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Abstract Background Mature cystic teratomas (MCT) of the ovary are benign ovarian germ cell neoplasms. Malignant transformation is possible but rare and ovarian carcinoid tumors in MCT are among the most extremely rare subtypes. Case presentation We report a case of a 60-year-old Iranian woman suffering from postmenopausal bleeding and hypogastric pain for the last 40 days. An adnexal mass was detected during the physical examination. Ultrasound imaging showed a (55 × 58) mm mass in the left ovary. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingooophorectomy and comprehensive staging surgery were performed for the patient. Intraoperative frozen section of the left ovarian mass was indicative of a malignant tumor. She was diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor with benign mucinous cystadenoma arising on MCT of the ovary, confirmed in the histopathology and immunohistochemistry examination. The tumor was classified as low grade and no chemotherapy cycles were considered. The patient was followed up long-term and no recurrence was observed during 14 months of examinations. Conclusion Ovarian carcinoids arising from MCT are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms, and proper diagnosis of these tumors requires careful histopathology evaluation and appropriate examination. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these tumors as a possible differential diagnosis and evaluate them in individuals (especially postmenopausal women) who have abdominal pain or abnormal bleeding and a palpable mass.

Background: Mature cystic teratomas (MCT) of the ovary are benign ovarian germ cell neoplasms. Malignant transformation is possible but rare and ovarian carcinoid tumors in MCT are among the most extremely rare subtypes. Case presentation: We report a case of a 60-year-old Iranian woman suffering from postmenopausal bleeding and hypogastric pain for the last 40 days. An adnexal mass was detected during the physical examination. Ultrasound imaging showed a (55 × 58) mm mass in the left ovary. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingooophorectomy and comprehensive staging surgery were performed for the patient. Intraoperative frozen section of the left ovarian mass was indicative of a malignant tumor. She was diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor with benign mucinous cystadenoma arising on MCT of the ovary, confirmed in the histopathology and immunohistochemistry examination. The tumor was classified as low grade and no chemotherapy cycles were considered. The patient was followed up long-term and no recurrence was observed during 14 months of examinations. Conclusion: Ovarian carcinoids arising from MCT are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms, and proper diagnosis of these tumors requires careful histopathology evaluation and appropriate examination. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these tumors as a possible differential diagnosis and evaluate them in individuals (especially postmenopausal women) who have abdominal pain or abnormal bleeding and a palpable mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise and effective detection of neurotransmitters (NTs) is crucial for clinical investigation of neuronal processes, and timely monitoring of NT‐related chronic diseases. However, sensitive detection of specific NT with unprecedented selectivity is highly challenging due to similarities in chemical and electronic structures of various interfering neurochemicals. Herein, an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte Poly[(9,9‐bis(4’‐sulfonatobutyl)fluorene‐co‐alt‐1,4‐phenylene) sodium], PFPS was rationally designed and synthesized for amplified detection and point‐of‐care (PoC) determination of monoamine neurotransmitter, serotonin (5‐Hydroxy tryptamine or 5‐HT, also diagnostic biomarker of carcinoid tumor) in human blood plasma. The PFPS displayed a remarkable sensing response with an exceptionally high fluorescence quenching constant of 1.14×105 M−1 and an ultralow detection limit of 0.67 μM or 0.142 ppm, much below the clinical range. Furthermore, a smartphone‐enabled portable platform was constructed for real‐time onsite detection of 5‐HT by quantification of visual fluorescence response of PFPS into RGB values using a color recognizer android application. The smartphone platform could be readily applied for convenient, non‐invasive PoC testing of 5‐HT levels in complex biological fluids accurately and is expected to revolutionize clinical diagnosis and personalized health care devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) and pulmonary carcinoid (PC) are difficult to distinguish based on conventional imaging examinations. In recent years, radiomics has been used to discriminate benign from malignant pulmonary lesions. However, the value of radiomics based on computed tomography (CT) images to differentiate PSP from PC has not been well explored. Purpose: We aimed to investigate the feasibility of radiomics in the differentiation between PSP and PC. Methods: Fifty‐three PSP and fifty‐five PC were retrospectively enrolled and then were randomly divided into the training and test sets. Univariate and multivariable logistic analyses were carried to select clinical predictor related to differential diagnosis of PSP and PC. A total of 1316 radiomics features were extracted from the unenhanced CT (UECT) and contrast‐enhanced CT (CECT) images, respectively. The minimum redundancy maximum relevance and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator were used to select the most significant radiomics features to