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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:40:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 The geographical distribution of the weevil Cissoanthonomus tuberculipennis Hustache, 1939 is extended in Brazil, with new records from the municipalities of Charqueada and Piracicaba, state of São Paulo. These are the second and third records of C. tuberculipennis in Brazil. The specimens were collected from infested fruits of Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. (Sapindaceae) in riparian forests along watercourses. Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho

The ability of introduced species to adapt and proliferate in their areas of introduction is attributed to a complexity of factors and processes. Post-release studies were conducted to ascertain establishment, spread and initial impact of the seed-feeding weevil Cissoanthonomus tuberculipennis, a biological control agent released against balloon vine Cardiospermum grandiflorum in South Africa. CLIMEX was used to identify areas where C. tuberculipennis was likely to establish. Comparison were also made of C. tuberculipennis abundance in its native (Argentina) and introduced (South Africa) ranges to determine its relative fitness in the two regions. The weevil successfully overwintered at 12 of 14 release sites and was thus considered to be established after twelve months. The weevil has spread rapidly from all the established release sites in South Africa, confirming CLIMEX predictions conducted prior to its release. The percentage of seeds damaged by C. tuberculipennis across all study sites in South Africa after 12 months was over two-fold greater than in Argentina. The study suggests that C. tuberculipennis has responded to increased resource availability in South Africa, where there is little competition from co-occurring native lepidopteran species which are scarce on the same food resource.

Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Balloon vine), a subtropical climber native to America, is rapidly increasing in importance as an invasive environmental weed in South Africa. It is a vigorous climber which invades forest margins and watercourses in sub-tropical areas such as coastal KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga. Robust stems with tendrils enable C. grandiflorum to climb trees and form a dense canopy, completely smothering the underlying indigenous vegetation. Consequently it was targeted for biological control. The microcyclic rust fungus Puccinia arechavaletae was collected from Misiones, Argentina, and established under quarantine conditions in South Africa. Host specificity testing was carried out in the quarantine facilities. A total of 19 plant species were inoculated with the rust fungus, including representatives of 13 genera in the Sapindaceae which are native to southern Africa, three cultivars of the important crop plant Litchi chinensis, and all members of Cardiospermum that occurs in southern Africa. Other than C. grandiflorum, only C. corindum (of South African origin), C. pechuelii (native to Namibia), and C. halicacabum var. halicacabum (introduced weed in South Africa) were susceptible. Occasionally pustules developed on Allophylus natalensis, Dodonaea viscosa and Paullinia pinnata, but these are considered to be the result of the artificial high inoculum loads employed and not representing a susceptible host response. It is necessary to undertake a risk assessment of the potential risk posed to C. corindum and C. pechuelii before P. arechavaletae will be considered for the release as a biocontrol agent against balloon vine in South Africa.

Studies on the rust fungus Puccinia arechavaletae, were conducted to determine its potential for use as a classical biological control agent against the alien environmental weed Cardiospermum grandiflorum in South Africa. The production of basidiospores is a crucial stage in the life cycle of this microcyclic rust species, and was determined to optimally occur at 20 °C, under high relative humidity (above 90%), in the presence of free water. The first basidiospores were released from mature telia after being incubated for 4 h under optimum conditions, reaching a peak of production after 24 h. Germination of basidiospores optimally occurred at 20 °C, and they were extremely vulnerable to desiccation. Germinating basidiospores directly penetrated epidermal cells of South African C. grandiflorum within which a vesicle formed, followed by rapid radial colonization of the leaf tissue by fungal mycelium. The first symptoms observed were small chlorotic spots on the leaves from 14 days onwards, with telial pustules appearing between 14 and 21 days post inoculation. The rust P. arechavaletae was shown to be highly pathogenic towards South African C. grandiflorum, causing severe disease symptoms with a detrimental effect on plant health and vigor.

