities are currently lacking. In this study, we employed network pharmacology to identify therapeutic targets and associated signaling pathways of Zhuli Decoction (ZLD) for COP. Subsequently, we conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the therapeutic efficacy of ZLD in combination with N-butylphthalide (NBP) for acute COP-induced injury. Our network pharmacology analysis revealed that the primary components of ZLD exerted therapeutic effects through the modulation of multiple targets and pathways. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of NBP and ZLD effectively inhibited apoptosis and up-regulated the activities of P-PI3K (Tyr458), P-AKT (Ser473), P-GSK-3β (Ser9), and Bcl-2, thus leading to the protection of neuronal cells and improvement in cognitive function in rats following COP, which was better than the effects observed with NBP or ZLD alone. The rescue experiment further showed that LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, significantly attenuated the therapeutic efficacy of NBP + ZLD. The neuroprotection effects of NBP and ZLD against COP-induced brain injury are closely linked to the activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of periocular pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), a rare ulcerative disorder that typically affects the skin. The patient presented with swelling and ulceration in the left periocular region, which worsened despite antibiotic therapy. The diagnosis of PG was confirmed through histology, and treatment included prednisolone, doxycycline, and dapsone. The patient also sought hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), which resulted in significant improvement and accelerated healing of the ulceration. This case highlights the importance of considering PG as a differential diagnosis for non-responsive periocular lesions and suggests that HBOT may be a beneficial adjunctive treatment for poorly healing wounds caused by PG. [Extracted from the article]

Expanding the application of methanol fuel cells in the energy economy is only feasible when a low-cost or highly CO-tolerant electrocatalyst replaces Pt catalysts to enhance the electrocatalytic properties of Pt. In this study, a PtAu thin film was produced at the liquid-liquid interface through the simple reduction of [Pt(cod)Cl2] and [Au(PPh3)Cl] complexes. The resulting thin film was directly transferred onto a glassy carbon electrode (without the application of Nafion™) and used as an electrocatalyst in the methanol oxidation reaction. Experimental and theoretical results both confirmed that PtAu exhibits lower CO poisoning compared to PtPd or Pt films. The high jf/jb ratio (where jf is the maximum current of the anodic peak in the forward route and jb is the maximum of peak current in the backward route), and theoretically calculated adsorption energies for PtAu thin film showed higher CO tolerance compared to Pt or PtPd thin film electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine has collaborated with international emergency medicine journals to share important research studies. One study from the African Journal of Emergency Medicine examined the assessment and reassessment of injured patients in non-tertiary hospitals in Ghana. The study found that while initial assessments were generally adequate, reassessment rates were very low, even for seriously injured patients. Another study from the Annals of Emergency Medicine discussed the dangers of xylazine, a veterinary sedative, being associated with opioid overdose deaths in the United States. The study emphasized the importance of providing ventilatory support and naloxone in overdose management. This article focuses on a randomized controlled trial conducted at an Australian level 1 trauma center, which investigated the effects of integrating pharmacists into trauma response teams to enhance analgesia delivery and medication management. The trial involved 82 patients, and the primary outcome was the proportion of patients who received the first dose of analgesia within 30 minutes. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of an emergency medicine pharmacist in the trauma response team improved the time to analgesia and optimized medication management. This intervention may enable other team members to concentrate on life-saving interventions. [Extracted from the article]

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Objective To characterize the epidemiological features of public health emergencies that occurred in Changping District of Beijing City in recent years, to provide scientific support for promoting prevention and control levels and strengthening response capability on such episodes. Methods Public health emergencies and related information reported in Changping District (January 2006 to December 2023) were obtained from the National Public Health Emergency Reporting and Management System. A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on factors such as event level, type, and temporal and spatial distribution in the emergency episodes. Results From 2006 to 2023, a total of 1 219 public health emergencies were reported in Changping District (an annual average of 68 incidents), involving 2,097 cases (an annual average of 117 cases), showing an overall decreasing trend in the annual number of incidents. The emergencies were mainly classified as general level (Class IV, 31 incidents, all infectious disease events) and unclassified events (1 183 incidents, including 1 141 non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning episodes and 34 infectious disease episodes); there were no major level (Class III), significant level (Class II), or particularly significant level (Class I) public health emergencies. Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning accounted for the highest proportion of public health emergencies, occurring predominantly in winter months (November to March), with incidents mainly occurring in households (1 091, 95.62%). Infectious disease emergencies mainly emerged in February and summer months (June to August), with incidents mainly occurring in households (42 cases, 60.00%) and schools (25 cases, 35.71%), involving diseases such as cholera, chickenpox, type A influenza (H1N1), and novel coronavirus infection. Meanwhile, the emergencies were mostly located in the streets/towns with higher population density and larger numbers of floating populations, such as Huilongguan Street, Dongxiaokou Street, Beiqijia Street, and Shahe Town. The median reporting time for public health emergencies in Changping District during 2006-2023 was 0.29 days, with a positive correlation between the discovery-to-reporting time and the duration of infectious disease outbreaks (rs=0.429, P<0.01). Conclusions Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning and infectious disease outbreaks are the major causes as well as priorities of public health emergencies in Changping District. The urban-rural fringe areas are high-risk and key areas for the management of such emergencies. For public health emergencies caused by cholera, chicken pox, novel coronavirus infection, and other infectious diseases, comprehensive measures such as strengthening epidemic monitoring, expanding vaccination coverage, and improving handling capacity should be taken to enhance the response capability and raise the prevention and control level on such emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of global climate change and the need for energy diversification, electrocatalytic technology emerges as an eco‐friendly solution. However, persistent electrode failures hinder long‐term stability. This review comprehensively outlines the primary causes leading to the failure of self‐supported electrodes, encompassing substrate passivation, substrate/catalyst dissolution, CO poisoning, catalyst migration and agglomeration, as well as cathodic etching. Proposed strategies center on material design, emphasizing anchoring, lattice matching, substrate stability, and morphological control. Advanced characterization techniques and in situ technologies offer promising ways. The integrated deployment of these strategies will provide crucial guidance and support for the sustainable advancement of electrocatalytic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Prevention methods for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in Wisconsin address occupational and nonoccupational exposures together, but differences between the settings could inform new approaches to preventing occupational CO poisonings. We described occupational CO poisonings in Wisconsin from July 1, 2018, through July 1, 2021, using surveillance data from the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System and Wisconsin Poison Center. Methods: We identified cases of CO poisoning from the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System and Wisconsin Poison Center. Occupational CO poisonings were records where "workplace" was recorded as the location of exposure. We excluded records classified as suspect/not a case, those missing laboratory results or information on exposure source/location, and intentional poisonings. We compared characteristics between occupational and nonoccupational settings using odds ratios (ORs), and we estimated crude incidence rates of occupational exposures by occupation. Results: We identified 614 cases of CO poisoning, of which 168 (27.4%) were occupational exposures. When compared with patients with nonoccupational exposures, patients with occupational exposures were more likely to be male (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 2.4-6.1), Hispanic (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.2), and younger (mean difference [SD] = 6.6 [20.9]). Several CO sources were significantly associated with occupational poisonings: forklifts (OR = 58.4; 95% CI, 13.9-246.1; P <.001), pressure sprayers (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4; P =.003), and other gasoline-powered tools (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 2.3-6.3; P <.001). The natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupation group had the highest crude incidence rate—45.0 poisonings per 100 000 full-time equivalent employees. Conclusions: Incorporating data from the Wisconsin Poison Center improved data quality, but surveillance is limited by underreporting. Creating strategies to increase reporting would allow for a more comprehensive understanding of occupational CO poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate how effectively systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (MHR) predict the development of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients who have experienced acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning (ASCMP). A retrospective analysis was conducted on 77 elderly patients with ASCMP admitted to the emergency department of Harrison International Peace Hospital from November 2020 to March 2022. The prevalence of early-onset complications among the 77 individuals was 38.96%. Binary Logistics regression analysis showed that SII and MHR were independent influencing factors of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients with ASCMP. The complication group had a longer length of stay, a greater mortality rate, and a higher incidence of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (p <.05) than the non-complication group. The area under the curve (AUC) of SII and MHR in predicting early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients with ASCMP were 0.724 and 0.796, respectively, with 80.0% and 63.3% sensitivity, and 61.7% and 87.2% specificity. The incidence of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients who had ASCMP is high and the prognosis is poor. SII and MHR can be utilized as independent predictors of early cardio-cerebral complications in elderly patients with