construct radiomics models. The clinical predictor and radiomics features were integrated to develop combined models. Two senior radiologists independently categorized each patient into PSP or PC group based on traditional CT method. The performances of clinical, radiomics, and combined models in differentiating PSP from PC were investigated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The diagnostic performance was also compared between the combined models and radiologists. Results: In regard to differentiating PSP from PC, the area under the curves (AUCs) of the clinical, radiomics, and combined models were 0.87, 0.96, and 0.99 in the training set UECT, and were 0.87, 0.97, and 0.98 in the training set CECT, respectively. The AUCs of the clinical, radiomics, and combined models were 0.84, 0.92, and 0.97 in the test set UECT, and were 0.84, 0.93, and 0.98 in the test set CECT, respectively. In regard to the differentiation between PSP and PC, the combined model was comparable to the radiomics model, but outperformed the clinical model and the two radiologists, whether in the test set UECT or CECT. Conclusions: Radiomics approaches show promise in distinguishing between PSP and PC. Moreover, the integration of clinical predictor (gender) has the potential to enhance the diagnostic performance even further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2023, the National Cancer Institute offered a roadmap for cancer research to achieve Cancer Moonshot goals. To reach these goals requires making progress for all cancers, not just those that are most common. Achieving progress against rare cancers, as well as common cancers, requires involvement of large clinical research networks. In 2020, the Patient‐Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) launched an initiative on Conducting Rare Disease Research using PCORnet, the National Patient‐Centered Clinical Research Network. The purpose of this commentary is to introduce the broader community of cancer researchers to the PCORnet NET‐PRO study (comparing the effects of different treatment approaches for neuroendocrine tumors on patient‐reported outcomes) thereby demonstrating how researchers can use the PCORnet infrastructure to conduct large‐scale patient‐centered studies of rare cancers. Achieving progress against rare cancers requires involvement of large clinical research networks. This commentary showcases the NET‐PRO study (comparing the effects of different treatment approaches for neuroendocrine tumors on patient‐reported outcomes) to demonstrate how cancer researchers can conduct large‐scale patient‐centered studies of rare cancers using PCORnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mediastinal neuroendocrine tumors are rare malignancies with aggressive behavior and a grim prognosis. These malignancies often go undetected until they are diagnosed at advanced stages. Case report: We present the case of 74 -years old man who was hospitalized because of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and in case of three vessels coronary artery disease, coronary bypass surgery was planned. During preoperative investigation, computer tomography revealed a huge tumor (20 cm × 11 cm × 21 cm in size) in the anterior mediastinum. Successful simultaneous operation coronary bypass surgery and removal of the mediastinal tumor was performed. Discussion: Surgery is the treatment of choice for neuroendocrine tumors but the relapse rate ranges between 5% and 30% and is higher (65%) in atypical neuroendocrine tumors and patients with mediastinal node involvement. Despite the poor prognosis of neuroendocrine tumors, the spread to the lymph nodes, the patient continues chemotherapy treatment 49 months after the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 41 year‐old female with a medical history of Turner syndrome underwent a chest computed tomography (CT) scan which revealed a varicose left pulmonary vein and an endobronchial tumor of the left lower lobe. As venous drainage of each lobe seemed to be respected, surgical resection was considered. During surgical exploration, the absence of fissure and a unique venous trunk was observed. Surgical resection was aborted as only pneumonectomy was possible in this context. Endobronchial resection was performed. To better understand this particular anatomy, a three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction was performed a posteriori. This technique is already commonly used in the preoperative planning of pulmonary segmentectomy. Here, we have shown its interest in a lung malformative context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presacral or retrorectal tumors are rare, usually asymptomatic, and diagnosed accidentally during physical examinationor imaging. Symptomatic tumors may present with perianal pain, bowel dysfunction, and urinary symptoms dueto the mass compression or invasion of the surrounding tissues and organs. Surgical resection is the first choice fortreating presacral tumors. Clinicians should choose surgical procedures based on the location and size of the tumors.We presented a 43-year-old woman who suffered from pelvic pain and primary infertility from two years ago. A largemass between the posterior vaginal wall and the rectum was found on recto-vaginal examination. Magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) revealed a large 120×115 mm benign multiloculated cystic mass. Eventually, the mass was removedthrough laparoscopic surgery. The pathology report indicated a carcinoid tumor (grade I) with no lymphovascularinvasion. Thus, presacral tumors are resectable through laparoscopy with lower complications than open surgery.

