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The development of broad-spectrum antibiotics to control multidrug-resistant bacteria is an outdated business model. This strategy has led to the introduction of highly effective antibiotics, but their widespread use has contributed to the emergence of even broader antibiotic resistance. In a strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance, we believe that the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics should be promoted. This should involve both the repositioning of old antibiotics and the reorientation of research and development towards new narrow-spectrum antibiotics with a low ecological impact. These antibiotics could be prescribed for common conditions such as sore throats and cystitis, which account for the bulk of antibiotic use in humans. Narrow-spectrum, targeted, microbiome-sparing antibiotics could help control antibiotic resistance while being economically sustainable. Their development and production should be supported by governments, which would ultimately benefit from reduced health care costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: À l'heure où la résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques est devenue un des défis de l'humanité, comme l'a rappelé Ban Ki-moon, secrétaire général des Nations unies, lors du discours d'inauguration de l'Assemblée générale de l'ONU en 2016, nous avons une connaissance de plus en plus précise des mécanismes qui en sont responsables. Au-delà du mésusage en médecine humaine, d'autres causes sont identifiées, qui posent un problème éthique et imposent de réfléchir sous l'objectif d'« Une Seule Santé ». En effet, il est clairement identifié à l'heure actuelle que les deux anomalies (dysfonctionnements) principales concernant le domaine des antibiotiques sont leur utilisation dévoyée dans l'industrie agroalimentaire, et leur mode de production, source de fabrication et de dissémination de la résistance bactérienne. At a time when bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become one of the challenges facing humanity, as Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General of the United Nations, recalled during the inauguration speech of the General Assembly of the UN in 2016, we have an increasingly precise knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for it. Beyond misuse in human medicine, other causes are identified, which pose an ethical problem and require reflection under the objective of "One Health". Indeed, it is clearly identified at present that the two main anomalies (dysfunctions) concerning the field of antibiotics are their misuse in the agro-food industry, and their mode of production, source of manufacture and dissemination of bacterial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis E is transmitted mainly by water or food, but in industrialized countries, all routes of transmission have not been identified. We describe possible zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus [...]