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The growing relevance of promoting a transition of urban mobility toward more sustainable modes of transport is leading to efforts to understand the effects of the built environment on the use of railway systems. In this direction, there are challenges regarding the creation of coherence between the locations of metro stations and their surroundings, which has been explored extensively in the academic community. This process is called Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). Within the context of Latin America, this study seeks to assess the influence of the built environment on the metro ridership in the metropolitan area of Valparaíso, Chile, testing two approaches of influence area definition, one of which is a fixed distance from the stations, and the other is based on the origin and destination survey of the study area. The analysis is based on Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS) to identify the factors from the built environment, which affects the metro's ridership. Results show that the models based on the area of influence defined through the use of the origin and destination survey explain the metro ridership better. Moreover, this study reveals that the metro system in Greater Valparaíso was not planned in harmony with urban development. The models demonstrate an inverse effect of the built environment on ridership, contrasting with the expected outcomes of a metro station designed following a Transit-Oriented Development approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data and phase diagrams for new aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) + tripotassium citrate or potassium carbonate + water were determined experimentally at T = (283.15, 293.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K and p = 94 kbar. The effect of the temperature, anion, composition, and ion exchange were evaluated in the formation of these ATPSs. It was observed that decreasing the temperature promoted the phase separation in both ATPSs indicating the exothermic character of the process. The ability of different anions to induce phase separation was compared and the order for the strength of the salting out effect observed was PO 4 3 - > HPO 4 2 - > CO 3 2 - > C 6 H 5 O 7 3 - ≫ HO - . The extent of ion exchange between the equilibrium phases in the two different ATPSs was experimentally evaluated and found to be negligible. The binodal curves were fitted to an empirical non-linear expression and the salting out effect was explored using the type-Setschenow equation and the consistence of equilibrium data was evaluated theoretically using the Othmer–Tobias, Hand and Bancroft equations. Finally, the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the ATPSs evaluated in the present work were modelled by NRTL model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many soil-, water-, and plant-associated bacterial species from the orders Xanthomonadales, Burkholderales, and Neisseriales carry a type IV secretion system (T4SS) specialized in translocating effector proteins into other gram-negative species, leading to target cell death. These effectors, known as X-Tfes, carry a carboxylterminal domain of ~120 residues, termed XVIPCD, characterized by several conserved motifs and a glutamine-rich tail. Previous studies showed that the XVIPCD is required for interaction with the T4SS coupling protein VirD4 and for T4SS-dependent translocation. However, the structural basis of the XVIPCD-VirD4 interaction is unknown. Here, we show that the XVIPCD interacts with the central all-alpha domain of VirD4 (VirD4AAD). We used solution NMR spectroscopy to solve the structure of the XVIPCD of X-TfeXAC2609 from Xanthomonas citri and to map its interaction surface with VirD4AAD. Isothermal titration calorimetry and in vivo Xanthomonas citri versus Escherichia coli competition assays using wild-type and mutant X-TfeXAC2609 and X-TfeXAC3634 indicate that XVIPCDs can be divided into two regions with distinct functions: the well-folded N-terminal region contains specific conserved motifs that are responsible for interactions with VirD4AAD, while both N- and carboxyl-terminal regions are required for effective X-Tfe translocation into the target cell. The conformational stability of the N-terminal region is reduced at and below pH 7.0, a property that may facilitate X-Tfe unfolding and translocation through the more acidic environment of the periplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to determine the effect of relocation of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) with different fermentation profiles on ingestive behavior of lambs. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs, were used in a completely randomized block design based on initial body weight (17.5 ± 1.8 kg) for the following treatments: CS: WPCS (not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h. Ingestive behavior was observed as continuous (feeding, ruminating, and idling) and specific (urination, defecation, and water and salt access frequency) activities for 48h (3h intervals for a total of eight periods in 24h). The behavioral activities were affected only by periods (p = 0.0001). Feeding peaks was high at 8:00-11:00am (54.2%) and 5:00-8:00pm (54.9%) in compare to ruminating and idling at the same period. Rumination time was intense at night, at 63.7% (2:00-5:00am) and 69.7% (5:00-8:00am). Idling time (49.7%) was long after silage supply. The specific activities were intense during the morning periods. Supply of WPCS relocated up to 24h did not alter the ingestive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This objective was to evaluate the effects of insufficient (WET) or ample (CUR) curing on red clover silage (29.4 and 45.3% DM, respectively) and hay (65.1 and 89.1% DM, respectively) ruminal degradation. The red clover field was divided into 5 blocks and each block was divided into 2 plots and then assigned randomly to silage and hay. Hay was packed into minibales (~500 fresh g; ~232 kg DM/m³) and silage into mini-silos (19.5 L; ~214 kg DM/m³). Measurements were taken once storage processes had stabilized for hay and silage (50 and 78 d, respectively). Samples were ground to pass 4-mm screen and weighed (5 g DM) into 10 x 20 cm ANKOM R1020 in situ bags. Bags were hooked to a rope, placed in the ventral sac of the rumen of 2 dairy cows for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. All bags were removed simultaneously, washed, dried, and weighed. This procedure was conducted separately for each block. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 2 (curing extents) x 2 (storage methods) factorial. Differences were declared at P = 0.05. Discrete lag times were higher for WET than CUR (0.23 vs. 0 ± 0.08 h, respectively). The potentially degradable fraction was greater in hay than in silage (50.2 vs. 45.1 ± 1.32% of DM, respectively). Moreover, WET had a greater potentially degradable fraction than CUR (49.6 vs. 45.7 ± 1.32% of DM, respectively). The degradation rate was less in hay than silage (5 vs. 8 ± 0.4%/h, respectively). The WET treatment had a decreased degradation rate than CUR (5 vs. 7, respectively). The undegradable fraction was not different between WET and CUR hay (x2 = 23.3 ± 1.13% of DM). In contrast, WET silage had a decreased undegradable fraction than CUR silage (17.1 vs. 20, respectively). In conclusion, haymaking increased the potentially degradable fraction relative to ensiling but reduced the rate of digestion. For both storage methods, curing reduced the potentially degradable fraction but increased the rate of digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]