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Mycotoxins are toxic fungi secondary metabolites that develop on feedstuffs and can be transferred into milk, thus representing a public health risk. The objective of this study was to assess the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the diet and in the milk of dairy cows from the southeast region of Brazil. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR, n = 70) and milk (n = 70) were collected in dairy farms and subjected to multi-mycotoxin analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), and T-2 and HT-2 toxins were not detected in TMR samples. In contrast, fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected in 100, 93, and 24% of TMR samples at mean levels of 336.7 ± 36.98, 80.32 ± 16.06 µg/kg and 292.1 ± 85.68 µg/kg, respectively. Ninety-two percent of TMR samples exhibited co-occurring mycotoxins. In milk, 54% of samples (n = 38) had detectable levels of mycotoxin, while 43% (n = 30) contained two or more types of mycotoxins. DON, FB, and ZEN metabolites (α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol) were the most frequent mycotoxins detected in the milk samples analyzed, at mean concentrations of 0.562 ± 0.112, 2.135 ± 0.296 µg/kg, 2.472 ± 0.436 µg/kg, and 0.343 ± 0.062 µg/kg, respectively. However, none of the analyzed milk samples had levels higher than the maximum permitted limit for AFM1 in Brazil (0.5 µg/L). The results of this trial highlight the concern about the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in TMR and in milk, due to the possible additive or synergistic effects of these compounds. The presence of co-occurring mycotoxins in milk underscores the need for stringent preventive practices to avoid mycotoxin contamination in the diet of dairy cows in Brazil.

Biological decontamination strategies using microorganisms to adsorb aflatoxins have shown promising results for reducing the dietary exposure to these contaminants. In this study, the ability of inactivated biomasses of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LRB) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SCB) incorporated alone or in combination into functional yogurts (FY) at 0.5–4.0% (w/w) to adsorb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was evaluated in vitro. Higher adsorption percentages (86.9–91.2%) were observed in FY containing 1.0% LR + SC or 2.0% SC (w/w). The survival of mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased after exposure to yogurts containing LC + SC at 1.0–4.0% (w/w). No significant differences were noted in the physicochemical and sensory characteristics between aflatoxin-free FY and control yogurts (no biomass) after 30 days of storage. The incorporation of combined LRB and SCB into yogurts as vehicles for these inactivated biomasses is a promising alternative for reducing the exposure to dietary AFB1. The results of this trial support further studies to develop practical applications aiming at the scalability of using the biomasses evaluated in functional foods to mitigate aflatoxin exposure.

Dairy animals’ diets may be naturally and simultaneously contaminated by several fungi that are able to produce different secondary toxic metabolites, known as mycotoxins [...]

The aim of this study was to conduct an up-to-date investigation on the occurrence levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of raw milk (n = 40), pasteurized milk (n = 44), ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk (n = 27), Minas cheese (n = 57), and yogurt (n = 44) traded in São Paulo state, Brazil. AFM1 was extracted from fluid milks and dairy products using immunoaffinity columns and determined by high performance liquid chromatography. AFM1 was detected at the mean level of 0.080 ± 0.071 µg/L or kg in 72 samples (34.0%) evaluated in the study (n = 212). Detectable levels of AFM1 were observed in five samples of raw milk (12.5%), 16 samples of pasteurized milk (36.4%), 13 samples of UHT milk (48.1%), 27 samples of cheese (47.4%), and 11 samples of yogurt (25.0%), although none of them had concentrations above the maximum permitted levels (MPL) for AFM1 adopted in Brazil. However, 11.7% (n = 13) of samples of raw, pasteurized, and UHT milks would have AFM1 concentrations above the MPL of 0.05 μg/L adopted in the EU. The maximum level was detected in one cheese sample containing 0.695 µg/kg. Although none of the samples exceeded the Brazilian MPL, the high frequencies of AFM1 in Brazilian milk products warrant concern about their contribution to the human exposure to aflatoxins. Because aflatoxins are among the most potent carcinogens known, the results of this trial stress the need for stringent measures in the milk production system to avoid AFM1 in milk and derived products.

Abstract This research characterizes key metabolites in the leaf from Citronella gongonha Martius (Mart.) Howard (Cardiopteridaceae). All metabolites were assessed in intact leaf tissue by proton (1H) high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy integrated with the principal component analysis (PCA) to depict molecular association with the seasonal change. The major ‘known unknown’ metabolites detected in 1H HR-MAS NMR were derivatives of flavonoid, polyphenolic and monoterpenoid compounds such as kaempferol-3-O-dihexoside, caffeoyl glucoside (2), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4), kingiside (5), 8-epi-kingisidic acid (6), (7α)-7-O-methylmorroniside (7), (7β)-7-O-methylmorroniside (8) and alpigenoside (9) together with the universally occurring sucrose (10), α-glucoses (11, 12), alanine (13), and fatty (linolenic) acid (14). Several of the major metabolites (1, 2–9) were additionally confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). In regard with the PCA results, metabolites 1, 2–9 and 14 were influenced by seasonal variation and/or from further (a) biotic environmental conditions. The findings in this work indicate that C. gongonha Mart. is an effective medicinal plant by preserving particularly compounds 2, 3–9 in abundant amounts. Because of close susceptibility with seasonal shift and ecological trends, further longitudinal studies are needed to realize the physiology and mechanism involved in the production of these and new metabolites in this plant under controlled conditions. Also, future studies are recommended to classify different epimers, especially of the phenolics and monoterpenoids in the given plant.