Taxonomic treatment for Cardiospermum grandiflorum

Exploratory field surveys of the natural enemies associated with balloon vine Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz, an environmental weed in South Africa, Australia and other countries, were conducted in northern Argentina from 2005 to 2009. The surveys included other plant species in the genus Cardiospermum and other native Sapindaceae, permitting an assessment of the distribution and host range of the natural enemies. Seventeen phytophagous insects in five orders and ten families, and two fungal pathogens were found. The nature of the potential agents' damage, their field distribution and abundance, and the results of preliminary host-specificity testing indicated that the seed-feeding weevil Cissoanthonomus tuberculipennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the fruit-galling midge Contarinia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were the most promising biological control agents for C. grandiflorum outside of its native range. Fil: Mc Kay, Fernando. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Overseas Biological Control Laboratories. South American Biological Control Laboratory; Argentina Fil: Oleiro, Marina Ines. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Overseas Biological Control Laboratories. South American Biological Control Laboratory; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Fourie, Andries. Plant Protection Research Institute; Sudáfrica Fil: Simelane, David. Plant Protection Research Institute; Sudáfrica

The present work refers to the pollen analysis of 12 avocado honey samples from Spain. The samples were directly provided by the beekeepers, all professionals. The quantitative analysis showed that nectar is the main honey source in the samples studied, and that most honeys have a medium presence of botanical elements (BE); one sample belong to Class I of Maurizio, seven to Class II and four belong to Class III. The qualitative analysis of the samples showed the presence of 56 taxa belonging to 36 families. The Spanish avocado honeys are characterised by their medium content in pollen grains (NPG; x̄ = 117000) and their low honeydew indicator elements content (HDE; x̄ = 6340). Echium plantagineum gr. and Genista f. (present in 90% of the samples), and Eucalyptus f., Olea europaea L., Mentha aquatica gr. and Reseda luteola gr. (present in 80% of the samples), could be mentioned among the characteristic accompanying species of this honey type. The avocado honeys from the Iberian Peninsula and from the Canary Islands can be differentiated by the presence of Asphalthium bituminosum Medic., Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw., Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud and Tropaeolum majus L. in the latter.

Cardiospermum grandiflorum is an invasive creeper that was targeted for biological control in South Africa in 2003. To determine ecological host range of its natural enemies, surveys were conducted on C. grandiflorum and 11 other Sapindaceae at 40 sites in the weed?s native range (Argentina). These surveys indicated that the seed-feeding weevil Cissoanthonomus tuberculipennis was restricted to C. grandiflorum, and that it was among the common natural enemies, occurring at most sites where C. grandiflorum was recorded. Open-field tests were conducted under natural conditions in Argentina to determine the host preference of C. tuberculipennis and other natural enemies of C. grandiflorum among three Cardiospermum species. These tests revealed that C. tuberculipennis and the bug Gargaphia sp. were restricted to C. grandiflorum though the latter subsequently developed on non-target Cardiospermum species in the laboratory. C. tuberculi- pennis was found to be highly damaging, destroying up to 44% of the seeds per plant in Argentina. In all the host-specificity tests, including no-choice, paired- choice and multi-choice tests, C. tuberculipennis only fed and developed on C. grandiflorum. Failure of C. tuberculipennis to feed and develop on all congeners of C. grandiflorum shows that the weevil is highly host-specific to the target weed. Results of host-specificity tests, open field tests and long-term monitoring of C. tuberculipennis populations demonstrate that the weevil poses no threat to non- target plant species, and therefore safe for release against C. grandiflorum in South Africa. Permission to release C. tuberculipennis in South Africa has been granted by the relevant regulatory authorities. Fil: Simelane, David. Plant Protection Research Institute. Agricultural Research Council; Sudáfrica Fil: Mawela, Khethani V.. Plant Protection Research Institute. Agricultural Research Council; Sudáfrica Fil: Mc Kay, Fernando. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina Fil: Oleiro, Marina Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas A la Agricultura; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina

A stromatic tar-spot fungus, found associated with Cardiospermum grandiflorum from the Parque Nacional do Vale do Catimbau (Buíque PE), was collected and identified as Phyllachora serjaniicola. This represents the first report of this fungus on C. grandiflorum. Um fungo estromático causador de mancha-de-piche, associado a Cardiospermum grandiflorum no Parque Nacional do Vale do Catimbau (Buíque PE), foi coletado e identificado como Phyllachora serjaniicola. Este é o primeiro relato deste fungo em C. grandiflorum.

The fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of Paullina meliaefolia, Urvillea uniloba and Cardiospermum grandiflorum have been analysed as their methyl esters and 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives by GC and GC-mass spectrometry. cis -13-Eicosenoic Acid (paullinic acid) and cis -11-octadecenoic acid ( cis -vaccenic acid) were found to be the main components besides other monoenoic acid positional isomers. The stereochemistry of the double bonds was confirmed by IR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the unusual fatty acids C16:2( c 9, c 12) and C20:2 ( c 11, c 14) have been detected as minor compounds. The cyanolipids were identified as 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethylprop-2-ene-1-ol and 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethylprop-1-ene-3-ol derivatives by spectroscopic methods.

Concurrent administration of orthodox and herbal antibacterial agents could help overcome the tendency with which the former is inactivated by bacterially-produced endogenous enzymes. This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial interaction between the ethanol extract ofCardiospermum grandiflorum leaf (CGL) which is used in a remote village in Nsukka, Nigeria as a bathing sponge for treatment of skin infections and amoxicillin (AMX), an extended-spectrum but penicillinase-susceptible penicillin. The antimicrobial interaction between these two agents was evaluated by modification of the checkerboard technique usingStaphylococcus aureus (a penicillinase-producing Gram-positive bacterium)and Bacillus subtilis (a non penicillinase-producing Gram-positive bacterium) as the test organisms. The MIC of the ethanolic extract against S. aureus and B. subtilis was respectively, 25.0 ± 0.1 and 50.0 ± 0.5 mg/ml while the MICs of amoxicillin were 0.05 ± 0.01 and 0.025 ± 0.002 mg/ml against B. subtilis and S. aureus, respectively. The effect of combination of the ethanol extract of C. grandiflorum leaf with amoxicillin was dependent on both the ratio of combination and the test organism employed for the evaluation. Overall, the combined antimicrobial effect was predominantly synergistic against S. aureus. Key words: Cardiospermum grandiflorum leaf, antibacterial interaction, checkerboard technique, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, amoxicillin.

Se analizaron los patrones de venación floral en Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Urvillea chacoensis y Thinouia mucronata (Sapindaceae-Paullinieae). Estas especies son monoicas y la inflorescencia es un tirso que posee flores estaminadas y bisexuadas funcionalmente pistiladas. Cardiospermum grandiflorum y U. chacoensis pertenecen a la subtribu Paulliniinae, caracterizada por las flores oblicuamente zigomorfas; mientras T. mucronata pertenece a Thinouiinae, subtribu monotípica con flores actinomorfas. En las especies estudiadas el patrón de venación es similar en ambos tipos de flores, a partir de una sifonostela ectofloica central irradian trazas vasculares que inervan los verticilos periánticos, presentando el fenómeno de progresiva fusión y adnación. El tejido vascular que inerva los nectarios está representado por cordones de floema. En relación a la vascularización floral de estas especies, las diferencias en la venación se observan en las trazas de los complejos sépalo-petalar que irradian de la sifonostela ectofloica central; mientras el patrón de venación de los verticilos fértiles es común a todas ellas. La información obtenida apoya la posición basal de Thinouia en la tribu Paullinieae. The floral venation patterns of Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Urvillea chacoensis and Thinouia mucronata, are surveyed. These species are monoecious and the inflorescence is a thyrse carrying staminate and bisexual flowers funcionally pistillate. Cardiospermum grandiflorum and U. chacoensis belong to the subtribe Paulliniinae which is characterized by obliquely zygomorphic flowers, whereas T. mucronata belongs to the monotypic Thinouiinae which presents actinomorphic flowers. Vascular pattern is similar in both types of flowers of the studied species; from one ectofloic siphonostele depart vascular traces that supply the perianth whorls displaying phenomena of progressive fusion and adnation. Vascular tissue supplying the nectaries is characterized by strands of phloem. Regarding the floral vasculature in these species, differences in the vasculature lay primarily in the number of the sepal-petal complexes traces departing from the central ectophloic siphonostele; whereas the venation pattern of the fertile verticils is common to them. The data obtained support the basal position of Thinouia in the tribe Paullinieae. Fil: Solis, Stella Maris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Ferrucci, María Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