ASCMP, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat cardio-cerebral complications earlier and improve prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS) are critical complications following acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning that can substantially affect the patient's life. Identifying high-risk patients for developing DNS may improve the quality of follow-up care. To date, the predictive DNS determinants are still controversial. Consequently, this study aimed to construct a practical nomogram for predicting DNS in acute CO-poisoned patients. This retrospective study was conducted on patients with acute CO poisoning admitted to the Tanta University Poison Control Center (TUPCC) from December 2018 to December 2022. Demographic, toxicological, and initial clinical characteristics data, as well as laboratory investigation results, were recorded for the included patients. After acute recovery, patients were followed up for six months and categorized into patients with and without DNS. Out of 174 enrolled patients, 38 (21.8%) developed DNS. The initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level, CO exposure duration, oxygen saturation, PaCO2, and pulse rate were significantly associated with DNS development by univariate analysis. However, the constructed nomogram based on the multivariable regression analysis included three parameters: duration of CO exposure, COHb level, and GCS with adjusted odd ratios of 1.453 (95% CI: 1.116–1.892), 1.262 (95% CI: 1.126–1.415), and 0.619 (95% CI: 0.486–0.787), respectively. The internal validation of the nomogram exhibited excellent discrimination (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.962), good calibration, and satisfactory decision curve analysis for predicting the DNS probability. The proposed nomogram could be considered a simple, precise, and applicable tool to predict DNS development in acute CO-poisoned patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Carbon Monoxide: An Ancient Silent Enemy," provides a historical and contemporary perspective on the impact of carbon monoxide (CO) on humans. It discusses various incidents throughout history where CO poisoning occurred, including the deaths of crew members on Arctic expeditions and the dangers of coal gas in the 19th century. The article also explores the toxic effects of CO on the body and the symptoms of chronic CO poisoning. It concludes by emphasizing the ongoing threat of CO poisoning and the importance of detection and prevention. [Extracted from the article]

Carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with severe damage to various organs. In this study, we aimed to determine if previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of lung diseases. The study population was derived from the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2021. Adults with carbon monoxide poisoning, with at least one visit to medical facilities between 2002 and 2021, were included. For comparison, an equal number of matched controls with the same index date were selected from the database. A total of 28,618 patients with carbon monoxide poisoning and 28,618 matched controls were included in this study. Approximately 42.8 per cent of the patient and control groups were female, with a mean age of 51.3 years. In patients with carbon monoxide poisoning, there was a significant increase in the risk of lung cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.84; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.42–2.39; P < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.60; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.36–1.89; P < 0.001), pulmonary tuberculosis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.46; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.13–1.88; P = 0.003), and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.54; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.01–2.36; P = 0.047). In this retrospective cohort study, previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. Further studies are needed to confirm such an association in other populations and the risk of lung diseases due to the toxic effect of carbon monoxide from different sources. Previous carbon monoxide poisoning was associated with an increased risk of lung diseases, but the relative importance of the causes and sources of exposure was not known. The long-term management of survivors of acute carbon monoxide poisoning should include monitoring for lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and serious medical and psychosocial complications of pregnant and postpartum adolescent patients at a pediatric emergency department (PED). Materials and Methods: Demographic and clinical data of all pregnant and postpartum adolescents who presented to the PED of a single tertiary referral hospital between January 2020 and January 2023 were collected and documented retrospectively. Results: Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 16.7 ± 0.8 years were included in the study. The main presenting complaints were abdominal pain (n = 9), suspicion of pregnancy (n = 5), cough, seizure, and vomiting (3 patients each). Potentially life-threatening medical complications included stroke (n = 3), placental abruption (n = 1), and carbon monoxide intoxication (n = 1). Sexual assault (n = 4), physical assault (n = 2), recurrent pregnancies (n = 5), and suicide attempts (n = 4) were serious psychological and social complications in our patient group. Conclusion: Pregnant and post-partum adolescents may present to PED with serious lifethreatening complications, and permanent sequelae may occur. In addition to sexual and physical violence, various psychological problems are comorbid conditions. These patients should be managed with a multidisciplinary biopsychosocial approach, and these issues considered in their acute treatment and follow-up at emergency departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]