In this review, the intricate issue about the occurrence levels of mycotoxins in foods is discussed aiming to underline the main knowledge gaps on the persistence of these toxicants in the food production system. Mycotoxins have been a key challenge to the food industry, economic growth, and consumers’ health. Despite a breadth of studies over the past decades, the persistence of mycotoxins in foods remain an overlooked concern that urges exploration. Therefore, we aimed to concisely underline the matter and provide possible biochemical and metabolic details that can be relevant to the food sector and overall public health. We also stress the application of computational modeling, high-throughput omics, and high-resolution imaging approaches, which can provide insights into the structural and physicochemical characteristics and the metabolic activities which occur in a stored cereal grain’s embryo and endosperm and their relationship with storage fungi and mycotoxins on a cellular level. In addition, there is a need for extensive collaborative network and funding, which will play a key role in finding effective solutions against the persistence of mycotoxins at the genetic and molecular to metabolic levels in the food system.

Mycotoxins present a significant health concern within the animal-feed industry, with profound implications for the pig-farming sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercial adsorbents, an organically modified clinoptilolite (OMC) and a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA), to ameliorate the combined adverse effects of dietary aflatoxins (AFs: sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEN) at levels of nearly 0.5, 1.0, and 1.0 mg/kg, on a cohort of cross-bred female pigs (N = 24). Pigs were randomly allocated into six experimental groups (control, mycotoxins (MTX) alone, MTX + OMC 1.5 kg/ton, MTX + OMC 3.0 kg/ton, MTX + MMDA 1.5 kg/ton, and MTX + MMDA 3.0 kg/ton), each consisting of four individuals, and subjected to a dietary regimen spanning 42 days. The administration of combined AFs, FBs, and ZEN reduced the body-weight gain and increased the relative weight of the liver, while there was no negative influence observed on the serum biochemistry of animals. The supplementation of OMC and MMDA ameliorated the toxic effects, as observed in organ histology, and provided a notable reduction in residual AFs, FBs, and ZEN levels in the liver and kidneys. Moreover, the OMC supplementation was able to reduce the initiation of liver carcinogenesis without any hepatotoxic side effects. These findings demonstrate that the use of OMC and MMDA effectively mitigated the adverse effects of dietary AFs, FBs, and ZEN in piglets. Further studies should explore the long-term protective effects of the studied adsorbent supplementation to optimize mycotoxin management strategies in pig-farming operations.

Cheese is one of the most susceptible dairy foods to accumulating aflatoxins due to their high affinity to caseins. The consumption of cheese contaminated with high levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) can be highly harmful to humans. The present work, based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), highlights the frequency and levels of AFM1 in coalho and mozzarella cheese samples (n = 28) from the main cheese-processing plants in Araripe Sertão and Agreste in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Of the evaluated cheeses, 14 samples were artisanal cheeses and the remaining 14 were industrial (manufactured) cheeses. All samples (100%) had detectable levels of AFM1, with concentrations ranging from 0.026 to 0.132 µg/kg. Higher levels (p < 0.05) of AFM1 were observed in artisanal mozzarella cheeses, but none of the cheese samples exceed the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) of 2.5 µg/kg established for AFM1 in cheese in Brazil and 0.25 µg/kg in the European countries by the European Union (EU). The high incidence of low levels of AFM1 found in the evaluated cheeses underscores the need for stringent control measures to prevent this mycotoxin in milk used for cheese production in the study area, with the aim of protecting public health and reducing significant economic losses for producers.

The secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi can produce mycotoxins, substances that are toxic for both humans and animals. Mycotoxins and their by-products found in various biological tissues are considered biomarkers, and concentrations of these substances are directly proportional to the level of exposure. Mineral adsorbents are substances that may prevent mycotoxin absorption. The aim of this review is to study the feasibility of biomarkers as tools to assess the efficiency of mineral adsorbents against mycotoxin absorption in farm animals. In the systematic review, data from the scientific literature between the 2001 and 2022 were searched based on established criteria selection and eligibility. A total of 22 articles were included. The most used species as animal models were poultry and cattle, while the most common biological samples were milk, serum, and liver. Biomarkers most frequently analyzed were aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and unmetabolized aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The most used analytical method was liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biomarkers are adequate tools to assess the efficiency of mineral adsorbents against the aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol in farm animals, but further studies are needed to provide reliable biomarkers for other mycotoxins.

The increased consumption of plant-based foods has intensified the concern related to mycotoxin intoxication. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and its production of aflatoxin (AF). The ability of the heat-killed (100°C for 1 h) LAB strains to bind aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) in potassium phosphate buffer (PPB) was also evaluated in vitro. Ten LAB strains were tested individually, by inoculating them simultaneously with the fungus or after incubation of the fungus for 24 or 48 h at 25°C. Double layer yeast extract sucrose (YES) agar, de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar, and YES broth were incubated for 7 days at 25°C to follow the development of the fungus. Levilactobacillus spp. 3QB398 and Levilactobacillus brevis 2QB422 strains were able to delay the growth of A. parasiticus in YES broth, even when these strains were inoculated 24 h after the fungus. The inhibitory effect of these LAB strains was confirmed by the reduction of fungus colony size, suggesting dominance of LAB by competition (a Lotka-Voltera effect). The production of AFB1 by A. parasiticus was inhibited when the fungus was inoculated simultaneously with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 3QB361 or L. plantarum 3QB350. No AFB1 was found when Levilactobacillus spp. 2QB383 was present, even when the LAB was inoculated 48 h after the fungus. In binding studies, seven inactivated LAB strains were able to promote a reduction of at least 50% the level of AFB1, OTA, and ZEN. This reduction varied depending on the pH of the PPB. In milk, however, only two inactivated LAB strains were able to reduce AFM1, with a reduction of 33 and 45% for Levilactobacillus spp. 3QB398 (Levilactobacillus spp.) and L. brevis 2QB422, respectively. Nevertheless, these results clearly indicate the potential of using LAB for mycotoxin reduction.