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare epithelial neoplasms that arise most commonly from the gastrointestinal tract. In pediatrics, the most common site of origin is in the appendix, with the liver being the most common site of metastasis. Neuroendocrine tumors arising from the biliary tract are extremely rare. Methods: We describe a case of a nine‐year‐old girl who presented with obstructive cholestasis and was found to have multiple liver masses identified on biopsy as well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumor with an unknown primary tumor site. Result: The patient underwent extensive investigation to identify a primary tumor site, including endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and capsule endoscopy. The patient ultimately underwent definitive management with liver transplant, and on explant was discovered to have multiple well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, WHO Grade 1, with extensive infiltration into the submucosa of bile duct, consistent with primary biliary tract neuroendocrine tumor. Conclusion: Identifying the site of the primary tumor in NETs found within the liver can be challenging. To determine if an extrahepatic primary tumor exists, workup should include endoscopy, EUS, and capsule endoscopy. Children with well‐differentiated hepatic NETs, with no identifiable primary tumor, and an unresectable tumor, are considered favorable candidates for liver transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: A 32‐year‐old male with painful scrotal swelling who underwent radical orchiectomy and was diagnosed with a testicular neuroendocrine tumor. Determining whether testicular neuroendocrine tumor is primary or metastasis from another origin is crucial. Testicular neuroendocrine tumors (TNET) are one of the rarest human neoplasms, with about 132 identified cases until 2015. Testicular neuroendocrine tumors are frequently manifest with painless scrotal swelling or mass. In this study, we present a 32‐year‐old male with a chief complaint of painful progressive swelling of the right testicle without any history of trauma. All laboratory tests were within the normal range. Ultrasound revealed two hyper‐vascular masses in the right testicle. Computed tomography was performed, and patients had no evidence of metastases. The patient underwent right radical orchiectomy, and a histopathological examination diagnosed the specimen with a well‐differentiated testicular neuroendocrine tumor. Because of the rarity of TNET, there are many controversial issues in the treatment, especially in cases with metastatic TNET. Determining whether testicular neuroendocrine tumor is primary or metastasis from another origin is crucial. Further studies are required to achieve optimum treatment for TNET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open in new tab Download slide OBJECTIVES The mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography are prognostic biomarkers for survival and nodal involvement in non-small-cell lung cancer but their prognostic value in lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) remains unexplored. In this study, we aimed to examine whether they are also prognostic biomarkers for survival and nodal involvement in lung NENs. METHODS We retrospectively studied patients with typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma who had been radically resected at our institution between 2008 and 2020. We measured SUVmean and SUVmax on all primary tumours and lymph nodes that were clinically and/or pathologically involved. We dichotomized the patients into groups of high or low SUVmean and SUVmax of the primary tumour using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves and compared their overall survival using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox models. Lastly, we predicted the patients' pathological nodal status with SUVmean and SUVmax of the lymph nodes using binomial logistic models. RESULTS The study included 245 patients. Patients died earlier if their SUVmean of the primary tumour exceeded 3.9 [hazard ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27–3.04, P  = 0.002] or SUVmax exceeded 5.3 (hazard ratio 1.85, 95% CI 1.20–2.87, P  = 0.006). Likewise, patients had a higher risk of pathological nodal involvement if their SUVmean of the lymph nodes exceeded 3.3 (odds ratio 10.00, 95% CI 2.59–51.01, P  = 0.002) or SUVmax exceeded 4.2 (odds ratio 4.00, 95% CI 1.20–14.65, P  = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS The fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography SUVmean and SUVmax are strong prognostic biomarkers for survival and nodal involvement in lung NENs and could be important guides for making treatment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presacral or retrorectal tumors are rare, usually asymptomatic, and diagnosed accidentally during physical examination or imaging. Symptomatic tumors may present with perianal pain, bowel dysfunction, and urinary symptoms due to the mass compression or invasion of the surrounding tissues and organs. Surgical resection is the first choice for treating presacral tumors. Clinicians should choose surgical procedures based on the location and size of the tumors. We presented a 43-year-old woman who suffered from pelvic pain and primary infertility from two years ago. A large mass between the posterior vaginal wall and the rectum was found on recto-vaginal examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large 120115 mm benign multiloculated cystic mass. Eventually, the mass was removed through laparoscopic surgery. The pathology report indicated a carcinoid tumor (grade I) with no lymphovascular invasion. Thus, presacral tumors are resectable through laparoscopy with lower complications than open surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]