The morphology, anatomy and ontogeny the floral nectaries of two species of Sapindaceae (Paullinieae), viz. Cardiospermum grandiflorum and Urvillea chacoensis, were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Both species are monoecious with oblique monosymmetric flowers. The floral nectaries are located at the base of the androgynophore. Vascular tissue supplying the nectaries consists of phloem. Cardiospermum grandiflorum has a posterior nectary with two lobes without any specially differentiated tissue, and with nectarostomata. In Urvillea chacoensis the nectary has four lobes; two posterior ones with distinctive nectariferous tissue with nectarostomata on the abaxial side, and two minor anterior ones that are histologically similar but lack nectarostomata. The nectaries in both species have a common base with the petals. Since the nectaries are macroscopically differentiated they are considered as structural nectaries. Fil: Solis, Stella Maris. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina Fil: Ferrucci, MarÍa Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

The tribe Paullinieae (Sapindaceae) is exclusively neotropically distributed, and is characterized by apomorphic characters and considered a monophyletic natural group. Recently explored cytogenetical aspects suggest that the disploid chromosomal reduction, the increase in the chromosomal size and the diversification of highly repetitive DNA sequences are associated with the karyotyp-ic evolution of this tribe. This work compares patterns of chromosome banding and the distribution of ribosomal DNA 18S-5.8S-26S in Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw., Pullinia elegans Cambess., Urvillea chacoensis Hunz. and U. ulmacea Kunth. The studied species share the presence of a pattern of terminal C-Giemsa bands, differentiated for characteristics of heterochromatic regions. Terminal AT-rich bands occurred in C. grandiflorum (2n=2x=20) and U. chacoensis (2n=2x=22). Differing from the others, U. chacoensis presented prominent bands in the majority of chromosomes. The polyploid cytotype of U. ulmacea (2n=8x=88) possessed terminal bands CMA+ and DAPI+, forming heterochromatic blocks constituted by GC- and AT-rich repetitive DNA. On the other hand, P. elegans (2n=2x=24) presented a pattern of neutral bands after staining with CMA3/DAPI. The presence of GC-rich regions associated with 45S rDNA sites was a common characteristic in the studied species, nevertheless, variations in the NOR number might be useful for the differentiation of some species. Our results on karyological differences and resemblances of the studied species are discussed in relation to the systematics of the Paullinieae tribe. © 2008 The Japan Mendel Society. Fil: Urdampilleta, Juan Domingo. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferrucci, MarÍa Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Vanzela, André L. L.. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Forni Martins, Eliana R.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil

The effect of a water extract of Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz (Sapindaceae) was investigated on a gravid female ratuherus. This extract showed a strong elevation in contractile activity, inhibited by atropine, of the female (pregnant) Wistar rat uterus. It was found to be dose dependent.

Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis of two species, Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. and Urvillea chacoensis Hunz. (Sapindaceae, Paullinieae), were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. Both species are monoecious, with staminate and hermaphrodite, although functionally pistillate, flowers. A comparative pollen-development study of these two floral morphs is reported. For the present study, five stages of pollen ontogeny were identified. The development of the anther wall is of basic type. Its wall consists of epidermis, endothecium, two middle layers and a uninucleate secretory tapetum. The microspore tetrads are tetrahedral. The mature anther in staminate flowers presents the endothecium with well developed fibrillar thickenings, remains of tapetal cells, a single locule formed in the theca by dissolution of the septum before anther dehiscence and two-celled pollen grains when shed. In functionally pistillate flowers, the mature anthers present remnants of the middle layers, tapetal cells without signs of degradation, the theca with two locules and pollen grains uni- or bicellular, some of them with the cytoplasm collapsed. These anthers are not dehiscent. It can be concluded that male sterility is characterised by failure to produce functional pollen grains, an event that would be associated with the persistence of tapetal cells. Ultrastructural analysis clearly shows the difference in tapetal cells between the two flower morphs.

Isolation and structure elucidation of cardiospermin-5-sulfate, the first reported sulphur containing cyanogenic glycoside is described. The compound coocurs with cardiospermin in Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. (Sapindaceae).