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced as secondary fungal metabolites. Among them, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) stands out due to its genotoxic and mutagenic potential, being a potent initiator of carcinogenesis. In this review, the outcomes from the published literature in the past 10 years on the effects of AFB1 pathophysiological mechanisms on embryological and fetal development are discussed. In several animal species, including humans, AFB1 has a teratogenic effect, resulting in bone malformations, visceral anomalies, lesions in several organs, and behavioral and reproductive changes, in addition to low birth weight. The mutagenic capacity of AFB1 in prenatal life is greater than in adults, indicating that when exposure occurs in the womb, the risk of the development of neoplasms is higher. Studies conducted in humans indicate that the exposure to this mycotoxin during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight, decreased head circumference, and DNA hypermethylation. However, as the actual impacts on humans are still unclear, the importance of this issue cannot be overemphasized and studies on the matter are essential.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) in feed ingredients (corn and soybean meal) and finishing feed in a broiler operation system, as well was to evaluate their effect on the productivity of 20 batches of broilers produced and the histology status of broilers’ liver after slaughter. Corn samples presented the highest frequencies of AFs and FBs, at mean levels of 29.1 and 2,100µg/kg, respectively. Soybean samples presented mean levels of 1.5 and 70µg/kg for AFs and FBs, respectively. Batches of broilers receiving feed containing FB levels higher than 1,000µg/kg had lower weight gain and higher mortality rates, while those fed rations with AFs equal or above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical method presented higher scores of histological changes in the liver. A dilution effect was observed for AFs and FBs from ingredients, especially corn, to feed during manufacture, whilst not enough to prevent losses in productivity. Results of this trial highlighted the need for strict control of mycotoxins in corn intended for broilers.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effect of peracetic acid (PAA, 0.5%) on adherent cells of three strains of Listeria monocytogenes strains belonging to serotypes 4b and 1/2b that had been previously isolated from the environment of a Brazilian cheese plant. The assays were conducted using polystyrene microplates and stainless steel coupons and the adhered cells were treated with PAA for 60, 120 and 180 s. On stainless steel, biofilms were partially inactivated by PAA after 60 s and almost 100% of the cells were damaged within 180 s using epifluorescence microscopy with LIVE/DEAD® staining. On polystyrene microplates, PAA decreased (P

Resumo Folhas de oliveira contêm oleuropeína, um composto fenólico conhecido por seu potencial antioxidante, antimicrobiano, anti-inflamatório, entre outros. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a extração da oleuropeína, utilizando solvente hidroalcoólico. Folhas de oliveira (FO) foram maceradas a 25 °C com um solvente (S), formado por uma mistura de etanol e água (70:30 v/v), nas proporções FO:S iguais a 1:8, 1:6 e 1:3, em massa, com ou sem a presença de ácido acético. Observou-se que o maior teor de oleuropeína no extrato liofilizado (18 g/100 g, aproximadamente) foi obtido no procedimento utilizando a razão FO:S = 1:3, com ácido acético. Por fim, foi realizado um teste para verificar o efeito do extrato liofilizado sobre o tempo de indução em amostras de azeite de oliva extravirgem e refinado, verificando-se um aumento de três e duas horas, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que é possível obter extratos de folhas de oliveira utilizando solventes renováveis e que a oleuropeína pode atuar como um antioxidante natural no azeite, melhorando sua estabilidade oxidativa.

As aflatoxinas são responsáveis por grandes prejuízos à saúde de aves comerciais e à produção animal, essencialmente por perda financeira decorrente de diminuição de ganho de peso dos animais. A detoxificação da ração ou de suas matérias-primas, bem como tentativas de diminuir a contaminação fúngica que leva à produção das toxinas, além de técnicas nutricionais, são métodos que podem ser adotados para tentar diminuir os efeitos deletérios sobre os frangos de corte. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta revisão é mostrar o que a ciência fornece como meios de detoxificação e/ou redução de contaminação por fungos; e algumas substâncias naturais que auxiliam a produção avícola na redução de micotoxicoses .

Milk is one of the most important food items consumed by humans worldwide. In addition to its nutritional importance, milk is an excellent culture medium for microorganisms, which may include pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). Traditional processing of milk for direct consumption is based on thermal treatments that efficiently eliminate pathogens, including pasteurization or sterilization. However, the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in milk as a consequence of failures in the pasteurization process or postpasteurization contamination is still a matter of concern. In recent years, consumer demand for minimally processed milk has increased due to the perception of better sensory and nutritional qualities of the products. This review deals with the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in milk in the last 10 years, including regulatory aspects, and recent advances in technologies for the inactivation of this pathogen in milk. The results from studies on nonthermal technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields, ultrasounds, and ultraviolet irradiation, are discussed, considering their potential application in milk processing plants.

Este estudo teve como objetivo correlacionar a atividade da plasmina e as concentrações de frações de caseína no leite longa vida (UAT) produzido em usina de beneficiamento do Estado de São Paulo. O leite cru foi submetido à pasteurização (72-76 ºC, 15-20 segundos), seguida da esterilização por processo de injeção direta de vapor (132-136 ºC, 34 segundos), sendo homogeneizado e envasado assepticamente em embalagens cartonadas. Quatro lotes de UAT foram analisados para atividade de plasmina e frações de caseína após 10, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. A atividade de plasmina no leite longa vida aumentou durante o armazenamento, correlacionando-se negativamente com a concentração de αs1-caseína. A atividade da plasmina apresenta resistência à esterilização do leite pelo processo UAT e aumenta a proteólise do leite longa vida como consequência da degradação da αs1-caseína.The objective of this study was to correlate the plasmin activity and the concentrations of casein fractions in ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk manufactured in a dairy plant in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Raw milk was pasteurized (72-76 ºC, 15-20 seconds), followed by direct steam injection into the milk (132-136 ºC, 34 seconds), then homogenized and aseptically packaged into cartons. Four replicates of the UHT milk were analyzed for the plasmin activity and casein fractions after 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage. Plasmin activity significantly increased in the UHT milk during storage and was negatively correlated with the concentration of αs1-casein. Plasmin is resistant to milk sterilization by the UHT process, and increases proteolysis of the UHT milk as a consequence of αs1-casein degradation.

This study determined the composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and relative percentage of a-S1, a-S2, b and k caseins in ethanol-unstable (UNA) and stable bulk milk samples. The sampling plan involved farms that supplied milk to one dairy plant located in the northeast region of São Paulo, Brazil, in May (fall), July (winter), and September (spring) 2007. Three hundred thirty-four bulk milk samples within an acceptable range of pH and acidity were included in the study and divided into two groups: a) stable milk, when protein precipitation only occurred with 78% ethanol (v/v); and b) unstable (UNA) milk, when the precipitation occurred with 72% ethanol (v/v). From the total samples analyzed, 77 (23%) were unstable in the 72% ethanol (v/v), although they have shown normal pH and acidity, and 41 (12.3%) were stable in 78% ethanol (v/v). No differences were found between relative percentages of a and b-casein in UNA or stable milks. However, UNA samples showed higher SCC, as well as lower casein and lactose contents. Results indicated that the high SCC may be involved as a causal factor for the high incidence of UNA milks in the herds studied.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho foram determinados os níveis de ácido fólico e de fumonisina B1 (FB1) em farinha de milho consumida por 24 voluntários residentes em um campus universitário no estado de São Paulo, bem como sua relação com as concentrações de ácido fólico sérico nos indivíduos. As análises de ácido fólico e de FB1 em farinha de milho foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), enquanto a determinação de ácido fólico sérico foi feita por kit de imunoensaio. Detectou-se a FB1 em 100% das amostras de farinha de milho, em níveis que variaram de 142 a 3.037 µg kg-1 (média: 738 ± 591 µg kg-1). As concentrações de ácido fólico nas amostras de farinha de milho ficaram entre < 0,3 µg kg-1 (limite de quantificação) e 1.705 µg kg-1, com média de 713 ± 435 µg kg-1, o que representa 47% do limite mínimo exigido pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) para farinhas de milho comercialmente disponíveis. Nas amostras de soro humano, os níveis de ácido fólico variaram de 6,7 a 24,0 ng mL-1 (média: 13,4 ± 5,4 ng mL-1). Não houve correlação (p < 0,05) entre os níveis de ácido fólico no soro dos indivíduos e as concentrações de FB1 ou ácido fólico nas amostras de farinha de milho. Outros estudos são necessários para estimar a ingestão total de FB1 por meio da dieta para averiguar os efeitos das fumonisinas sobre a absorção de ácido fólico nos indivíduos avaliados.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite na atividade de plasmina e plasminogênio durante o período de armazenamento do leite longa vida integral. Os leites crus foram categorizados em grupos de CCS de baixa (342.000-487.000 células mL-1) e alta contagem (603.000-808.000 células mL-1). Dois lotes de leite longa vida em cada categoria de CCS foram analisados para determinação de plasmina e plasminogênio após 10, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Para a fabricação do leite longa vida, o leite cru foi submetido à pasteurização rápida seguida da esterilização industrial do leite por injeção de vapor pelo método direto e embalagem asséptica do produto. A CCS não apresentou efeitos sobre as características físico-químicas do leite cru, e nem sobre a atividade de plasmina e plasminogênio nos leites cru e longa vida, armazenados por 120 dias. Entretanto, independentemente da CCS, a atividade de plasmina e plasminogênio aumentou no leite longa vida ao longo do armazenamento, indicando a possibilidade de aumento da proteólise no produto durante sua vida de prateleira.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk on plasmin and plasminogen activities of ultra high temperature (UHT) milk during storage. Raw milks were categorized in SCC groups of low (342,000-487,000 cells mL-1) and high cells (603,000-808,000 cells mL-1). Two replicates of UHT milks within each SCC category were analyzed for plasmin and plasminogen activities after 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage at room temperature. For manufacture of UHT milk, raw milk was pasteurized and sterilized by direct vapor injection process, followed by aseptic packaging. SCC had no effect on physical-chemical characteristics of raw milk, and on plasmin or plasminogen activities in raw and UHT milks during 120 days of storage. However, independently of the SCC in raw milk, the activity of plasmin and plasminogen increased in UHT milk during storage, hence indicating a possible increase in proteolysis in the product during its shelf-life.

In the present study, composition, functional properties and sensory characteristics of Mozzarella cheese produced from milk with somatic cell counts (SCC) at low (800,000 cells/mL) levels were investigated. Three batches of cheese were produced for each SCC category. The cheeses were vacuum packed in plastic bags and analysed after 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 days of storage at 4ºC. SCC level did not affect the moisture, fat, total protein and ash content, mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, and sensory parameters of Mozzarella cheese. However, meltability increased in cheese manufactured from high SCC milk. Results indicated that raw milk used to produce Mozzarella cheese should not contain high SCC (>800,000 cells/mL) in order to avoid changes in the functional properties of the Mozzarella cheese.No presente estudo foram investigadas a composição, as propriedades funcionais e as características sensoriais do queijo Mussarela produzido a partir de leite com contagens de células somáticas (CCS) em níveis baixos (800.000 CS/mL). Foram produzidos 3 lotes de queijo para cada CCS. Os queijos foram embalados a vácuo e analisados após 2, 9, 16, 23 e 30 dias de armazenamento a 4ºC. O nível de CS não afetou a umidade, os teores de gordura, proteína total e cinzas, os níveis de bactérias mesófilas e psicrotróficas, e os parâmetros sensoriais do queijo Mussarela. Entretanto, houve aumento da capacidade de derretimento no queijo fabricado com leite de alta CCS. Os resultados indicam que o leite cru utilizado para a produção de queijo Mussarela não deve conter níveis de CS acima de 800.000/mL, para evitar alterações nas propriedades funcionais do queijo Mussarela.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of using bulk milk with different somatic cell counts (SCC) on the quality of minas frescal cheese. A randomized complete block design was used, with 3x5 factorial treatments, with three SCC levels (low, 125,000 cells mL-1; intermediate, 437,000 cells mL-1; and high, 1,053,000 cells mL-1) and five storage durations. Cheese was vacuum-packed in plastic bags and analyzed after 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 days of storage at 4ºC. Somatic cell counts did not affect dry matter, fat, ash content, pH, free fatty acid concentrations and sensory parameters of minas frescal cheese. However, SCC in milk increased losses of protein in whey and decreased the cheese protein content. These changes did not affect the moisture-adjusted cheese yield and proteolysis during 30 days of storage. An interaction effect between SCC and time of storage was observed for firmness and sensory grades of cheeses. Results indicated that raw milk used to produce minas frescal cheese should not contain high SCC, in order to avoid lower acceptance of the product after 30 days of storage.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de leite com diferentes contagens de células somáticas (CCS), na qualidade do queijo minas frescal. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x5, com três níveis de CCS (baixa, 125.000 células mL-1; intermediária, 437.000 células mL-1; e alta, 1.053.000 células·mL-1) e cinco tempos de armazenamento. Os queijos foram embalados a vácuo, em embalagens de plástico, e analisados após 2, 9, 16, 23 e 30 dias de armazenamento a 4ºC. A contagem de células somáticas não afetou a matéria seca, a gordura, as cinzas, o pH, a concentração de ácidos graxos livres e os parâmetros sensoriais do minas frescal. A CCS no leite aumentou as perdas de proteína no soro e diminuiu o teor de proteína no queijo. Essas alterações não afetaram o rendimento com umidade ajustada e a proteólise durante 30 dias de armazenamento. Houve interação entre a CCS e o tempo de armazenamento, quanto à firmeza e às notas sensoriais dos queijos. O leite cru usado para a produção do queijo minas frescal não deve conter alta CCS, para evitar menor aceitação sensorial do produto após 30 dias de armazenamento.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of somatic cell counts (SCC) in casein fractions of ultra high temperature (UHT) milk. Raw milks were categorized in SCC groups of low (200,000-320,000 cells mL-1), intermediate (380,000-560,000 cells mL-1) and high cells (600,000-800,000 cells mL-1). Five replicates of UHT milks within each SCC category were analyzed for casein fractions after 8, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage through high performance liquid chromatography. SCC showed effect only on beta-casein reduction. SCC in raw milk increases the proteolysis of UHT milk, as a consequence of beta-casein degradation.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite nas frações de caseína do leite longa-vida. Os leites crus foram categorizados em grupos de CCS de baixa (200.000-320.000 células mL-1 ), intermediária (380.000-560.000 células mL-1 ) e alta contagem (600.000-800.000 células mL-1 ). Cinco lotes de leite longa-vida, em cada categoria de CCS, foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência quanto às frações de caseína, após 8, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. A CCS apresentou efeito somente sobre a beta-caseína. A alta CCS no leite cru aumenta a proteólise do leite longa-vida, como conseqüência da degradação da beta-caseína.

O objetivo do artigo foi ressaltar a necessidade de esforços educativos que visem ao empowerment de funcionários de abatedouros, baseado nos principais problemas de saúde por eles enfrentados. A rotina em abatedouros consiste em tarefas estressantes e cansativas. As conseqüências incluem problemas músculo-esqueléticos, transmissão de zoonoses, problemas de pele e acidentes com materiais pérfuro-cortantes e animais. Esses trabalhadores geralmente não são especializados, não têm controle sobre suas tarefas, e podem não estar conscientes dos determinantes que afetam sua saúde. Os veterinários são geralmente responsáveis pela rotina de trabalho nesses locais e conhecem os riscos à saúde que a execução dessas tarefas representam. Portanto, esses profissionais poderiam participar mais ativamente na educação para o empowerment dos trabalhadores e não se concentrarem apenas em questões referentes à segurança alimentar.The objective of the review was to emphasize the need for educational efforts aiming at the empowerment of slaughterhouse workers based on their major work-related conditions. Slaughterhouse work involves stressful and tiring tasks. These workers suffer from serious occupational injuries and health problems including musculoskeletal disorders, zoonoses, skin conditions and injuries related to animals and sharp instruments. Slaughterhouse workers are generally low-skill staff, have no control over their job tasks and may not be aware of the determinants affecting their health. While working for the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, veterinarians are greatly responsible for the work routine in slaughterhouses and are aware of health risks involved in these workers' job. Besides focusing their activities on food safety, veterinarians they should take an active role in educating slaughterhouse workers for their empowerment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viscosidade, a quantidade de água não congelada (w nc) e a temperatura de transição vítrea da fração maximamente crioconcentrada (Tg') de misturas para sherbet, e a incorporação de ar (IAr) dos sherbets, com diferentes concentrações de goma guar (0,2% a 0,5%) e polpa de mangaba (21,1%, 25,8% e 28,6%). A viscosidade aparente variou de 85,8 a 286,1 cP, aumentando com as concentrações de goma guar e mangaba. As análises térmicas com calorímetro diferencial de varredura mostraram que a w nc variou entre 12% e 20%, diminuindo com o aumento da concentração de polpa. A Tg' variou de -57,65ºC a -53,45ºC e não apresentou diferença entre as amostras. A IAr foi de 20,01% a 40,59%. Sherbets com a mesma concentração de polpa apresentaram valores diferentes desta variável, mas uma relação entre o aumento da quantidade de goma guar e maior IAr foi observada somente para os sherbets com 25,8% de polpa. O estabilizante interfere na viscosidade da mistura e IAr, e a concentração de polpa influencia as propriedades térmicas. O aumento de IAr proporciona melhor maciez ao produto. Maior quantidade de polpa diminui a w nc, assim o produto terá menos água disponível para migrar e formar cristais de gelo maiores durante as oscilações na temperatura, diminuindo a qualidade do produto.Viscosity, unfrozen water (w nc) and glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze-concentrated material (Tg') of sherbet mixtures and the overrum of the sherbets with different concentrations of guar gum (from 0.2% to 0.5%) and mangaba pulp (21.1%, 25.8% and 28.5%) were evaluated. Apparent viscosity ranged from 85.8 to 286.1 cP, increasing with guar gum concentration and mangaba pulp. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry of sherbets mixture showed that w nc was from 12% to 20%, decreasing with the increasing of mangaba pulp concentration. The Tg' ranged from -57.65ºC to -53.45ºC and was not different between the samples. The overrum was from 20.1% to 40.59%. Sherbets containing the same pulp concentration presented different values of this variable, however a relationship between the increasing of guar gum concentrations and the air incorporation was observed only for sherbets with 25.8% of mangaba pulp. The stabilizer modified the viscosity of the mixture and overrum and the pulp concentration influenced thermal properties. Higher overrum is better for product smoothness. Higher pulp concentration decreases the w nc so, the product concentrates less water available to form great ices during the changes in the temperature which may cause losses in the product quality.

As aflatoxicoses são micotoxicoses causadas por toxinas produzidas por estirpes de fungos do gênero Aspergillus. Causam prejuízos importantes à produção animal, em especial àquelas que têm nos grãos sua matéria-prima base para preparação de ração, como a avicultura de corte. Atualmente, diversas técnicas, tais como uso de substâncias químicas, métodos físicos, estratégias de colheita, armazenagem e processamento de alimentos, estão sendo estudadas para que se diminua e, se bem aplicadas, evite os efeitos deletérios causados por essas substâncias à saúde animal. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever os principais efeitos das aflatoxinas sobre o desempenho zootécnico na produção de frangos de corte, as alterações nas matérias-primas de ração e os avanços científicos em metodologias de detoxificação biológica e de boas práticas agrícolas.

Foram revistos os conceitos de maior relevância sobre mecanismos de toxicidade e evidências do envolvimento das aflatoxinas na etiologia do câncer hepático humano. A aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), principal metabólito produzido por fungos do gênero Aspergillus, manifesta seus efeitos tóxicos após conversão hepática em AFB1-epóxido, o qual reage com macromoléculas celulares, incluindo proteínas, RNA (ácido ribonucléico) e DNA (ácido desoxirribonucléico). A reação com o DNA ocorre através da ligação com guaninas, ao nível do códon 249, do gene supressor de tumores p53. Em seres humanos, estudos de biomonitoramento individual de derivados AFB1-N7-guanina tem demonstrado que as aflatoxinas constituem importantes fatores de risco, com uma provável interação sinergística com o vírus da hepatite B, para o desenvolvimento do carcinoma hepatocelular em populações expostas. Considerando-se a ocorrência freqüente das aflatoxinas em produtos alimentícios, no Brasil, ressalta-se a necessidade de estudos que avaliem criteriosamente o impacto dos níveis de exposição a estas toxinas sobre a saúde humana.

O desempenho do ensaio por enzimas imuno-adsorvidas (ELISA), mediante o emprego de conjuntos de reativos produzidos em escala comercial, para determinação de aflatoxina, foi avaliado em condições experimentais, através de análises repetidas, em amostras de leite em pó reconstituído contaminadas com concentrações conhecidas da fração M1 da toxina. Para os níveis de 0,10; 0,20; 0,50; e, 1,00 ng/ml, os percentuais de recuperação foram: 83,0%; 87,5%; 103,0%; e, 111,8%, respectivamente. O desvio-padrão relativo, para as referidas concentrações, foi, respectivamente, 65,5%; 31,8%; 10,9% e 13,6% (n=10, para cada nível de contaminação). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o método é apropriado para pesquisas e levantamentos sobre a ocorrência de aflatoxina M1 em leite, sobretudo nas faixas de concentração entre 0,20 - 1,00 ng/ml.

The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence, composition, physical-chemical characteristics and somatic cell count of milks identified as unstable non acid received in a dairy plant located in the Northeast region of São Paulo state. The sampling covered all dairy farms that provide milk to the dairy plant, during the rainy season and dry season of 2007. For the identification of unstable non acid milks, it was considered the bulked milk sample from each farm that showed instability to the ethanol test at 72% (v/v) and acidity less than 18o D. From the total samples unstable to ethanol at 72% (v/v), 64.8% were identified as unstable non acid milk. The occurrence of unstable non acid varied according to sampling period, indicating a seasonal influence on the occurrence of this problem in the herds analyzed. In the dry season, the occurrence of unstable non acid was higher, coinciding with the period in which the availability of good quality pasture is reduced due to reduction in the volume of rainfall. Also in the dry period, there were greater levels of fat and somatic cell count, along with a decrease in the concentrations of total protein and lactose. Results of this trial showed that the occurrence of unstable non acid is frequent in the dairy herds of the region studied, is influenced by seasonal variations and is associated to changes in milk composition, which may cause significant losses to the dairy industry and dairy farmers.Neste estudo, objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência, composição, características físico-químicas e contagem de células somáticas de leites identificados como leite instável não ácido recebido em laticínio localizado na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. A amostragem abrangeu todas as propriedades leiteiras fornecedoras de leite para o laticínio, e foi realizada nos períodos chuvoso e seco do ano de 2007. Para a identificação de leite instável não ácido, considerou-se a amostra de leite de conjunto de cada propriedade que apresentasse instabilidade à prova do álcool a 72% (v/v) e acidez titulável inferior a 18ºD. Do total de amostras instáveis à prova do álcool a 72% (v/v), 64,8% foram identificadas como leite instável não ácido. A ocorrência de leite instável não ácido variou de acordo com a época da amostragem, o que indica uma influência sazonal sobre a ocorrência desse problema nos rebanhos analisados. No período seco, a ocorrência de leite instável não ácido foi maior, e coincidiu com a época na qual a disponibilidade de forragens de boa qualidade é reduzida devido à redução no volume das chuvas. No período seco observaram-se também maiores níveis de gordura e contagem de células somáticas, paralelamente a uma diminuição nas concentrações de proteína total e lactose. Os resultados evidenciaram que a ocorrência de leite instável não ácido é freqüente nos rebanhos leiteiros da região estudada, sofre influência sazonal e está associada a alterações na composição do leite, o que pode ocasionar perdas significativas à indústria de laticínios e aos produtores de leite.

Foram analisadas hortaliças "in natura", comercializadas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP-Brasil, visando à pesquisa e à identificação de cistos de protozoários de interesse médico. As hortaliças, constituídas de 50 amostras de cada variedade, consistiram em: alface (Lactuca sativa), variedades lisa e crespa, escarola (Chichorium sp) e agrião (Nasturtium officinale). Os resultados evidenciaram elevados percentuais de contaminação em todas as variedades de hortaliças analisadas, porém as freqüências de protozoários foram maiores no agrião. As amostras de alfaces apresentaram os menores percentuais de contaminação, enquanto que a escarola apresentou valores geralmente situados entre o agrião e as alfaces. Observou-se uma grande variedade de protozoários, cujas freqüências de ocorrência na população residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo são igualmente elevadas. Os mais freqüentes foram Entamoeba sp (com 4 e 8 núcleos) e Giardia sp. Foram também isolados cistos de Iodamoeba sp, Endolimax sp e Chilomastix sp. Os elevados níveis de contaminação fecal encontrados nas amostras analisadas apontam para a importância dos alimentos na transmissão de protozoários intestinais.

Hortaliças in natura, comercializadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), foram analisadas através de metodologia própria, visando à pesquisa e à identificação de formas de transmissão de helmintos intestinais de interesse médico. As hortaliças examinadas, constituídas de 50 amostras de cada variedade, foram de: alface (Lactuca sativa), variedades lisa e crespa, escarola (Chichorium sp) e agrião (Nasturtium officinale). Os resultados evidenciaram elevados percentuais de contaminação em todas as variedades analisadas, porém, as freqüências de helmintos foram maiores no agrião. A escarola apresentou valores médios, geralmente situados entre as alfaces e o agrião. Os números médios de ovos e larvas por 100 gramas de amostra, embora elevados, não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as quatro variedades de hortaliças estudadas. Uma grande variedade de helmintos, de ocorrência freqüente na população residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, foi observada nas amostras. Os mais freqüentes, no entanto, foram: ancilostomídeos e Ascaris sp. Recuperaram-se também ovos de Toxocara sp, Fasciola sp e de tricostrongilídeos, comprovando a ocorrência de contaminação das hortaliças por fezes de animais domésticos. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos, ressalta-se a importância das hortaliças na transmissão de helmintíases intestinais, bem como a necessidade de medidas que propiciem uma melhoria na qualidade higiênico-sanitária destes alimentos.Vegetables in natura, commercially traded in the metropolitan area of S. Paulo, were analysed by the appropriate methodology with a view to discovering an identifying the paths of transmission of enteroparasites of medical interest. The vegetables under study consisted of 50 samples of each variety listed below: lettuce (Lactuca sativa) -oily leaves and crisphead varieties, endive (Chicorium sp) and water-cress (Nasturtium Officinale). Results showed high rates of contamination in all the vegetable varieties analysed. However, the water-cress was that which presented the highest frequencies of enteroparasites. The endive presented middle values ranking, in general, between the lettuces and the water-cress. Though high, the average number of helminth eggs and larvae obtained per 100 gr. of sample did not present statistically significant differences as between the four vegetable varietities studied. A great variety of helminths and protozoans such as occur frequently in the resident population of the metropolitan area of S. Paulo, were observed in the samples. However, the most frequent were: hookworms and Ascaris sp. Eggs of Toxocara sp, Fasciola sp and Trichostrongylidae were also recovered from the samples thus corroborating the occurrence of vegetables contamination with faeces of domestic animals. In view of the results obtained, the importance of these kinds of food in the transmission of enteroparasites is stressed, as well as the need for actions which improve the sanitary conditions of these products.

Hortaliças in natura, comercializadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), foram analisadas através de metodologia própria, visando à pesquisa e à identificação de formas de transmissão de helmintos intestinais de interesse médico. As hortaliças examinadas, constituídas de 50 amostras de cada variedade, foram de: alface (Lactuca sativa), variedades lisa e crespa, escarola (Chichorium sp) e agrião (Nasturtium officinale). Os resultados evidenciaram elevados percentuais de contaminação em todas as variedades analisadas, porém, as freqüências de helmintos foram maiores no agrião. A escarola apresentou valores médios, geralmente situados entre as alfaces e o agrião. Os números médios de ovos e larvas por 100 gramas de amostra, embora elevados, não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as quatro variedades de hortaliças estudadas. Uma grande variedade de helmintos, de ocorrência freqüente na população residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, foi observada nas amostras. Os mais freqüentes, no entanto, foram: ancilostomídeos e Ascaris sp. Recuperaram-se também ovos de Toxocara sp, Fasciola sp e de tricostrongilídeos, comprovando a ocorrência de contaminação das hortaliças por fezes de animais domésticos. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos, ressalta-se a importância das hortaliças na transmissão de helmintíases intestinais, bem como a necessidade de medidas que propiciem uma melhoria na qualidade higiênico-sanitária destes alimentos.

Foram analisadas hortaliças "in natura", comercializadas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP-Brasil, visando à pesquisa e à identificação de cistos de protozoários de interesse médico. As hortaliças, constituídas de 50 amostras de cada variedade, consistiram em: alface (Lactuca sativa), variedades lisa e crespa, escarola (Chichorium sp) e agrião (Nasturtium officinale). Os resultados evidenciaram elevados percentuais de contaminação em todas as variedades de hortaliças analisadas, porém as freqüências de protozoários foram maiores no agrião. As amostras de alfaces apresentaram os menores percentuais de contaminação, enquanto que a escarola apresentou valores geralmente situados entre o agrião e as alfaces. Observou-se uma grande variedade de protozoários, cujas freqüências de ocorrência na população residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo são igualmente elevadas. Os mais freqüentes foram Entamoeba sp (com 4 e 8 núcleos) e Giardia sp. Foram também isolados cistos de Iodamoeba sp, Endolimax sp e Chilomastix sp. Os elevados níveis de contaminação fecal encontrados nas amostras analisadas apontam para a importância dos alimentos na transmissão de protozoários intestinais.

Foram revistos os conceitos de maior relevância sobre mecanismos de toxicidade e evidências do envolvimento das aflatoxinas na etiologia do câncer hepático humano. A aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), principal metabólito produzido por fungos do gênero Aspergillus, manifesta seus efeitos tóxicos após conversão hepática em AFB1-epóxido, o qual reage com macromoléculas celulares, incluindo proteínas, RNA (ácido ribonucléico) e DNA (ácido desoxirribonucléico). A reação com o DNA ocorre através da ligação com guaninas, ao nível do códon 249, do gene supressor de tumores p53. Em seres humanos, estudos de biomonitoramento individual de derivados AFB1-N7-guanina tem demonstrado que as aflatoxinas constituem importantes fatores de risco, com uma provável interação sinergística com o vírus da hepatite B, para o desenvolvimento do carcinoma hepatocelular em populações expostas. Considerando-se a ocorrência freqüente das aflatoxinas em produtos alimentícios, no Brasil, ressalta-se a necessidade de estudos que avaliem criteriosamente o impacto dos níveis de exposição a estas toxinas sobre a saúde humana.